TED2019
Claire Wardle: How you can help transform the internet into a place of trust
克萊兒 · 瓦多: 如何協助將互聯網轉變為可信的地方
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
1,319,606 views
要如何阻止誤導、散播危險的資訊，同時還保有網路的言論自由核心？虛假資訊專家克萊兒 · 瓦多帶大家探究受污染的線上環境遭遇了哪些難題，並規劃將網路轉變成可信之地的一個計畫。這需要日常使用者的協助。她說：「讓我們同心協力一起重建我們對資訊的共識。」
Claire Wardle - Misinformation expert
Claire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online. Full bio
Claire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
No matter who you are or where you live,
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不論你是誰，不論你住在哪裡，
00:16
I'm guessing that you have
at least one relative
at least one relative
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我猜想你應該至少有一位親戚
00:18
that likes to forward those emails.
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會喜歡轉傳那些電子郵件。
00:21
You know the ones I'm talking about --
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你們知道，我指的是那種
內容可疑的郵件或陰謀論的影片。
內容可疑的郵件或陰謀論的影片。
00:23
the ones with dubious claims
or conspiracy videos.
or conspiracy videos.
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00:26
And you've probably
already muted them on Facebook
already muted them on Facebook
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你可能已經因為他們
會分享這類社交貼文
會分享這類社交貼文
00:29
for sharing social posts like this one.
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而在臉書上取消追蹤他們了。
00:31
It's an image of a banana
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像這張圖片中的香蕉
中間有個奇怪的紅色十字。
中間有個奇怪的紅色十字。
00:32
with a strange red cross
running through the center.
running through the center.
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00:35
And the text around it is warning people
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周圍的文字則是在警告大家
不要吃這樣的食物，
不要吃這樣的食物，
00:37
not to eat fruits that look like this,
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指出這類食物已經被注入了
感染愛滋病病毒的血液。
感染愛滋病病毒的血液。
00:39
suggesting they've been
injected with blood
injected with blood
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00:41
contaminated with the HIV virus.
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00:44
And the social share message
above it simply says,
above it simply says,
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分享這個資訊的社群只是說：
00:46
"Please forward to save lives."
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「請轉傳，以拯救人命。」
00:49
Now, fact-checkers have been debunking
this one for years,
this one for years,
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事實查核早在數年前
就揭穿這則假消息了，
就揭穿這則假消息了，
00:52
but it's one of those rumors
that just won't die.
that just won't die.
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但有些謠言就是殺不死，
這是其中之一。
這是其中之一。
00:55
A zombie rumor.
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喪屍級謠言。
00:57
And, of course, it's entirely false.
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當然，這完全是錯誤資訊。
01:00
It might be tempting to laugh
at an example like this, to say,
at an example like this, to say,
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我們會很想笑看這種例子，並說：
01:03
"Well, who would believe this, anyway?"
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「反正，誰會相信啊？」
01:05
But the reason it's a zombie rumor
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但，它之所以是喪屍級謠言，
01:07
is because it taps into people's
deepest fears about their own safety
deepest fears about their own safety
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就是因為它觸及了
人們最深的恐懼，
人們最深的恐懼，
擔心他們自己和愛人的安全。
01:10
and that of the people they love.
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01:13
And if you spend as enough time
as I have looking at misinformation,
as I have looking at misinformation,
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如果你跟我一樣花足夠
時間去研究錯誤資訊，
時間去研究錯誤資訊，
01:17
you know that this is just
one example of many
one example of many
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你會就知道，還有很多像這樣的例子，
01:19
that taps into people's deepest
fears and vulnerabilities.
fears and vulnerabilities.
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都會觸及人們最深的恐懼和弱點。
01:23
Every day, across the world,
we see scores of new memes on Instagram
we see scores of new memes on Instagram
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每天，在全世界都會在 IG 上
看到許多新的網路迷因，
看到許多新的網路迷因，
01:27
encouraging parents
not to vaccinate their children.
not to vaccinate their children.
