TEDSalon NY2014
Nick Hanauer: Beware, fellow plutocrats, the pitchforks are coming
尼克．漢豪爾: 致超級富豪們：看哪！鐵耙子即將朝我們而來
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Readability: 5.1
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尼克．漢豪爾是個有錢人， 一個透徹的資本主義著，他要跟其他的超級富豪分享一件事：醒來吧！日益高漲的不平等很快會讓我們的社會陷入與革命前的法國一樣的狀況。且聽他解釋增加最低工資如何促進中產階級的成長，並且推廣經濟的繁榮......最終避免一場革命。
Nick Hanauer - Venture capitalist, author
Nick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats. Full bio
Nick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You probably don't know me,
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你們大概不知道我是誰。
00:15
but I am one of those .01 percenters
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我就是你們聽過，或者讀過的，
00:19
that you hear about and read about,
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那百分之零點一的族群之一。
不管用任何標準來看，
我都是個超級富豪。
我都是個超級富豪。
00:20
and I am by any reasonable definition a plutocrat.
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00:25
And tonight, what I would like to do is speak directly
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而今晚，我要與其他像我這樣的超級富豪，
00:28
to other plutocrats, to my people,
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直接對話。
00:30
because it feels like it's time for us all
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因為我真的覺得，
00:33
to have a chat.
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該是我們好好聊一聊的時候了。
00:35
Like most plutocrats, I too am a proud
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就像大多數的超級富豪，我也是個驕傲、
00:37
and unapologetic capitalist.
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並且理直氣壯的資本主義者。
00:40
I have founded, cofounded or funded
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我創立、與人合資或者投入資助的公司，
00:43
over 30 companies across a range of industries.
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超過三十個以上，並且橫跨各種產業。
00:47
I was the first non-family investor in Amazon.com.
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我是亞馬遜網站的第一個非家族投資人，
00:50
I cofounded a company called aQuantive
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我投資成立了一家公司叫 aQuantive，
00:53
that we sold to Microsoft for 6.4 billion dollars.
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以64億美金被微軟收購。
00:57
My friends and I, we own a bank.
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我和我的朋友們還擁有一個銀行，
01:00
I tell you this — (Laughter) —
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我之所以告訴你這些，（笑聲）
01:02
unbelievable, right?
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不可思議，對吧？
01:04
I tell you this to show
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我之所以告訴你這些，
01:07
that my life is like most plutocrats.
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是為了表達，我的生活
就跟大多超級富豪一樣。
就跟大多超級富豪一樣。
01:10
I have a broad perspective on capitalism
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對於資本主要和商業行為，
01:13
and business,
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我有深廣的看法，
01:15
and I have been rewarded obscenely for that
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也因此我在財務上有巨大的收穫。
01:19
with a life that most of you all
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過著你們無法想像的、
01:21
can't even imagine:
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奢華的生活。
01:23
multiple homes, a yacht, my own plane,
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我擁有多棟房產、一台遊艇、私人飛機，
01:26
etc., etc., etc.
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等等等等。
01:30
But let's be honest: I am not the
smartest person you've ever met.
smartest person you've ever met.
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但是老實說，我不是你見過最聰明的人，
01:33
I am certainly not the hardest working.
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也絕對不是最努力的人。
01:35
I was a mediocre student.
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學生時代我的成績中等；
01:37
I'm not technical at all.
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關於技術方面我不是專家；
01:39
I can't write a word of code.
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我也不會寫程式；
01:41
Truly, my success is the consequence
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說真的，我的成功來自於
01:44
of spectacular luck,
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天大的運氣，
01:47
of birth, of circumstance and of timing.
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在天時、地利、人合上的運氣。
01:52
But I am actually pretty good at a couple of things.
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不過有幾件事情我的確挺在行的。
01:56
One, I have an unusually high tolerance for risk,
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第一，對於風險我有異於常人的容忍度。
02:01
and the other is I have a good sense,
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第二就是我很有“sense”。
02:03
a good intuition about what will happen in the future,
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這是一種對於未來的直覺。
02:06
and I think that that intuition about the future
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而且我認為這種對於未來的直覺，
02:09
is the essence of good entrepreneurship.
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是成功創業的精隨。
02:13
So what do I see in our future today,
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所以，對於現今的未來，你問：
02:15
you ask?
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我看見甚麼？
02:17
I see pitchforks,
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我看見了鐵耙子，
02:19
as in angry mobs with pitchforks,
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暴怒的群眾手中的鐵耙子。
02:24
because while people like us plutocrats
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因為正當我們這些超級富豪，
02:29
are living beyond the dreams of avarice,
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過著超越想像的奢華生活的同時，
02:32
the other 99 percent of our fellow citizens
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其他 99% 的同胞們，
02:35
are falling farther and farther behind.
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生活品質不斷、不斷的在衰落。
02:38
In 1980, the top one percent of Americans
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在一九八零年，最頂層1%的美國人，
02:41
shared about eight percent of national [income],
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擁有全美國8%的總收入。
02:43
while the bottom 50 percent of Americans
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在這同時，最基層的50%的美國人，
02:46
shared 18 percent.
