Kimberly Noble: How does income affect childhood brain development?
Kimberly Noble: Cómo afectan los ingresos al desarrollo cerebral infantil
Kimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development. Full bio
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are findings from a study
son los resultados del estudio
children and adolescents.
niños y adolescentes.
who were recruited
around the United States,
of all of their brains.
el cerebro medio de todos ellos.
is on your left
el frontal del cerebro medio
is on your right.
we were very interested in
interesaba especialmente
of the cerebral cortex,
on the outer surface of the brain
de la superficie cerebral externa.
of the cognitive heavy lifting.
del trabajo pesado cognitivo.
by other scientists has suggested
de otros científicos indican
with higher intelligence.
con una inteligencia superior.
with the cortical surface area
con la superficie cortical
surface of the brain.
la superficie del cerebro.
is a point where higher family income
es un punto donde mayores ingresos
cortical surface area in that spot.
superficie cortical en ese punto.
shown here in yellow,
mostradas en amarillo,
was particularly pronounced.
era especialmente intensa.
a certain set of cognitive skills:
a una serie de habilidades cognitivas:
like vocabulary and reading
como el habla y la lectura
to avoid distraction
de evitar distracciones
are most likely to struggle with.
los niños que viven en la pobreza.
of language and impulse control
en pruebas de lenguaje y autocontrol
I'd like to highlight about this study.
aspectos de este estudio.
and children's brain structure
y la estructura cerebral del niño
de ingresos más bajos.
pequeñas en los ingresos
in family income
greater differences in brain structure
mayores en la estructura cerebral
earning, say, 150,000 dollars a year
que gana cerca de USD 150 000 al año
but probably not game-changing,
supondrían un cambio sustancial,
20,000 dollars a year
ingresa USD 20 000 al año,
in their day-to-day lives.
sustancial en su día a día.
I'd like to highlight
and children's brain structure
y la estructura cerebral del niño
on their race or ethnicity.
from one child to the next,
entre un niño y el siguiente,
of children from higher-income homes
de familias con altos ingresos
from lower-income homes
con ingresos bajos
más altos que las niñas,
school classroom,
de escuela primaria
who are taller than some boys.
son más altas que los niños.
es sin duda un factor de riesgo
is certainly a risk factor
child's family income
de la familia de un niño en concreto
would look like.
de un niño en particular.
for a moment, two children.
a dos niños por un momento.
born into poverty in America;
into more fortunate circumstances.
más favorables.
absolutely no differences
are ready to start kindergarten,
el jardín de infancia,
that are, on average, 60 percent lower
cognitivas un 60% más bajas de media
to drop out of high school,
probabilidades de dejar el instituto,
a college degree.
un título universitario.
are 35 years old,
her entire childhood living in poverty,
sumido en la pobreza,
more likely to be poor herself.
de ser también pobre.
I find most exciting about the human brain
que más me emociona del cerebro humano
known as neuroplasticity,
como neuroplasticidad,
in children's brain structure
la estructura cerebral de los niños
to a life of low achievement.
a una vida de menores logros.
each year, educating our children.
millones anuales en educación infantil.
teachers and parents
profesores y familias
from disadvantaged backgrounds
de entornos desfavorecidos
en la escuela y en la vida?
with a host of different experiences
una serie de experiencias diferentes
in turn may work together
podrían trabajar juntas
and ultimately help kids learn.
y finalmente contribuir al aprendizaje.
can we step in and provide help?
intervenir y proporcionar ayuda?
at the level of learning itself --
en el propio nivel del aprendizaje,
school-based initiatives.
de iniciativas escolares.
to focus on the kinds of skills
a centrarse en las habilidades
are most likely to struggle with?
para los niños desfavorecidos?
based in scientific evidence
de calidad basada en hechos científicos
of excellent interventions
de intervenciones excelentes
or self-regulation
la alfabetización o el autocontrol
development and their test scores.
cognitivo de los niños y sus notas.
doing this work would tell you,
que realice este trabajo les dirá
evidence-based education.
de calidad basada en hechos.