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鼓勵父母不要帶孩子去接種疫苗。
01:30
We see new videos on YouTube
explaining that climate change is a hoax.
explaining that climate change is a hoax.
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在 YouTube 上會有新的影片出來，
解釋氣候變遷只是個騙局。
解釋氣候變遷只是個騙局。
01:35
And across all platforms, we see
endless posts designed to demonize others
endless posts designed to demonize others
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在各平台上，都有無數貼文
目的是在將某些種族、宗教，
或性向的人給妖魔化。
或性向的人給妖魔化。
01:39
on the basis of their race,
religion or sexuality.
religion or sexuality.
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01:44
Welcome to one of the central
challenges of our time.
challenges of our time.
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歡迎來到這個時代的核心挑戰之一。
01:47
How can we maintain an internet
with freedom of expression at the core,
with freedom of expression at the core,
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我們要如何讓網路保有
自由發表意見的核心價值，
自由發表意見的核心價值，
01:51
while also ensuring that the content
that's being disseminated
that's being disseminated
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同時確保被散播出去的內容
01:55
doesn't cause irreparable harms
to our democracies, our communities
to our democracies, our communities
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不會對我們的民主、我們的社會、
我們的身心安康，
造成無法修復的傷害？
造成無法修復的傷害？
01:58
and to our physical and mental well-being?
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02:01
Because we live in the information age,
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因為我們生活在資訊的時代，
02:04
yet the central currency
upon which we all depend -- information --
upon which we all depend -- information --
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但我們所有人仰賴的
中心貨幣——即，資訊——
中心貨幣——即，資訊——
02:07
is no longer deemed entirely trustworthy
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已經不再能被完全信任，
02:10
and, at times, can appear
downright dangerous.
downright dangerous.
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有些時候，甚至會造成危險。
02:12
This is thanks in part to the runaway
growth of social sharing platforms
growth of social sharing platforms
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這背後有部分原因是因為
社交分享平台的脫韁成長，
社交分享平台的脫韁成長，
02:16
that allow us to scroll through,
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在那裡，謊言和事實
混在一起供我們瀏覽，
混在一起供我們瀏覽，
02:18
where lies and facts sit side by side,
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02:20
but with none of the traditional
signals of trustworthiness.
signals of trustworthiness.
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傳統的信任價值已蕩然無存。
02:24
And goodness -- our language around this
is horribly muddled.
is horribly muddled.
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且，老天，我們
在這方面的用語是一團亂。
在這方面的用語是一團亂。
02:27
People are still obsessed
with the phrase "fake news,"
with the phrase "fake news,"
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大家對「假新聞」上癮，
02:31
despite the fact that
it's extraordinarily unhelpful
it's extraordinarily unhelpful
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這些新聞不但沒有幫助，
02:33
and used to describe a number of things
that are actually very different:
that are actually very different:
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且常被用來包裝各式各樣的東西：
02:37
lies, rumors, hoaxes,
conspiracies, propaganda.
conspiracies, propaganda.
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謊言、謠言、騙局、陰謀、洗腦文。
02:40
And I really wish
we could stop using a phrase
we could stop using a phrase
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我真希望我們能不要
再用「假新聞」這詞了，
再用「假新聞」這詞了，
02:43
that's been co-opted by politicians
right around the world,
right around the world,
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它已經被全世界政治人物汙染，
02:46
from the left and the right,
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從左派到右派都一樣，
02:48
used as a weapon to attack
a free and independent press.
a free and independent press.
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用來當作武器，
攻擊自由、獨立的媒體。
攻擊自由、獨立的媒體。
02:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
02:57
Because we need our professional
news media now more than ever.
news media now more than ever.
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因為，比起過去，現在我們
更需要專業的新聞媒體。
更需要專業的新聞媒體。
03:00
And besides, most of this content
doesn't even masquerade as news.
doesn't even masquerade as news.
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此外，這類內容根本
還稱不上是新聞。
還稱不上是新聞。
03:04
It's memes, videos, social posts.
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它們只是迷因、影片、社群貼文。
03:06
And most of it is not fake;
it's misleading.
it's misleading.