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擁有國家總收入的18%。
02:48
Thirty years later, today, the top one percent
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三十年後的今天，最頂層的 1%，
02:52
shares over 20 percent of national [income],
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擁有國家總收入的20%。
02:55
while the bottom 50 percent of Americans
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同時美國底層的50%國民，
02:57
share 12 or 13.
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擁有12~13%。
03:00
If the trend continues,
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假設這樣的趨勢持續下去，
03:03
the top one percent will share
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那頂層的1%，
03:04
over 30 percent of national [income]
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在另一個三十年後將會擁有
03:06
in another 30 years,
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國家總收入的30%。
03:08
while the bottom 50 percent of Americans
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而美國底層的50%國民，
03:10
will share just six.
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僅有6%。
03:12
You see, the problem isn't that we have
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其實，我們面對的問題，
03:14
some inequality.
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不僅僅是這些不平等；
03:16
Some inequality is necessary
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為了維持資本民主高度作用，
03:19
for a high-functioning capitalist democracy.
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某種程度的不平等是必要的。
03:22
The problem is that inequality
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問題在於這些不平等，
03:24
is at historic highs today
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正在處於歷史新高，
03:27
and it's getting worse every day.
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而且日漸惡化。
03:30
And if wealth, power, and income
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若是財富、勢力，和收入
03:33
continue to concentrate
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都繼續集中
03:35
at the very tippy top,
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在最頂層人的手中，
03:37
our society will change
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我們的社會將會開始起變化。
03:39
from a capitalist democracy
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從一個以資本主義為主的民主社會，
03:41
to a neo-feudalist rentier society
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變成一個新封建、唯利主義的社會。
03:45
like 18th-century France.
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就像18世紀的法國。
03:47
That was France
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那是法國，
03:50
before the revolution
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與手中拿著鐵耙子的暴民，
03:51
and the mobs with the pitchforks.
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等著革命的樣子。
03:53
So I have a message for my fellow plutocrats
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在此對其他的超級富豪
03:56
and zillionaires
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其他的兆億富翁、
03:58
and for anyone who lives
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以及其他所有
03:59
in a gated bubble world:
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住在高級的泡泡世界的人，
我有話對你們說：
我有話對你們說：
04:02
Wake up.
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醒醒吧！
04:03
Wake up. It cannot last.
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醒醒吧！ 這樣的好景不會持續下去的。
04:07
Because if we do not do something
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如果我們袖手旁觀，
04:09
to fix the glaring economic inequities in our society,
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讓我們社會中的
經濟失衡繼續惡化，
經濟失衡繼續惡化，
04:13
the pitchforks will come for us,
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這些鐵耙，有一天將會向我們刺來。
04:16
for no free and open society can long sustain
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因為沒有任何自由開放的社會，可以容忍
04:20
this kind of rising economic inequality.
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這種經濟上的不平等無限成長。
04:23
It has never happened. There are no examples.
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歷史上從未發生過，沒有任何前例。
04:26
You show me a highly unequal society,
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你提出任何一個極度不平等的社會，
04:27
and I will show you a police state
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我就可以找到武裝起義，
04:29
or an uprising.
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或者人民暴動的例子。
04:31
The pitchforks will come for us
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鐵耙子遲早會向我們刺來，
04:33
if we do not address this.
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若是我們不想辦法解決問題。
04:35
It's not a matter of if, it's when.
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這不是“會不會發生”
而是“什麼時候發生”的問題。
而是“什麼時候發生”的問題。
04:39
And it will be terrible when they come
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當鐵耙子真的刺來的時候，
04:42
for everyone,
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大家都會遭殃。
04:44
but particularly for people like us plutocrats.
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由是我們這些超級富豪。
04:49
I know I must sound like some liberal do-gooder.
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我知道我聽起來很像個左派的熱心分子，
04:52
I'm not. I'm not making a moral argument
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但我並不是。 我無意討論
04:54
that economic inequality is wrong.
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經濟不平等在道德層面上的是非。
04:58
What I am arguing is that rising economic inequality
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我認為經濟不平等的增長
05:02
is stupid and ultimately self-defeating.
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是愚昧的，並且最終會導致自我毀滅。
05:05
Rising inequality doesn't just increase our risks
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經濟不平等的增長，不單單只是
05:09
from pitchforks,
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增加我們淪於鐵耙子之下的風險，
05:11
but it's also terrible for business too.
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對於商業也毫無利益可言。
05:15
So the model for us rich guys should be Henry Ford.
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我們這些有錢人，
應該以亨利．福特為榜樣。
應該以亨利．福特為榜樣。
05:19
When Ford famously introduced the $5 day,
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福特成功推出“一天工資五美元”方案，
05:23
which was twice the prevailing wage at the time,
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也就是那個年代普通工資的兩倍。
05:26
he didn't just increase the productivity
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他不僅僅增加了
05:28
of his factories,
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工廠的生產力，
05:30
he converted exploited autoworkers who were poor
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他將飽受欺凌又貧窮的汽車廠工人，
05:33
into a thriving middle class who could now afford
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搖身一變，成為了有實力的中產階級，
終於能夠購買他們親手製作的產品。
05:36
to buy the products that they made.
