Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes
فريدروس اوكومو: لماذا أقوم بدراسة أخطر حيوان على وجه الأرض -- البعوض
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
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to welcome all of you once again.
a victim of this bug here?
of all the mosquito catchers.
mosquito bites every day.
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
انتقلت إلى وادي نهر كيلومبيرو
one of the most malarious zones
إصابة بالملاريا في العالم في ذلك الوقت.
locally known as degedege.
معروفة محليًا بـ دجي دجي؟
adults and children,
والبالغين على حد سواء،
Ifakara Health Institute,
for the local communities.
للمجتمعات المحلية.
refers to a place you go to die,
الذي تذهب إليه للموت،
of what life used to be here
organized public health care.
الصحية العامة المنظمة.
مدى انتشار مرض الملاريا عبر القرى
was going on across the villages
were transmitting the disease.
of Ifakara town across the river.
with flashlights and siphons.
حاملين المصابيح اليدوية والعبوات المضغوطة.
that were coming to bite us
selected a household,
swapping positions every half hour.
كل نصف ساعة.
for 24 consecutive nights.
لمدة 24 ليلة متواصلة.
and chopping off their heads
carrying malaria parasites
في أجزاء فمهم.
how much malaria was going on here
مدى انتشار الملاريا وحسب
were carrying this malaria.
كانت تحمل الملاريا.
inside houses or outside houses.
تتم داخل المنازل أم خارجها.
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
عملي يتعلق بإمساك البعوض.
people's lives and well-being.
ورفاهية عيشهم.
the most dangerous animal on earth --
بأخطر حيوان على الأرض...
know about mosquitoes?
نعرف إلا القليل جدًا.
our best practice against malaria
أفضل علاجاتنا ضد الملاريا
insecticide treated bednets.
الناموسيات المعالجة بالمبيدات الحشرية.
to insecticides.
للمبيدات الحشرية.
التي يتم وضعها في هذه الناموسيات.
that are put on these bednets.
protect you from bites
تقوم بحمايتنا من اللدغات
the mosquitoes that they should.
كما ينبغي.
to be able to get to zero.
للقضاء على الملاريا.
on the biology of the mosquito,
so we can identify new opportunities.
with things such as bednets
حتى نقضي تمامًا على المرض.
with you a few examples
my colleagues and myself do.
or far from your house.
أو بعيدًا عنه.
to control mosquito larvae,
quite difficult to get them.
and I have decided to do
we used mosquitoes themselves
from a place of our choice
they lay there shall not survive.
الذي قاموا بوضعه هناك.
who runs this show at Ifakara.
في إيفاكارا.
that you can actually get mosquitoes
للحصول على الدم
where they normally come to get blood
of sterilants or insecticide,
أو المبيدات الحشرية،
to their own breeding habitat
that you can do this
لأبحاث الملاريا.
for malaria research.
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
ومكتفية ذاتية من بعوض الملاريا
and test them immediately,
وبسرعة كبيرة،
أو السيطرة عليها بطريقة أو بأخرى.
or control them in some way.
two or three positions
pick up these lethal substances,
والتقاط هذه المواد القاتلة،
in just three months.
في غضون ثلاث أشهر.
in what we call swarms.
usually after sunset.
of their choice,
male in their view.
and fall down onto the floor.
work gets really interesting.
أمر شيق.
swamp hunting in the villages,
في القرى المختلفة،
tend to be at exactly the same location
في نفس الموقع بالضبط
the same time of the evening,
the same locations.
all these locations across villages,
عبر القرى،
by just a single blow.
or nuke them out.
أو حتى سحقهم بأي وسيلة.
with young men and women
عبر القرى المختلفة.
وتعليمهم كيفية التعرف على الأسراب،
how to identify the swarms,
we have a new window
أُتيحت لنا
eat blood, human blood,
الدم البشري،
the most dangerous animal on earth.
أخطر حيوان على وجه الأرض.
sometimes as 100 meters away.
من على بعد 100 متر.
فيمكنهم التفريق بين أفراد العائلة الواحدة.
between two family members.
based on what you produce
sweat and body odor.
your body, your sweat or your breath
في الجلد والجسم والعرق والنفس.
we created a concoction,
قمنا بتطوير توليفة
a blend of synthetic substances
of what you produce from your body.
more mosquitoes than a human being.
بمعدل أكثر من 3 إلى 5 مرات من البشر.
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
ثم تقوم بقتلهم، أليس كذلك؟
use it for surveillance.
يمكنك أيضا استخدامه للمراقبة.
on the biology of the mosquito;
بالتشريح الأحيائي للبعوض،
ومن ضمنهم بالطبع الملاريا،
including, of course, the malaria,
التي يقوم البعوض بنقلها
that mosquitoes transmit
for example --
يفضل اللدغ في منطقة الساق.
like to bite you on the leg region.
these mosquito repellent sandals
when they're coming.
عند قدومهم.
with mosquitoes continues.
مع البعوض مستمرة.
a long way, I can see.
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
عام 2030 للقضاء على الملاريا في 35 دولة.
from the continent.
في القارة بأكملها.
behind these goals.
وراء هذه الأهداف.
a cohort of young scientists,
to make this vision come true.
that these dreams come true.
للتأكد من تحقيق هذه الأحلام.
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
لمرض الملاريا
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
لقتل البعوض؟
let's start from what the problem is.
دعينا نتحدث أولا عن المشكلة.
about a disease that still kills --
we have from WHO --
in malaria burden.
بنسبة بين 50 إلى 60 بالمئة.
على هذا المرض.
to get to zero.
such as CRISPR,
either they do not transmit malaria --
أنها لن تتمكن من نقل الملاريا..
that even if you were to release
genetically modified mosquitoes,
elimination very, very quickly.
offer us some real opportunities --
بعض الفرص الحقيقية...
to have high-impact interventions
in addition to what we have now
إلى ما لدينا الآن
to ask this as well --
eliminate mosquitoes?"
I would just like to remind my colleagues
mosquito species in this world.
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
على نقل الملاريا.
three or four of these as the major guys.
أو أربعة أنواع منهم كمسببين رئيسين.
of all the malaria we have.
من الملاريا التي لدينا.
with gene editing like CRISPR,
with gene drives to control malaria,
للسيطرة على الملاريا،
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
على البعوض بشكل فعال
in America have sprayed with --
زملائنا في أمريكا قاموا باستخدام الرش...
these insects out of the villages.
of household spraying.
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
if we had a new tool.
very, very responsible here.
and we have to partner with our regulators
وعلينا أن نتشارك مع منظمينا
that we do is done correctly,
independent risk assessments,
بتقييمات المخاطر المستقلة،
لا تقع في الأيدي الخطأ.
do not fall into the wrong hands.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientistFredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.
Why you should listen
Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.
Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com