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且它們大部分不是假的，
而是會誤導的。
而是會誤導的。
03:10
We tend to fixate on what's true or false.
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我們總是想把事情二分為對或錯。
03:13
But the biggest concern is actually
the weaponization of context.
the weaponization of context.
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但最讓人擔憂的，
是把情境變成武器。
是把情境變成武器。
03:18
Because the most effective disinformation
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因為，最有效的虛假資訊
03:20
has always been that
which has a kernel of truth to it.
which has a kernel of truth to it.
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通常在核心還是有某些真相。
03:23
Let's take this example
from London, from March 2017,
from London, from March 2017,
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舉個倫敦的例子，2017 年三月，
03:27
a tweet that circulated widely
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在西敏橋的恐攻事件之後，
03:28
in the aftermath of a terrorist incident
on Westminster Bridge.
on Westminster Bridge.
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出現了一則廣為流傳的推文。
03:32
This is a genuine image, not fake.
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這是真實的照片，不是假的。
03:35
The woman who appears in the photograph
was interviewed afterwards,
was interviewed afterwards,
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照片中的女子後來有被訪問，
她解釋說她心理受到很大的創傷。
03:38
and she explained that
she was utterly traumatized.
she was utterly traumatized.
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03:40
She was on the phone to a loved one,
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她當時在和愛人講電話，
03:42
and she wasn't looking
at the victim out of respect.
at the victim out of respect.
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去被誤會成對受害者毫無同情心。
03:45
But it still was circulated widely
with this Islamophobic framing,
with this Islamophobic framing,
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但這張照片仍然被扣上了
恐伊斯蘭的誣陷文字
之後廣為流傳，
之後廣為流傳，
03:49
with multiple hashtags,
including: #BanIslam.
including: #BanIslam.
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還附上許多主題標籤，
包括 #禁伊斯蘭。
包括 #禁伊斯蘭。
03:52
Now, if you worked at Twitter,
what would you do?
what would you do?
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如果你在推特工作，你會怎麼做？
03:54
Would you take that down,
or would you leave it up?
or would you leave it up?
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你會把這則推文拿掉？
還是留在上面？
還是留在上面？
03:58
My gut reaction, my emotional reaction,
is to take this down.
is to take this down.
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我的直覺反應，我的
情緒反應，是把它拿掉。
情緒反應，是把它拿掉。
04:02
I hate the framing of this image.
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我很不喜歡這張照片的說明。
04:04
But freedom of expression
is a human right,
is a human right,
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但人權本來就包括表達的自由，
04:06
and if we start taking down speech
that makes us feel uncomfortable,
that makes us feel uncomfortable,
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如果我們開始把讓我們不舒服的
言論都拿掉，就會有麻煩了。
言論都拿掉，就會有麻煩了。
04:10
we're in trouble.
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04:11
And this might look like a clear-cut case,
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這可能看起來是個很明確的案例，
04:13
but, actually, most speech isn't.
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但，大部分的言論沒這麼清楚。
因為那條界線非常難拿捏。
因為那條界線非常難拿捏。
04:15
These lines are incredibly
difficult to draw.
difficult to draw.
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04:18
What's a well-meaning
decision by one person
decision by one person
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一個出於善意的舉動，
04:20
is outright censorship to the next.
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對其它人來說，可能就是無情的審查。
04:22
What we now know is that
this account, Texas Lone Star,
this account, Texas Lone Star,
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我們知道，Texas Lone Star
（德州孤星）這個帳號
（德州孤星）這個帳號
04:25
was part of a wider Russian
disinformation campaign,
disinformation campaign,
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曾經是俄國用來散播
虛假資訊活動的帳號，
虛假資訊活動的帳號，
04:28
one that has since been taken down.
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雖然事後被下架了。
04:31
Would that change your view?
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但會改變你的觀點嗎？
04:33
It would mine,
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會改變我的，
04:34
because now it's a case
of a coordinated campaign
of a coordinated campaign
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因為它是一個製造爭端的協作案例。
04:36
to sow discord.