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05:39
Ford intuited what we now know is true,
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當年福特的直覺，成了今天的真理。
05:43
that an economy is best understood as an ecosystem
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要理解經濟體，
可以把它想像成一個生態體系。
可以把它想像成一個生態體系。
05:47
and characterized by the same kinds
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並且跟大自然裡的生態體系，
05:49
of feedback loops you find
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有著一樣的回饋環路。
05:52
in a natural ecosystem,
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05:54
a feedback loop between customers and businesses.
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一種存在在買主與賣主之間的回饋環路。
05:58
Raising wages increases demand,
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工資成長會帶動需求的成長，
06:01
which increases hiring,
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需求成長會增加就業機會，
06:03
which in turn increases wages
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進而更加刺激工資、
06:05
and demand and profits,
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需求、 以及利潤的成長。
06:07
and that virtuous cycle of increasing prosperity
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而這樣子增進繁榮的良性循環，
06:12
is precisely what is missing
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正是我們現今
06:14
from today's economic recovery.
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正慢慢復原的經濟裡所缺乏的。
06:19
And this is why we need to put behind us
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這就是為什麼我們務必拋棄
06:24
the trickle-down policies that so dominate
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深深影響雙方政治黨派的
“下滲經濟”政策，
06:28
both political parties
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06:30
and embrace something I call middle-out economics.
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並且實行我所謂的“middle-out經濟”。
06:33
Middle-out economics rejects
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Middle-out經濟學不認同
06:35
the neoclassical economic idea
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新古典主義經濟學的主張，
06:38
that economies are efficient, linear, mechanistic,
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認定經濟體是高效、 線性，並且機制化的，
06:42
that they tend towards equilibrium and fairness,
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認定經濟體會自動趨向平衡與公正。
06:45
and instead embraces the 21st-century idea
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反之, ，此主義提昌符合21世紀的思維，
06:49
that economies are complex, adaptive,
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認為經濟體是複雜，有矯正能力，
06:52
ecosystemic,
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像生態系統那樣，
06:54
that they tend away from
equilibrium and toward inequality,
equilibrium and toward inequality,
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不趨向平衡，反而趨向不平等。
06:58
that they're not efficient at all
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並且一點也不有效率。
06:59
but are effective if well managed.
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但是，在妥當的管理之下可以非常有效。
07:03
This 21st-century perspective
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這個21世紀的新看法，
07:06
allows you to clearly see that capitalism
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讓我們清楚的見識到資本主義
07:09
does not work by [efficiently] allocating
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作用的方式，
並不是靠者有效分配資源。
07:12
existing resources.
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07:14
It works by [efficiently] creating new solutions
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它的作用方式是經由
提供有效的新方式解決人類的問題。
07:20
to human problems.
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07:22
The genius of capitalism
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資本主義巧妙的地方在於，
07:24
is that it is an evolutionary solution-finding system.
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它本身是一個可以自我演化
而不斷找尋新方法的系統。
而不斷找尋新方法的系統。
07:29
It rewards people for solving
other people's problems.
other people's problems.
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它鼓勵人們
去解決別人的問題。
去解決別人的問題。
07:35
The difference between a poor society
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貧窮與富有的社會，
07:38
and a rich society, obviously,
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有一個最大的差別，
07:40
is the degree to which that society
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在於社會本身，透過生產的產品，
07:43
has generated solutions in the form
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來解決民眾的民生問題的能力高低。
07:45
of products for its citizens.
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07:48
The sum of the solutions
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社會中存在的這些，
07:49
that we have in our society
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解決方案的總體所奠定的，
07:51
really is our prosperity, and this explains
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是這個社會繁榮與否的基礎。這就是為什麼
07:54
why companies like Google and Amazon
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像谷歌，或者Amazon、
07:56
and Microsoft and Apple
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微軟、蘋果這類的公司，
07:58
and the entrepreneurs who created those companies
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和成立這些公司的創業家
08:01
have contributed so much
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對於我們國家的繁榮
08:05
to our nation's prosperity.
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有了這麼大的貢獻。
08:08
This 21st-century perspective
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這個21世紀的思維，
08:10
also makes clear
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同時也闡明，
08:13
that what we think of as economic growth
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我們處理民生問題的效率，
08:15
is best understood as
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跟經濟上的成長
08:17
the rate at which we solve problems.
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是成正比的。
08:20
But that rate is totally dependent upon
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但這種效率，
完全取決於有多少人才、多元化、
08:23
how many problem solvers —
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有能力的人才，來解決這些問題。
08:27
diverse, able problem solvers — we have,
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08:29
and thus how many of our fellow citizens
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並且有多少平均市民，
08:32
actively participate,
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能同時以提供解決的人的姿態
08:34
both as entrepreneurs who can offer solutions,
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主動參與 ，並且扮演
08:38
and as customers who consume them.
