Kimberly Noble: How does income affect childhood brain development?
Kimberly Noble: Bagaimana pengaruh pendapatan keluarga terhadap perkembangan otak anak?
Kimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development. Full bio
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are findings from a study
Anda, adalah temuan penelitian otak,
children and adolescents.
who were recruited
anak-anak yang direkrut
around the United States,
di Amerika Serikat.
of all of their brains.
besar otak mereka.
is on your left
di sebelah kiri Anda,
is on your right.
ada di sebelah kanan.
we were very interested in
sangat menarik bagi kami
of the cerebral cortex,
korteks serebral,
on the outer surface of the brain
pada permukaan luar otak
of the cognitive heavy lifting.
sebagian besar fungsi kognitif.
by other scientists has suggested
para ilmuwan menemukan
with higher intelligence.
kecerdasan yang lebih tinggi.
kami menemukan faktor,
with the cortical surface area
dengan area permukaan kortikal,
surface of the brain.
is a point where higher family income
tingkat pendapatan yang lebih tinggi,
cortical surface area in that spot.
kortikal yang lebih besar di bagian itu.
shown here in yellow,
berwarna kuning,
was particularly pronounced.
sangat signfikan.
a certain set of cognitive skills:
serangkaian keterampilan kognitif:
like vocabulary and reading
kosa kata dan membaca,
to avoid distraction
menghindari distraksi
are most likely to struggle with.
yang hidup dalam kemiskinan.
hidup dalam kemiskinan
of language and impulse control
dan pengendalian impuls yang lebih buruk,
I'd like to highlight about this study.
ingin saya soroti tentang penelitian ini.
and children's brain structure
keluarga dan struktur otak anak ini,
in family income
yang relatif kecil
greater differences in brain structure
yang lebih besar secara proporsional,
earning, say, 150,000 dollars a year
keluarga berpendapatan 150 ribu per tahun
but probably not game-changing,
walaupun belum tentu merubah hidup mereka.
20,000 dollars a year
20 ribu dolar per tahun
in their day-to-day lives.
sehari-hari mereka.
I'd like to highlight
and children's brain structure
pendapatan keluarga dan struktur otak anak
on their race or ethnicity.
ras atau etnis mereka.
from one child to the next,
antara anak yang satu dengan anak lainnya.
of children from higher-income homes
rumah berpenghasilan tinggi
otak yang lebih kecil
from lower-income homes
rumah berpenghasilan rendah
dari anak wanita
school classroom,
di ruang kelas sekolah dasar,
who are taller than some boys.
yang lebih tinggi dari anak lelaki.
is certainly a risk factor
merupakan faktor risiko
yang lebih kecil,
child's family income
penghasilan individu keluarga anak,
would look like.
for a moment, two children.
membayangkan. Ada dua anak.
born into poverty in America;
dari keluarga miskin di Amerika;
into more fortunate circumstances.
yang lebih beruntung.
absolutely no differences
sama sekali tidak tampak perbedaan
are ready to start kindergarten,
memasuki taman kanak-kanak,
hidup dalam kemiskinan
that are, on average, 60 percent lower
rata-rata 60 persen lebih rendah
dalam kemiskinan
to drop out of high school,
putus sekolah 5 kali lebih tinggi,
lulus SMA,
a college degree.
meraih gelar sarjana.
are 35 years old,
her entire childhood living in poverty,
seluruh masa kecilnya dalam kemiskinan,
more likely to be poor herself.
dalam kemiskinan, 75 kali lebih besar.
I find most exciting about the human brain
paling menarik tentang otak manusia
ternyata dapat mengubah struktur otak.
known as neuroplasticity,
dikenal sebagai neuroplastisitas,
in children's brain structure
struktur otak anak
to a life of low achievement.
kehidupan yang rendah bagi anak.
each year, educating our children.
menghabiskan miliaran dolar untuk pendidikan anak.
teachers and parents
kepada sekolah, guru,orang tua
from disadvantaged backgrounds
keluarga kurang beruntung
di sekolah dan kehidupan?
with a host of different experiences
ada kaitannya dengan banyaknya pengalaman
in turn may work together
akan bekerja sama
and ultimately help kids learn.
dan akan membantu anak dalam belajar.
can we step in and provide help?
intervensi, di sepanjang alur ini?
at the level of learning itself --
pertama pada tingkat pembelajaran -
school-based initiatives.
inisiatif berbasis sekolah.
to focus on the kinds of skills
guru berfokus pada jenis keterampilan
are most likely to struggle with?
dimiliki anak kurang beruntung?
based in scientific evidence
berkualitas tinggi, secara limiah,
of excellent interventions
intervensi fantastis,
or self-regulation
atau pengendalian diri
development and their test scores.
kognitif anak dan skor tes mereka.