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04:38
And for those of you who'd like to think
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如果你認為人工智慧將會
解決我們所有的問題，
解決我們所有的問題，
04:40
that artificial intelligence
will solve all of our problems,
will solve all of our problems,
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04:42
I think we can agree
that we're a long way away
that we're a long way away
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我想大家都同意，
我們還有很長的路要走，
我們還有很長的路要走，
04:45
from AI that's able to make sense
of posts like this.
of posts like this.
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才能讓人工智慧能夠
理解像這樣的貼文。
理解像這樣的貼文。
04:48
So I'd like to explain
three interlocking issues
three interlocking issues
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所以我想解釋一下，
讓這件事變得如此複雜的
讓這件事變得如此複雜的
04:51
that make this so complex
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三個相關議題，
04:53
and then think about some ways
we can consider these challenges.
we can consider these challenges.
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接著，想想我們要
如何處理這些挑戰。
如何處理這些挑戰。
04:57
First, we just don't have
a rational relationship to information,
a rational relationship to information,
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首先，我們只是沒有和資訊
建立起理性的關係，
建立起理性的關係，
05:01
we have an emotional one.
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我們建立的是情緒化的關係。
05:02
It's just not true that more facts
will make everything OK,
will make everything OK,
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並非有越多事實就能搞定一切，
05:06
because the algorithms that determine
what content we see,
what content we see,
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因為，那些用來判定
我們想看什麼內容的演算法，
我們想看什麼內容的演算法，
05:09
well, they're designed to reward
our emotional responses.
our emotional responses.
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它們是設計來獎勵
我們的情緒反應。
我們的情緒反應。
05:12
And when we're fearful,
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當我們恐懼時，過度簡化的說詞、
05:14
oversimplified narratives,
conspiratorial explanations
conspiratorial explanations
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陰謀論的解釋，
05:17
and language that demonizes others
is far more effective.
is far more effective.
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將他人妖魔化的用語，
都會更有效許多。
都會更有效許多。
05:21
And besides, many of these companies,
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此外，許多這類公司的商業模型
和注意力息息相關，
和注意力息息相關，
05:23
their business model
is attached to attention,
is attached to attention,
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05:26
which means these algorithms
will always be skewed towards emotion.
will always be skewed towards emotion.
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也就是說，這些演算法
一定都會偏向情緒那一邊。
一定都會偏向情緒那一邊。
05:30
Second, most of the speech
I'm talking about here is legal.
I'm talking about here is legal.
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第二，我所說的這些言論，
大部分是合法的。
大部分是合法的。
05:35
It would be a different matter
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這完全不像是談論兒童性侵的意象
05:36
if I was talking about
child sexual abuse imagery
child sexual abuse imagery
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或者煽動暴力的內容。
05:38
or content that incites violence.
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05:40
It can be perfectly legal
to post an outright lie.
to post an outright lie.
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張貼徹頭徹尾的謊言並不違法。
05:45
But people keep talking about taking down
"problematic" or "harmful" content,
"problematic" or "harmful" content,
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但大家不斷地討論「有問題的」
或「會造成傷害」的內容，
或「會造成傷害」的內容，
05:49
but with no clear definition
of what they mean by that,
of what they mean by that,
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卻無法清楚定義他們指的是什麼，
就連最近呼籲建立全球規制
來管理言論的馬克祖柏格也一樣。
來管理言論的馬克祖柏格也一樣。
05:51
including Mark Zuckerberg,
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05:53
who recently called for global
regulation to moderate speech.
regulation to moderate speech.
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05:56
And my concern is that
we're seeing governments
we're seeing governments
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我擔心的是，我們看到
世界各地的政府
世界各地的政府
05:59
right around the world
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06:00
rolling out hasty policy decisions
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趕著推出政策決定，
06:03
that might actually trigger
much more serious consequences
much more serious consequences
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在言論方面，這些決定
可能會觸發更嚴重的後果。
可能會觸發更嚴重的後果。
06:05
when it comes to our speech.