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消費者的角色。
08:42
But this maximizing participation thing
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但是提高這樣的參與度，
08:46
doesn't happen by accident.
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並不會偶然的發生，
08:47
It doesn't happen by itself.
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它不會說發生就發生的，
08:49
It requires effort and investment,
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我們需要積極正視，並且投入資金。
08:53
which is why all
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這就是為甚麼
所有高度繁榮的資本主義民主國家
08:56
highly prosperous capitalist democracies
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08:59
are characterized by massive investments
184
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2549
都有這個特點。那就是
都有大規模的投資，
專門針對中產階級的需要，
專門針對中產階級的需要，
09:01
in the middle class and the infrastructure
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09:04
that they depend on.
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以及其需要的基本設施。
09:07
We plutocrats need to get this
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我們這些超級富豪，
09:09
trickle-down economics thing behind us,
188
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3139
實在應該拋棄所謂“下滲經濟”，
09:12
this idea that the better we do,
189
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1906
這種，只要我們受惠，
09:14
the better everyone else will do.
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其他人遲早也會受惠的心態。
09:16
It's not true. How could it be?
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這怎麼可能呢？這是完全錯誤的。
09:20
I earn 1,000 times the median wage,
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我的薪水相當於最低工資的一千倍，
09:24
but I do not buy 1,000 times as much stuff,
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但我並沒有多消費一千倍。
09:27
do I?
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是吧？
09:28
I actually bought two pairs of these pants,
195
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3188
我是買了兩條這樣的褲子沒錯，
09:32
what my partner Mike calls
196
560176
1934
我的合夥人 Mike 戲稱它為
09:34
my manager pants.
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“經理褲”。
09:35
I could have bought 2,000 pairs,
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事實上，這樣的褲子我可以買兩千條。
09:38
but what would I do with them? (Laughter)
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但我買兩千條褲子來，要幹嘛？（笑聲）
09:41
How many haircuts can I get?
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我能剪幾次頭髮，
09:44
How often can I go out to dinner?
201
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能去餐廳吃幾次飯？
09:48
No matter how wealthy a few plutocrats get,
202
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無論多有錢，我們這些
畢竟是少數的超級富豪。
畢竟是少數的超級富豪。
09:52
we can never drive a great national economy.
203
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不可能光靠我們
來推動一個國家的經濟。
來推動一個國家的經濟。
09:55
Only a thriving middle class can do that.
204
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只有一個國家蓬勃發展的
中產階級能為之。
中產階級能為之。
10:01
There's nothing to be done,
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我的富豪朋友們可能會說，
10:03
my plutocrat friends might say.
206
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我們又能怎樣？
10:07
Henry Ford was in a different time.
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亨利．福特存在另一個時空，
10:10
Maybe we can't do some things.
208
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也許有些事情，我們是做不到。
10:12
Maybe we can do some things.
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但也有些事，也許我們可以。
10:15
June 19, 2013,
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2013年6月19號，
10:19
Bloomberg published an article I wrote called
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彭博刊出了我寫的一篇文章，題為
10:23
"The Capitalist’s Case for a $15 Minimum Wage."
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“資本主義企業家對於$15最低時薪的研究報告”
10:28
The good people at Forbes magazine,
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富比士雜誌的好朋友們，
10:31
among my biggest admirers,
214
619072
2198
我最大的粉絲之一，
10:33
called it "Nick Hanauer's near-insane proposal."
215
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稱之為“尼克．漢豪爾幾近瘋狂的提議”。
10:37
And yet, just 350 days
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可是，在這文章
10:41
after that article was published,
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刊登後的350天之後，
10:43
Seattle's Mayor Ed Murray signed into law
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2949
西雅圖市市長 Ed Murray 卻立法定案，
10:46
an ordinance raising the minimum wage in Seattle
219
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3766
將西雅圖的最低薪資
10:50
to 15 dollars an hour,
220
638510
1688
漲到一小時15美元。
10:52
more than double
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1440
比當時聯邦的平均薪資
10:53
what the prevailing federal $7.25 rate is.
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一小時7.25美元還多兩倍有餘。
10:58
How did this happen,
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1780
這是怎麼辦到的？
11:00
reasonable people might ask.
224
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2085
正常人可能會這麼問。
11:02
It happened because a group of us
225
650195
1668
這條法律得以立案，
是因為我們出來呼籲，
是因為我們出來呼籲，
11:03
reminded the middle class
226
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中產階級才是資本主義經濟發展、
11:05
that they are the source
227
653227
1651
11:06
of growth and prosperity in capitalist economies.
228
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繁榮的來源。
11:10
We reminded them that when
workers have more money,
workers have more money,
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658544
3566
我們提醒了他們，
當工人口袋裡多了錢，
當工人口袋裡多了錢，
11:14
businesses have more customers,
230
662110
1712
大眾商家就多了更多顧客，
11:15
and need more employees.