in child development emerge early --
desarrollo de un niño aparecen temprano,
of formal schooling --
su educación formal,
all of our policy efforts
esfuerzos de nuestro programa
children's experiences?
las experiencias de los niños?
are associated with growing up in poverty
se asocian con crecer en la pobreza
to promote brain development
fomentar el desarrollo cerebral
on a few types of experiences
en unos pocos tipos de experiencias
cerebral infantil
their learning outcomes.
sus resultados del aprendizaje.
the home language environment,
el entorno lingüístico del hogar,
that the number of words kids hear
de palabras que los niños oyen
they're engaged in every day
diarias en las que intervienen
more spoken words
más de palabras habladas
advantaged backgrounds.
más desfavorecidos.
more back-and-forth,
de más interacción,
in parts of the brain
cerebral mayor en partes del cerebro
for language and reading skills.
de habilidades lingüísticas y lectoras.
of conversations they hear
conversaciones que escuchan
than the sheer number of words they hear.
la simple cantidad de palabras que oyen.
not just to talk a lot,
no simplemente a hablar mucho,
with their children.
reales con sus hijos.
that we'll promote brain development
su desarrollo cerebral
and reading skills.
lingüísticas y lectoras de sus hijos.
está comprobando
of scientists are testing
with lots of different experiences
con muchas experiencias distintas
conversations kids are having.
conversaciones tienen los niños.
of high-quality interventions
de gran calidad
children's experience,
las experiencias de los niños
school-based initiatives,
for scientists to swoop in
que los científicos se entrometan
in order for their child to succeed.
para que su hijo tenga éxito.
young children in poverty
a los niños que viven en la pobreza
their families more money?
más dinero a sus familias?
with a team of economists,
trabajar con economistas,
sociales y neurociencia
changes in children's brain development.
altera el desarrollo cerebral infantil.
living below the federal poverty line
que viven bajo el umbral de la pobreza
in a number of American hospitals.
hospitales de EE.UU.
an unconditional monthly cash gift
una donación mensual incondicional
of their children's lives,
meses de vida de sus hijos
como mejor les parezca.
however they like.
mothers are being randomized,
las madres son aleatorias,
to receive a nominal monthly cash gift
una donación mensual nominal
several hundred dollars each month,
varios cientos de dólares al mes,
in their day-to-day lives,
en su vida día,
their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent.
mensuales en un 20 o 25 %.
past questions
with child development
con el desarrollo de un niño
whether reducing poverty causes changes
si reducir la pobreza altera
and brain development
y cerebral de los niños
most malleable to experience.
es más moldeable por las experiencias.
from this study for several years,
del estudio hasta pasados varios años,
will have a bit more cash each month
tendrán más dinero cada mes,
that a cost-effective way
efectiva en cuanto a costes
más dinero a sus madres?
will inform debates about social services
apoyen debates sobre servicios sociales
of families with young children.
millones de familias con hijos pequeños.
or even the most important factor
el único factor ni el más importante
brain development,
changes how children's brains develop
la pobreza afecta el desarrollo cerebral
policy changes,
efectivos en las políticas,
at a brighter future.
de aspirar a un futuro mejor.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kimberly Noble - Neuroscientist, pediatricianKimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development.
Why you should listen
Trained as a neuroscientist and board-certified pediatrician, Dr. Kimberly Noble has examined disparities in development and health across infancy, childhood and adolescence. She is currently an Associate Professor of Neuroscience and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she directs the Neurocognition, Early Experience and Development (NEED) Lab. She received her undergraduate, graduate and medical degrees at the University of Pennsylvania and was the recipient of the Association for Psychological Science Janet Taylor Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Contributions.
In collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of scientists from around the United States, Noble is co-directing the Baby's First Years study, the first clinical trial of poverty reduction to assess the causal impact of income on children's cognitive, emotional and brain development in the first three years of life. Her work has received worldwide attention in the popular press, including the Washington Post, The Economist, Newsweek, The Guardian, Le Monde and NPR. A full list of her publications can be found here.
Kimberly Noble | Speaker | TED.com