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06:08
And even if we could decide
which speech to take up or take down,
which speech to take up or take down,
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就算我們能判定哪些言論
可以放上網，哪些要拿掉，
可以放上網，哪些要拿掉，
06:11
we've never had so much speech.
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我們以前也從未有這麼多言論。
06:13
Every second, millions
of pieces of content
of pieces of content
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每秒鐘就有數百萬則內容
被世界各地的人上傳到網路上，
被世界各地的人上傳到網路上，
06:16
are uploaded by people
right around the world
right around the world
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用的是不同語言，背景是
數以千計不同的文化情境。
數以千計不同的文化情境。
06:18
in different languages,
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06:19
drawing on thousands
of different cultural contexts.
of different cultural contexts.
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06:22
We've simply never had
effective mechanisms
effective mechanisms
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我們實在沒有任何有效的機制
可以管理這麼大規模的言論，
可以管理這麼大規模的言論，
06:24
to moderate speech at this scale,
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06:26
whether powered by humans
or by technology.
or by technology.
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不論用人力或技術都辦不到。
06:30
And third, these companies --
Google, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp --
Google, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp --
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第三，這些公司——Google、
推特、臉書、WhatsApp——
推特、臉書、WhatsApp——
06:34
they're part of a wider
information ecosystem.
information ecosystem.
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它們都是廣闊資訊生態系統的一部分。
06:37
We like to lay all the blame
at their feet, but the truth is,
at their feet, but the truth is,
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我們喜歡把所有責任
都推到它們身上，但事實是，
都推到它們身上，但事實是，
06:40
the mass media and elected officials
can also play an equal role
can also play an equal role
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大眾媒體和民選官員
也都有同樣的影響力，
也都有同樣的影響力，
06:44
in amplifying rumors and conspiracies
when they want to.
when they want to.
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只要他們想，也可以在放大謠言和
陰謀上，發揮等同的影響力。
陰謀上，發揮等同的影響力。
06:47
As can we, when we mindlessly forward
divisive or misleading content
divisive or misleading content
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我們也是，
我們會無心且毫不費力地轉傳
造成分化或誤導的內容。
造成分化或誤導的內容。
06:52
without trying.
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06:54
We're adding to the pollution.
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我們也在助長污染。
06:57
I know we're all looking for an easy fix.
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我知道大家都想要
有簡單的解決方式。
有簡單的解決方式。
06:59
But there just isn't one.
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但就是沒有。
07:01
Any solution will have to be rolled out
at a massive scale, internet scale,
at a massive scale, internet scale,
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要推出解決方式，就要以
極大的規模推出，網路的規模，
極大的規模推出，網路的規模，
07:06
and yes, the platforms,
they're used to operating at that level.
they're used to operating at that level.
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是的，平台就是在網路
這麼大的規模下運作的。
這麼大的規模下運作的。
07:09
But can and should we allow them
to fix these problems?
to fix these problems?
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但我們能讓它們去解決這些問題嗎？
07:13
They're certainly trying.
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他們肯定有在試。
但我們大部分人都認同，
但我們大部分人都認同，
07:14
But most of us would agree that, actually,
we don't want global corporations
we don't want global corporations
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其實，我們並不希望全球大企業
07:19
to be the guardians of truth
and fairness online.
and fairness online.
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成為網路真相和公平的守護者。
07:21
And I also think the platforms
would agree with that.
would agree with that.
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我認為平台也不希望如此。
07:24
And at the moment,
they're marking their own homework.
they're marking their own homework.
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此刻，他們是球員兼裁判。
07:27
They like to tell us
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他們想要告訴我們，
他們推出的干預方式奏效了，
他們推出的干預方式奏效了，
07:28
that the interventions
they're rolling out are working,
they're rolling out are working,
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但，因為他們的透明度
報告是自己撰寫的，
報告是自己撰寫的，
07:30
but because they write
their own transparency reports,
their own transparency reports,
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07:33
there's no way for us to independently
verify what's actually happening.
verify what's actually happening.