231
663822
1982
同時就需要雇用更多員工。
11:17
We reminded them that when businesses
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我們提醒了他們，
當商家付給工人薪資的同時，
11:20
pay workers a living wage,
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668490
2720
11:23
taxpayers are relieved of the burden
234
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1892
也消除了納稅人對於窮困族群的負擔，
11:25
of funding the poverty programs
235
673102
1710
像是食物券、醫療補給費、
11:26
like food stamps and medical assistance
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2902
11:29
and rent assistance
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1710
和租房補助，
11:31
that those workers need.
238
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諸如此類低收入戶所需的補助。
11:33
We reminded them that low-wage workers
239
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2964
我們提醒了他們 ，低收入工人
11:36
make terrible taxpayers,
240
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2326
不擅長扮演納稅人的角色，
11:39
and that when you raise the minimum wage
241
687110
2018
所以當你提高所有企業、商家的最低薪資，
11:41
for all businesses,
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2125
所有的企業、商家都會受益，
11:43
all businesses benefit
243
691253
1667
11:44
yet all can compete.
244
692920
2731
並且足以進一步的互相競爭。
11:47
Now the orthodox reaction, of course,
245
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1721
最傳統的反面看法是：
11:49
is raising the minimum wage costs jobs. Right?
246
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提高最低薪資，代表減少總體的工作機會。
11:53
Your politician's always echoing
247
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政客們總是打著“下滲經濟”的旗幟，
11:55
that trickle-down idea by saying things like,
248
703763
3092
喊著
11:58
"Well, if you raise the price of employment,
249
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2093
“看吧, 提高創造工作機會的成本，
12:00
guess what happens? You get less of it."
250
708948
2792
結果會怎樣? 工作機會就變少了!” 的口號。
12:03
Are you sure?
251
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真的是這樣嗎?
12:06
Because there's some contravening evidence.
252
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3653
證據顯示完全相反。
12:09
Since 1980, the wages of CEOs in our country
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4759
從一九八零年開始，我們國家CEO的薪水
12:14
have gone from about 30 times the median wage
254
722582
2268
比國民平均薪水高出三十倍，
12:16
to 500 times.
255
724850
2272
上升到今天的五百倍。
12:19
That's raising the price of employment.
256
727122
3168
這，才是提高創造工作機會的成本。
12:22
And yet, to my knowledge,
257
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再說，以我的了解，
12:25
I have never seen a company
258
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2172
我還沒見過哪個公司，
12:27
outsource its CEO's job, automate their job,
259
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3746
把他們CEO的工作給外包，或者自動化，
12:31
export the job to China.
260
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2087
或是將工作機會移出到中國大陸。
12:33
In fact, we appear to be employing
261
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2026
不但如此，跟以前比起來，
12:35
more CEOs and senior managers than ever before.
262
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3222
我們似乎雇用越來越多的CEO跟高級主管，
12:38
So too for technology workers
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4190
高科技員工
12:42
and financial services workers,
264
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1826
和金融顧問也一樣，越來越多。
12:44
who earn multiples of the median wage
265
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2618
他們的薪水也同樣是國民平均的幾倍之多。
12:47
and yet we employ more and more of them,
266
755149
2005
我們卻仍然雇用越來越多這樣的人才。
12:49
so clearly you can raise the price of employment
267
757154
4896
所以無庸置疑的，你絕對可以
提高創造工作機會的成本，
提高創造工作機會的成本，
12:54
and get more of it.
268
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2041
同時增加工作機會的數量。
12:56
I know that most people
269
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2584
我知道大多數人，
12:58
think that the $15 minimum wage
270
766675
1722
都認為15美元的最低時薪，
13:00
is this insane, risky economic experiment.
271
768397
3915
是種瘋狂並且高風險的經濟學實驗。
13:04
We disagree.
272
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1898
我們反對這樣的看法。
13:06
We believe that the $15 minimum wage
273
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2474
我們認為15美元的最低時薪，
13:08
in Seattle
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1266
在西雅圖，
13:09
is actually the continuation
275
777950
1853
是一條合乎邏輯的經濟政策
13:11
of a logical economic policy.
276
779803
2708
的延續。
13:14
It is allowing our city
277
782511
1960
因為這條政策，我們的城市
13:16
to kick your city's ass.
278
784471
2735
變得比你們城市優秀的多。
13:19
Because, you see,
279
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1759
因為，
13:20
Washington state already has
280
788965
1712
華盛頓州原本就有全美國
13:22
the highest minimum wage
281
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1493
所有州裡最高的
13:24
of any state in the nation.
282
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1699
最低工資。
13:25
We pay all workers $9.32,
283
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2261
我們給所有工人 $9.32 的薪資，
13:28
which is almost 30 percent more
284
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1843
差不多比聯邦最低薪資的$7.25，
13:29
than the federal minimum of 7.25,
285
797973
2558
多了百分之三十。
13:32
but crucially, 427 percent more
286
800531
3953
更重要的是， 比聯邦
"有小費員工"的最低薪資 $2.13
"有小費員工"的最低薪資 $2.13
13:36
than the federal tipped minimum of 2.13.
