Kimberly Noble: How does income affect childhood brain development?
كيمبرلي نوبل: تأثير الدخل على النمو العقلي أثناء الطفولة
Kimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development. Full bio
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are findings from a study
هو نتائج من دراسة
children and adolescents.
who were recruited
around the United States,
of all of their brains.
is on your left
is on your right.
we were very interested in
التي كنا شديدي الاهتمام بها
of the cerebral cortex,
on the outer surface of the brain
على السطح الخارجي من المخ
of the cognitive heavy lifting.
by other scientists has suggested
لعلماء آخرين اقترحت
with higher intelligence.
with the cortical surface area
surface of the brain.
is a point where higher family income
حيث كان دخل الأسرة المرتفع
cortical surface area in that spot.
في تلك البقعة.
shown here in yellow,
التي تظهر باللون الأصفر،
was particularly pronounced.
a certain set of cognitive skills:
تدعم مجموعة معينة من المهارات الإدراكية:
like vocabulary and reading
to avoid distraction
are most likely to struggle with.
يعيشون الفقر من صعوبة في تعلمها.
of language and impulse control
في امتحان اللغة والسيطرة على النفس
I'd like to highlight about this study.
أن أسلط الضوء عليها في هذه الدراسة.
and children's brain structure
وتركيب مخ الطفل
in family income
greater differences in brain structure
تناسبياً بتركيب الدماغ
earning, say, 150,000 dollars a year
لعائلة تكسب 150000 دولارا في السنة
but probably not game-changing,
لن يغير حياتهم جذرياً.
20,000 dollars a year
in their day-to-day lives.
على حياتهم اليومية.
I'd like to highlight
and children's brain structure
وتركيب مخ الأطفال
on their race or ethnicity.
from one child to the next,
of children from higher-income homes
الأطفال من عائلات ذو دخل مرتفع
from lower-income homes
school classroom,
who are taller than some boys.
is certainly a risk factor
حالة فقر حتماً عامل خطر
child's family income
دخل العائلة لطفل معين
would look like.
for a moment, two children.
born into poverty in America;
into more fortunate circumstances.
absolutely no differences
لا نجد أي اختلافات إطلاقاً
are ready to start kindergarten,
هاتين الطفلتين إلى الحضانة،
that are, on average, 60 percent lower
معرفية أقل بنسبة 60 بالمىْة
الطفلة في حالة فقر
to drop out of high school,
لتتخلى عن دراستها الثانوية،
a college degree.
تحصل على شهادة جامعية.
are 35 years old,
her entire childhood living in poverty,
طفولتها كاملة في حالة فقر،
more likely to be poor herself.
I find most exciting about the human brain
الأكثر تشويقاً عن الدماغ البشري
known as neuroplasticity,
in children's brain structure
في تركيب أدمغة الأطفال
to a life of low achievement.
من الإنجازات الضعيفة.
each year, educating our children.
الدولارات كل سنة لنعلم أطفالنا.
teachers and parents
المدارس، المدرسين والآباء
from disadvantaged backgrounds
الأطفال من الفئات المحرومة
في المدرسة والحياة؟
with a host of different experiences
بمجموعة من التجارب المختلفة
in turn may work together
وبالتأكيد مساعدة الأطفال في التعلم.
and ultimately help kids learn.
can we step in and provide help?
أن نتدخل ونقدم المساعدة؟
at the level of learning itself --
مرحلة التعليم نفسها --
school-based initiatives.
to focus on the kinds of skills
لكي يركزوا على المهارات
are most likely to struggle with?
based in scientific evidence
العالية على البرهان العلمي
of excellent interventions
عن التدخلات الممتازة
or self-regulation
development and their test scores.
للأطفال ونتائج امتحاناتهم.
doing this work would tell you,
evidence-based education.
على البرهان هو أمر صعب.
in child development emerge early --
في تطورالطفل تظهر باكراً --
of formal schooling --
all of our policy efforts
children's experiences?
are associated with growing up in poverty
بالنشوء في حالة فقر
to promote brain development
on a few types of experiences
their learning outcomes.
the home language environment,
that the number of words kids hear
الكلمات التي يسمعها الطفل
they're engaged in every day
more spoken words
advantaged backgrounds.
من الفئات الأقل يسراً.
more back-and-forth,
in parts of the brain
في بعض الأجزاء من دماغهم
for language and reading skills.
عن مهارات القراءة والكتابة
of conversations they hear
التي يستمعون إليها
than the sheer number of words they hear.
للكلمات التي يستمعون إليها.
not just to talk a lot,
الأبوين ألا يتحدثوا كثيرا فحسب
with their children.
that we'll promote brain development
أن نحسن النمو العقلي
and reading skills.
of scientists are testing
with lots of different experiences
بالكثير من التجارب الأخرى
conversations kids are having.
الذي يختبرها الطفل.
of high-quality interventions
children's experience,
school-based initiatives,
for scientists to swoop in
أن يتدخل العلماء
in order for their child to succeed.
أن يغيروه لينجح طفلهم.
young children in poverty
their families more money?
with a team of economists,
مع فريق من الاقتصاديين،
changes in children's brain development.
في النمو العقلي الأطفال.
living below the federal poverty line
تحت خط الفقر الفدرالي
in a number of American hospitals.
في عدد من المستشفيات الأمريكية.
an unconditional monthly cash gift
نقدية شهرية غير مشروطة
of their children's lives,
however they like.
mothers are being randomized,
to receive a nominal monthly cash gift
several hundred dollars each month,
مئات الدولارات شهرياً،
in their day-to-day lives,
their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent.
الشهري بنسبة 20 إلى 25 بالمئة.
past questions
with child development
whether reducing poverty causes changes
كان تقليل الفقر يحدث فرقاً
and brain development
most malleable to experience.
from this study for several years,
من هذه الدراسة قبل عدة سنوات،
will have a bit more cash each month
على نقود إضافية كل شهر
that a cost-effective way
الطريقة المؤثرة رغم كلفتها
will inform debates about social services
الخدمات الاجتماعية بالكثير من المعلومات
of families with young children.
على حياة ملايين العائلات وأطفالهم.
or even the most important factor
الوحيد أو حتى الأكثر أهمية
brain development,
changes how children's brains develop
من النمو العقلي للأطفال
policy changes,
سياسية ذات معنى
at a brighter future.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kimberly Noble - Neuroscientist, pediatricianKimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development.
Why you should listen
Trained as a neuroscientist and board-certified pediatrician, Dr. Kimberly Noble has examined disparities in development and health across infancy, childhood and adolescence. She is currently an Associate Professor of Neuroscience and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she directs the Neurocognition, Early Experience and Development (NEED) Lab. She received her undergraduate, graduate and medical degrees at the University of Pennsylvania and was the recipient of the Association for Psychological Science Janet Taylor Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Contributions.
In collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of scientists from around the United States, Noble is co-directing the Baby's First Years study, the first clinical trial of poverty reduction to assess the causal impact of income on children's cognitive, emotional and brain development in the first three years of life. Her work has received worldwide attention in the popular press, including the Washington Post, The Economist, Newsweek, The Guardian, Le Monde and NPR. A full list of her publications can be found here.
Kimberly Noble | Speaker | TED.com