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我們沒有辦法獨立地
去驗證發生了什麼事。
去驗證發生了什麼事。
07:38
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:41
And let's also be clear
that most of the changes we see
that most of the changes we see
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另外要說清楚一件事，
我們看到的大部分改變發生的時機，
我們看到的大部分改變發生的時機，
07:44
only happen after journalists
undertake an investigation
undertake an investigation
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都是在記者進行調查
07:47
and find evidence of bias
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並找到偏見的證據
07:49
or content that breaks
their community guidelines.
their community guidelines.
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或違反業界原則的內容之後。
07:52
So yes, these companies have to play
a really important role in this process,
a really important role in this process,
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所以，是的，在這個過程中，
這些企業扮演了很重要的角色，
這些企業扮演了很重要的角色，
07:57
but they can't control it.
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但他們不能控制言論。
07:59
So what about governments?
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那政府呢？
08:01
Many people believe
that global regulation is our last hope
that global regulation is our last hope
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許多人認為，全球規制
是我們最後的希望，
是我們最後的希望，
08:04
in terms of cleaning up
our information ecosystem.
our information ecosystem.
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清理資訊生態系統的最後希望。
08:07
But what I see are lawmakers
who are struggling to keep up to date
who are struggling to keep up to date
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但我看到立法者
非常難跟上科技的快速改變。
08:11
with the rapid changes in technology.
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08:13
And worse, they're working in the dark,
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更糟的是，他們還在瞎子摸象，
08:15
because they don't have access to data
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因為他們無法取得資料
08:17
to understand what's happening
on these platforms.
on these platforms.
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來了解這些平台發生了什麼事。
08:20
And anyway, which governments
would we trust to do this?
would we trust to do this?
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總之，在這件事情上，
我們能相信哪個政府？
我們能相信哪個政府？
08:23
We need a global response,
not a national one.
not a national one.
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我們需要的是全球性的
因應，而非全國性的。
因應，而非全國性的。
08:27
So the missing link is us.
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這當中遺失的環節就是我們。
08:29
It's those people who use
these technologies every day.
these technologies every day.
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就是每天使用這些科技的人。
08:33
Can we design a new infrastructure
to support quality information?
to support quality information?
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我們能否設計新的基礎結構
來支持有品質的資訊？
來支持有品質的資訊？
08:38
Well, I believe we can,
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我相信可以，
08:39
and I've got a few ideas about
what we might be able to actually do.
what we might be able to actually do.
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對於我們能做什麼，
我有幾個想法。
我有幾個想法。
08:43
So firstly, if we're serious
about bringing the public into this,
about bringing the public into this,
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首先，如果我們當真
想要讓大眾介入，
想要讓大眾介入，
08:46
can we take some inspiration
from Wikipedia?
from Wikipedia?
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我們能否從維基百科來找靈感？
08:48
They've shown us what's possible.
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他們讓我們看到了可能性。
08:50
Yes, it's not perfect,
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是的，它並不完美，但它證明了
08:51
but they've demonstrated
that with the right structures,
that with the right structures,
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有對的架構，有全球的目光，
有很高的透明度，
有很高的透明度，
08:54
with a global outlook
and lots and lots of transparency,
and lots and lots of transparency,
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就能建造出讓多數人信賴的東西。
08:56
you can build something
that will earn the trust of most people.
that will earn the trust of most people.
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08:59
Because we have to find a way
to tap into the collective wisdom
to tap into the collective wisdom
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因為我們得要找到方法，去挖掘
所有使用者的集體智慧和經驗。
09:03
and experience of all users.
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09:05
This is particularly the case
for women, people of color
for women, people of color
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對於女性、有色人種，
及少數弱勢族群更是如此。
及少數弱勢族群更是如此。
09:08
and underrepresented groups.
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09:09
Because guess what?
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因為，你猜如何？他們是
仇恨和虛假資訊的專家，
仇恨和虛假資訊的專家，
09:10
They are experts when it comes
to hate and disinformation,
to hate and disinformation,
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09:13
because they have been the targets
of these campaigns for so long.
of these campaigns for so long.