287
804484
3586
高了百分之427。
13:40
If trickle-down thinkers were right,
288
808070
2616
如果下滲經濟支持者的想法是對的，
13:42
then Washington state should
have massive unemployment.
have massive unemployment.
289
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3112
那華盛頓州照理說應該會有
極高的失業率，
極高的失業率，
13:45
Seattle should be sliding into the ocean.
290
813798
2680
西雅圖應該馬上要沉近海裡了。
13:48
And yet, Seattle
291
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3023
但事實呢？
13:51
is the fastest-growing big city in the country.
292
819501
3898
西雅圖是我們國家
發展的最快的大城市。
發展的最快的大城市。
13:55
Washington state is generating small business jobs
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4117
華盛頓州所產生的工作機會，
13:59
at a higher rate than any other major state
294
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2621
比國內任何一個主要大州，
14:02
in the nation.
295
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1856
都來的多。
14:03
The restaurant business in Seattle? Booming.
296
831993
3904
西雅圖的餐飲業？ 蓬勃發展。
14:07
Why? Because the fundamental law of capitalism is,
297
835897
4388
為什麼？因為資本主義的基本法則就是，
14:12
when workers have more money,
298
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1615
當工人們有更多錢，
14:13
businesses have more customers
299
841900
1526
企業、商家就有顧客，
14:15
and need more workers.
300
843426
2257
也就同時需要更多員工了。
14:17
When restaurants pay restaurant workers enough
301
845683
3151
當餐廳業者給員工的工資
14:20
so that even they can afford to eat in restaurants,
302
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3622
夠他們在工作的餐廳吃上一頓飯，
14:24
that's not bad for the restaurant business.
303
852456
2665
這對餐廳的經營不是壞事，
14:27
That's good for it,
304
855121
1699
儘管有些老闆不同意。
14:28
despite what some restaurateurs may tell you.
305
856820
4579
這其實是件好事。
14:33
Is it more complicated than I'm making out?
306
861399
2058
不過，事情實際上是不是
沒有我說得那麼簡單？
沒有我說得那麼簡單？
14:35
Of course it is.
307
863457
997
那是當然的。
14:36
There are a lot of dynamics at play.
308
864454
1868
有許多不同的因素都會影響結果。
14:38
But can we please stop insisting
309
866322
2242
但是我們能否停止這類的想法，
14:40
that if low-wage workers earn a little bit more,
310
868564
2801
認為低收入的工人的工資多一點，
14:43
unemployment will skyrocket
311
871365
1508
失業率就會衝破表。
14:44
and the economy will collapse?
312
872873
1328
然後經濟就會崩潰？
14:46
There is no evidence for it.
313
874201
2609
根本沒有證據支持這樣的說法。
14:48
The most insidious thing
314
876810
1231
下滲經濟
14:50
about trickle-down economics
315
878041
1847
其中一種說法，
14:51
is not the claim that if the rich get richer,
316
879888
2302
"富者更富, 全體享福"，
14:54
everyone is better off.
317
882190
1537
還稱不上
14:55
It is the claim made by those who oppose
318
883727
3061
最陰險的是那些
14:58
any increase in the minimum wage
319
886788
1902
反對增加最低工資的人，
15:00
that if the poor get richer,
320
888690
1855
宣稱窮人變得較富有，
15:02
that will be bad for the economy.
321
890545
2217
對經濟是有害的，才是真正陰險。
15:04
This is nonsense.
322
892762
1980
這簡直就是胡說。
15:06
So can we please dispense with this rhetoric
323
894742
3865
我們是不是可以拋棄這類想法，
15:10
that says that rich guys like me
324
898607
2343
認為像我這樣的有錢人，
15:12
and my plutocrat friends
325
900950
2854
還有我的超級富豪朋友們，
15:15
made our country?
326
903804
2573
是我們建立這個國家 一類的想法？
15:18
We plutocrats know,
327
906377
2075
我們超級富豪其實都知道，
15:20
even if we don't like to admit it in public,
328
908452
1624
即使我們不願在公開場合承認，
15:22
that if we had been born somewhere else,
329
910076
2669
如果我們出生在別的地方，
15:24
not here in the United States,
330
912745
1897
在美國以外的地方，
15:26
we might very well be just some dude standing barefoot
331
914642
2860
我們很可能就是站在小路旁，
15:29
by the side of a dirt road selling fruit.
332
917502
3150
打赤腳賣水果的人而已。
15:32
It's not that they don't have good
entrepreneurs in other places,
entrepreneurs in other places,
333
920652
2531
我不是說，其他國家沒有創業精神跟習慣。
15:35
even very, very poor places.
334
923183
2025
即使是最窮最窮的地方，都還是有。
15:37
It's just that that's all
335
925208
1552
只是因為在那樣的經濟體系，
15:38
that those entrepreneurs' customers can afford.