doing this work would tell you,
setiap intervensi adalah
evidence-based education.
berbasis bukti yang berkualitas prima.
in child development emerge early --
perkembangan anak ini muncul di awal -
of formal schooling --
pendidikan formal.
masih balita.
all of our policy efforts
semua upaya kebijakan kita
children's experiences?
mengubah pengalaman anak?
are associated with growing up in poverty
dihubungkan dengan tumbuh dalam kemiskinan
to promote brain development
meningkatkan perkembangan otak
pelayanan kesehatan,
on a few types of experiences
beberapa jenis pengalaman yang
perkembangan otak anak
their learning outcomes.
hasil belajar mereka.
the home language environment,
lingkungan bahasa rumah,
that the number of words kids hear
jumlah kata yang didengar anak
they're engaged in every day
mereka lakukan setiap hari
yang lebih beruntung
more spoken words
30 juta kata yang diucapkan
pertama kehidupan,
advantaged backgrounds.
yang kurang beruntung.
more back-and-forth,
pengalaman bercakap-cakap
in parts of the brain
lebih besar di beberapa bagian
for language and reading skills.
kemampuan bahasa dan membaca.
of conversations they hear
yang mereka dengar
than the sheer number of words they hear.
jumlah kata yang mereka dengar.
menarik adalah,
not just to talk a lot,
orang tua tidak hanya untuk berbicara,
with their children.
percakapan dengan anak mereka.
that we'll promote brain development
kita akan meningkatkan perkembangan otak
and reading skills.
keterampilan membaca anak.
of scientists are testing
sedang meneliti
with lots of different experiences
lebih dikaitkan dengan jumlah pengalaman
conversations kids are having.
percakapan yang dilakukan anak.
yang bisa kita amati?
of high-quality interventions
children's experience,
pengalaman anak,
school-based initiatives,
berbasis sekolah
for scientists to swoop in
merendahkan suatu keluarga bila
in order for their child to succeed.
agar anak mereka bisa berhasil.
sebuah ide dengan Anda.
young children in poverty
membantu anak-anak muda yang miskin
their families more money?
lebih banyak uang?
with a team of economists,
bekerja sama dengan tim ekonom,
changes in children's brain development.
dalam mengubah perkembangan otak anak
living below the federal poverty line
yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan
in a number of American hospitals.
melahirkan di sejumlah RS di Amerika.
an unconditional monthly cash gift
hadiah uang tunai bulanan tanpa syarat
of their children's lives,
pertama anak-anak mereka,
however they like.
uang ini sesuka mereka.
mothers are being randomized,
para ibu ini diacak,
to receive a nominal monthly cash gift
untuk menerima hadiah uang tunai bulanan,
several hundred dollars each month,
menerima beberapa ratus dolar tiap bulan.
in their day-to-day lives,
kehidupan sehari-hari mereka,
their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent.
20-25% pendapatan bulanan mereka.
past questions
menjawab pertanyaan masa lalu
with child development
dan perkembangan anak
whether reducing poverty causes changes
kasus pengurangan kemiskinan terhadap
and brain development
emosi dan otak anak
most malleable to experience.
otak untuk mencerna pengalaman.
from this study for several years,
hasil penelitian yang pasti dalam beberapa tahun,
will have a bit more cash each month
mereka memiliki uang setiap bulan,
that a cost-effective way
cara yang paling efektif
dalam kemiskinan
lebih banyak uang?
will inform debates about social services
mengulas perdebatan tentang layanan sosial
of families with young children.
jutaan keluarga dengan anak-anak.
or even the most important factor
satu-satunya atau bahkan faktor terpenting
brain development,
otak anak.
changes how children's brains develop
dapat mengubah perkembangan otak anak
policy changes,
perubahan kebijakan yang penting,
kemiskinan saat ini
at a brighter future.
yang lebih cerah.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kimberly Noble - Neuroscientist, pediatricianKimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development.
Why you should listen
Trained as a neuroscientist and board-certified pediatrician, Dr. Kimberly Noble has examined disparities in development and health across infancy, childhood and adolescence. She is currently an Associate Professor of Neuroscience and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she directs the Neurocognition, Early Experience and Development (NEED) Lab. She received her undergraduate, graduate and medical degrees at the University of Pennsylvania and was the recipient of the Association for Psychological Science Janet Taylor Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Contributions.
In collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of scientists from around the United States, Noble is co-directing the Baby's First Years study, the first clinical trial of poverty reduction to assess the causal impact of income on children's cognitive, emotional and brain development in the first three years of life. Her work has received worldwide attention in the popular press, including the Washington Post, The Economist, Newsweek, The Guardian, Le Monde and NPR. A full list of her publications can be found here.
Kimberly Noble | Speaker | TED.com