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因為長久以來他們都是
這些活動的目標對象。
這些活動的目標對象。
09:17
And over the years,
they've been raising flags,
they've been raising flags,
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這些年來，他們一直
都在小心提防，
都在小心提防，
09:19
and they haven't been listened to.
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但沒有人傾聽他們。
09:21
This has got to change.
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這點必須要改變。
09:22
So could we build a Wikipedia for trust?
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我們能建造出信任的維基百科嗎？
09:27
Could we find a way that users
can actually provide insights?
can actually provide insights?
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我們能否找到方法，
讓使用者真正提供洞見？
讓使用者真正提供洞見？
09:31
They could offer insights around
difficult content-moderation decisions.
difficult content-moderation decisions.
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他們可以針對很困難的
內容管理決策來提供洞見。
內容管理決策來提供洞見。
09:35
They could provide feedback
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當平台決定想要推出新改變時，
09:36
when platforms decide
they want to roll out new changes.
they want to roll out new changes.
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他們可以回饋意見。
09:40
Second, people's experiences
with the information is personalized.
with the information is personalized.
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第二，人對於資訊的體驗
是很個人化的。
是很個人化的。
09:44
My Facebook news feed
is very different to yours.
is very different to yours.
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我的臉書新聞饋送內容
和你的非常不一樣。
和你的非常不一樣。
09:47
Your YouTube recommendations
are very different to mine.
are very different to mine.
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你的 YouTube 推薦
和我的非常不一樣。
和我的非常不一樣。
09:49
That makes it impossible for us
to actually examine
to actually examine
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因此我們不可能去真正檢查
09:52
what information people are seeing.
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大家看到了什麼資訊。
09:54
So could we imagine
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我們能否想像開發一種
09:56
developing some kind of centralized
open repository for anonymized data,
open repository for anonymized data,
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中央化的開放貯藏庫，
用來存放匿名的資料，
用來存放匿名的資料，
10:01
with privacy and ethical
concerns built in?
concerns built in?
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且把隱私和倫理考量
都內建在其中？
都內建在其中？
10:04
Because imagine what we would learn
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想想我們能夠學到多少，
10:06
if we built out a global network
of concerned citizens
of concerned citizens
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若我們能打造一個全球網路，
由在乎的公民構成，
由在乎的公民構成，
10:09
who wanted to donate
their social data to science.
their social data to science.
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他們想要把他們的
社交資料貢獻給科學。
社交資料貢獻給科學。
10:13
Because we actually know very little
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因為我們幾乎不了解
10:14
about the long-term consequences
of hate and disinformation
of hate and disinformation
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仇恨和虛假資訊對於人的態度
和行為會有什麼長期後果。
10:17
on people's attitudes and behaviors.
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10:20
And what we do know,
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我們確實知道的是，
雖然這是個全球性的問題，
雖然這是個全球性的問題，
10:21
most of that has been
carried out in the US,
carried out in the US,
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10:23
despite the fact that
this is a global problem.
this is a global problem.
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卻大部分發生在美國。
10:26
We need to work on that, too.
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我們也得處理這一點。
10:28
And third,
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第三，我們能不能
想辦法把點連起來？
想辦法把點連起來？
10:29
can we find a way to connect the dots?
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10:31
No one sector, let alone nonprofit,
start-up or government,
start-up or government,
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這個問題不是單一部門能解決的，
更別說非營利組織、
新創公司、政府。
新創公司、政府。
10:35
is going to solve this.
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10:36
But there are very smart people
right around the world
right around the world
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但全世界都有非常聰明的人
在處理這些難題，
在處理這些難題，
10:39
working on these challenges,
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10:40
from newsrooms, civil society,
academia, activist groups.
academia, activist groups.
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他們可能在新聞編輯部、
公民社會、學術圈、活動團體裡。
公民社會、學術圈、活動團體裡。
10:44
And you can see some of them here.
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在這裡也有一些。
10:46
Some are building out indicators
of content credibility.
of content credibility.
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有些人在建造內容可信度指標。
也有人在做事實查核，
也有人在做事實查核，
10:49
Others are fact-checking,
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10:50
so that false claims, videos and images
can be down-ranked by the platforms.
can be down-ranked by the platforms.