336
926760
4536
那裏的消費者，能買得起的，
就只是那樣成度的商品。
就只是那樣成度的商品。
15:43
So here's an idea for a new kind of economics,
337
931296
4599
今天，我要推薦一種新的經濟體系。
15:47
a new kind of politics
338
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1547
一種新的政治體系。
15:49
that I call new capitalism.
339
937442
2887
我稱之為新資本主義。
15:52
Let's acknowledge that capitalism
340
940329
2472
我們必須承認，
15:54
beats the alternatives,
341
942801
1797
資本主義比其他的經濟體系強多了。
15:56
but also that the more people we include,
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但是只有在我們接納更多人，
16:00
both as entrepreneurs and as customers,
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無論是創業者，或者消費者，
16:04
the better it works.
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它才會日益茁壯。
16:06
Let's by all means shrink the size of government,
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我們絕對應該縮減政府的干預，
16:10
but not by slashing the poverty programs,
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2719
但不是透過削減貧窮補助福利的方法，
16:12
but by ensuring that workers are paid enough
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2017
而是讓工人階級擁有充沛的薪資。
16:14
so that they actually don't need those programs.
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進而幫助他們擺脫對這些福利專案的需要，
16:18
Let's invest enough in the middle class
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讓我們增加給中產階級的投資，
16:21
to make our economy fairer and more inclusive,
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好讓我們的經濟更公平且具包容性，
16:24
and by fairer, more truly competitive,
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3934
透過公平，而更有競爭力。
16:28
and by more truly competitive,
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透過真正的競爭力，
16:29
more able to generate the solutions
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更能提出有效的，
解決人類的問題的方法。
16:32
to human problems
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16:34
that are the true drivers of growth and prosperity.
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這就是走向經濟成長跟繁榮的道路。
16:39
Capitalism is the greatest social technology
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資本主義是迄今為止，
最好的社會技術，
16:43
ever invented
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1469
16:44
for creating prosperity in human societies,
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2862
如果適當的執行的話，
能夠給人類的社會帶來繁榮。
16:47
if it is well managed,
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1734
16:49
but capitalism, because of the fundamental
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3171
但是資本主義，由於是一種複雜並且
16:52
multiplicative dynamics of complex systems,
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2765
利於錢滾錢的系統，
16:55
tends towards, inexorably, inequality,
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3528
有時很殘忍的會傾向於社會不公、
16:58
concentration and collapse.
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財富的集中，最終有可能以致於崩潰。
17:03
The work of democracies
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民主體系必須做到的，
17:05
is to maximize the inclusion of the many
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4503
是盡可能的涵蓋多數人，
17:10
in order to create prosperity,
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2977
才能創造集體的繁榮，
17:12
not to enable the few to accumulate money.
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3922
而不是讓少數人累積財富。
17:16
Government does create prosperity and growth,
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3100
政府的確可以創造繁榮與經濟成長，
17:20
by creating the conditions that allow
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3226
透過提供給創業家跟他們的顧客，
17:23
both entrepreneurs and their customers
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2891
可以蓬勃發展
17:26
to thrive.
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1845
的環境。
17:27
Balancing the power of capitalists like me
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3184
像我這樣的資本家還有工人，
17:31
and workers isn't bad for capitalism.
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3172
平衡這兩者的力量
對資本主義不但不是壞事，
對資本主義不但不是壞事，
17:34
It's essential to it.
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1800
反倒是有必要的。
17:36
Programs like a reasonable minimum wage,
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2666
合理的最低時薪，
17:38
affordable healthcare,
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2014
還有實惠的醫療保健，
17:40
paid sick leave,
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1303
有薪病假，
17:42
and the progressive taxation necessary
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3419
依照收入提高稅收，
17:45
to pay for the important infrastructure
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2196
為著支付中產階級需要的基礎設施，
17:47
necessary for the middle class like education, R and D,
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4051
幫助中產階級建立在教育跟
研發方面的基礎設施，
研發方面的基礎設施，
17:51
these are indispensable tools
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2566
以上都是不可或缺的工具。
17:54
shrewd capitalists should embrace
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2109
是精明的資本家應該接受、
用來澆灌經濟成長的工具。
用來澆灌經濟成長的工具。
17:56
to drive growth, because no one benefits from it
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3986
因為最大的受益者，
18:00
like us.
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1646
就是我們。
18:02
Many economists would have you believe
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2248
多數的經濟學家會說，
18:04
that their field is an objective science.
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1072342
3080
他們的學術是一門客觀的科學，
18:07
I disagree, and I think that it is equally
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2847
我不這麼認為。
我認為經濟學同時也是一種
18:10
a tool that humans use
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2069
18:12
to enforce and encode
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1889
人類使用的工具，用來執行與制式化
18:14
our social and moral preferences and prejudices
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3576
我們在社會跟道德上的，關於地位與權力
18:17
about status and power,
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3902
這方面的偏好與偏見的工具。
18:21
which is why plutocrats like me
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2277
這就是為什麼像我這樣的超級富豪，
18:23
have always needed to find persuasive stories
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4006
常常需要找一些有力的故事，
18:27
to tell everyone else
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1674
來說服所有的人，
18:29
about why our relative positions
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4114
說服他們相信，我們所佔的社會地位，
18:33
are morally righteous and good for everyone:
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1101776
4132
在道德上是說得過去，
並且對所有人都有利的。
並且對所有人都有利的。
18:37
like, we are indispensable, the job creators,
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4275
我們是不可取代的、創造工作的人，
18:42
and you are not;
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2362
而你們不是。
18:44
like, tax cuts for us create growth,
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3386
給我們減稅，可以創造經濟成長。
18:47
but investments in you
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2014
但投資在你們身上，
18:49
will balloon our debt
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1676
會擴大我們的債務，
18:51
and bankrupt our great country;
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2508
並且讓我們的國家破產。
18:54
that we matter;
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1868
我們很重要，
18:55
that you don't.
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2351
而你們不重要。
18:58
For thousands of years, these stories were called
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2643
幾千年來，這些故事被歸類為
19:00
divine right.
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1128991
1448
上天給予的權力。
19:02
Today, we have trickle-down economics.
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4254
而現今的說法，就是下滲經濟學。
19:06
How obviously, transparently self-serving
408
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3883
這套學說有多麼明顯、公開的
19:10
all of this is.
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1138576
1594
自私自利，
19:12
We plutocrats need to see
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2782
我們這些超級富豪必須認清，
19:14
that the United States of America made us,
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2353
是美國成就了我們，
19:17
not the other way around;
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1684
而不是我們成就了美國。
19:18
that a thriving middle class is the source
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2838
我們須認清，蓬勃發展的中產階級，
19:21
of prosperity in capitalist economies,
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2296
是資本經濟的繁榮的來源，
19:24
not a consequence of it.
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2639
而不是它的結果。
19:26
And we should never forget
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2691
並且我們該永遠記得，
19:29
that even the best of us in
the worst of circumstances
the worst of circumstances
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1157453
3695
在最糟糕的環境裡，
最努力的人能達到的最好狀況，
最努力的人能達到的最好狀況，
19:33
are barefoot by the side of a dirt road selling fruit.
418
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5734
也僅僅是光著腳在路邊賣水果。
19:38
Fellow plutocrats, I think it may be time for us
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2614
身為超級富豪的朋友們，我想是我們應該，
19:41
to recommit to our country,
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2203
重新對我們的國家許一個未來的時候了。
19:43
to commit to a new kind of capitalism
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2562
許一個，有新的資本主義的未來。
19:46
which is both more inclusive and more effective,
422
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4354
這樣的資本主義，更有包容性跟效率，
19:50
a capitalism that will ensure
423
1178615
2058
這樣的資本主義，
也確保
19:52
that America's economy remains
424
1180673
3161
美國經濟
保持在世界上是最活躍並且最繁榮的。
19:55
the most dynamic and prosperous in the world.
425
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3386
19:59
Let's secure the future for ourselves,
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2160
讓我們為了我們自己確保一個未來
20:01
our children and their children.
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2734
也為了我們的下一代
還有他們的下一代。
還有他們的下一代。
20:04
Or alternatively, we could do nothing,
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3048
或者，我們也可以甚麼都不做，
20:07
hide in our gated communities
429
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2081
躲在我們的高級住宅區、
20:09
and private schools,
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2857
或者私立學校裡，
20:12
enjoy our planes and yachts
431
1200100
2036
光顧著享受我們的私人飛機跟遊艇。
20:14
— they're fun —
432
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2340
是很棒沒錯。
20:16
and wait for the pitchforks.
433
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1811
但同時，我們只是靜候鐵耙子的到來。
20:18
Thank you.
434
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1523
謝謝。
20:19
(Applause)
435
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1647
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nick Hanauer - Venture capitalist, authorNick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats.
Why you should listen
Nick Hanauer has founded, co-founded and funded more than 30 companies across a range of industries, with a pretty notable record of success. As a few highlights, he cofounded a company called aQuantive that sold to Microsoft for $6.4 billion, and was the first non-family investor in Amazon.
Meanwhile Hanauer, a “proud and unapologetic capitalist,” has also been looking closely at society’s growing inequality gap, and the consequences it holds for our shared destiny — and the ultimate fate of our democracies. In 2007, he and civic activist Eric Liu co-wrote the book The True Patriot, an examination of progressive patriotism. This was followed by 2011’s The Gardens of Democracy, also with Liu, a vision for “growing” good citizens.
In 2013, Hanauer published a commentary in Bloomberg BusinessWeek proposing a $15 minimum wage (a suggestion that Seattle acted on this year). Early in 2014, he and Eric Beinhocker published "Capitalism, Redefined." In the summer of 2014, Hanauer published a much-shared essay in Politico that suggests, if societal inequality is allowed to grow unchecked, modern societies could start looking an awful lot like pre-Revolutionary France.
He is working on a new book, due out in 2015.
Nick Hanauer | Speaker | TED.com