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讓虛假的主張、影片，
和影像在平台上的排名下降。
和影像在平台上的排名下降。
10:53
A nonprofit I helped
to found, First Draft,
to found, First Draft,
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我協助成立了非營利組織
「第一版草稿」，
「第一版草稿」，
10:56
is working with normally competitive
newsrooms around the world
newsrooms around the world
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它和全球各地平時會互相
競爭的新聞編輯室合作，
競爭的新聞編輯室合作，
10:59
to help them build out investigative,
collaborative programs.
collaborative programs.
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目的在協助他們建造
調查性的協同作業方案。
調查性的協同作業方案。
11:03
And Danny Hillis, a software architect,
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軟體架構工程師丹尼希利斯
11:05
is designing a new system
called The Underlay,
called The Underlay,
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2381
在設計一個新系統，
叫做「The Underlay」，
叫做「The Underlay」，
11:07
which will be a record
of all public statements of fact
of all public statements of fact
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它能記錄事實的所有公開陳述，
並和其源頭連結，
並和其源頭連結，
11:10
connected to their sources,
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11:12
so that people and algorithms
can better judge what is credible.
can better judge what is credible.
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3654
供人及演算法參考，
更能判斷資訊的可信度。
更能判斷資訊的可信度。
11:16
And educators around the world
are testing different techniques
are testing different techniques
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世界各地的教育家
正在測試不同的技術，
正在測試不同的技術，
11:20
for finding ways to make people
critical of the content they consume.
critical of the content they consume.
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找方法讓大家可以對自己
觀看的內容進行批判。
觀看的內容進行批判。
11:24
All of these efforts are wonderful,
but they're working in silos,
but they're working in silos,
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這些做法都很棒，但他們
都在自己的地窖中努力，
都在自己的地窖中努力，
11:27
and many of them are woefully underfunded.
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很遺憾的是，很多人還資金不足。
11:30
There are also hundreds
of very smart people
of very smart people
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還有數百名非常聰明的人
在這些公司中工作，
在這些公司中工作，
11:32
working inside these companies,
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1652
11:34
but again, these efforts
can feel disjointed,
can feel disjointed,
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但，同樣的，他們做的努力
似乎也沒有相連結，
似乎也沒有相連結，
11:36
because they're actually developing
different solutions to the same problems.
different solutions to the same problems.
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因為他們是針對同樣的問題
在開發不同的解決方案。
在開發不同的解決方案。
11:41
How can we find a way
to bring people together
to bring people together
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我們要如何想辦法集合大家，
11:43
in one physical location
for days or weeks at a time,
for days or weeks at a time,
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於特定時間，在實體地點
聚會幾天或幾週，
聚會幾天或幾週，
11:46
so they can actually tackle
these problems together
these problems together
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讓他們能真正從他們不同的觀點
來一起處理這些問題？
來一起處理這些問題？
11:49
but from their different perspectives?
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11:51
So can we do this?
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我們能做到嗎？
11:52
Can we build out a coordinated,
ambitious response,
ambitious response,
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我們能否建造一個組織良好
且有野心的因應方式，
且有野心的因應方式，
11:55
one that matches the scale
and the complexity of the problem?
and the complexity of the problem?
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且能夠符合問題的規模和複雜度？
11:59
I really think we can.
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我真心認為可以。
12:01
Together, let's rebuild
our information commons.
our information commons.
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讓我們同心協力一起重建
我們對資訊的共識。
我們對資訊的共識。
12:04
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:06
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Claire Wardle - Misinformation expertClaire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online.
Why you should listen
Claire Wardle is the executive director of First Draft, a nonprofit dedicated to educating journalists about reporting in an age of information disorder. Previously, she was a research fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School; the research director at the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia Journalism School; the head of social media for the UN Refugee Agency; and director of news services for Storyful. Wardle holds a PhD in communication and an MA in political science from the University of Pennsylvania.
Claire Wardle | Speaker | TED.com