ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.

Why you should listen

Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.

Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.

More profile about the speaker
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes

费兰德·欧库姆: 我为什么要研究这世上最危险的动物——蚊子

Filmed:
1,191,616 views

我们到底有多了解蚊子呢?费兰德·欧库姆一生都用来捕捉并研究这些携带疾病的虫子,并希望能够减少蚊子数量。让我们跟随欧库玛一起来看看蚊子研究前沿的情况,他会跟我们详细介绍他和她的同事在坦桑尼亚的 ifakara 健康研究院里研究的一些非传统的方式,目的是消灭这世上最危险的动物。
- Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I guess猜测 because I'm from Tanzania坦桑尼亚
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我猜,由于我来自坦桑尼亚
00:14
I have a responsibility责任
to welcome欢迎 all of you once一旦 again.
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我有责任再次欢迎你们
00:18
Thank you for coming未来.
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谢谢你们的到来
00:19
So, first of all, before we start开始,
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在演讲开始前,首先我想问一下
00:21
how many许多 of you in the audience听众
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各位在座的朋友
00:22
have been in the past过去
a victim受害者 of this bug窃听器 here?
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是否都受过蚊虫叮咬之苦?
00:28
We apologize道歉 on behalf代表
of all the mosquito蚊子 catchers捕手.
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我代表所有捕蚊者向大家道歉
00:31
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:33
Ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士,
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女士们,先生们
00:34
imagine想像 getting得到 seven infectious传染病
mosquito蚊子 bites咬伤 every一切 day.
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想象一下,如果每天被
携带传染源的蚊子叮咬7次
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious传染病 bites咬伤 every一切 year.
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那一年就是2555次。
00:44
When I was in college学院,
I moved移动 to the KilomberoKilombero River valley
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我上大学的时候,
搬到了坐落于坦桑尼亚南部的
00:48
in the southeastern东南 part部分 of Tanzania坦桑尼亚.
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基隆贝罗河谷村。
00:50
This is historically历史
one of the most malarious zones
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在当时,那里是有史以来
00:53
in the world世界 at that time.
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全世界疟疾的高发区。
00:55
Life here was difficult.
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那儿的生活很艰辛
00:58
In its later后来 stages阶段
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在疟疾晚期
01:00
malaria疟疾 manifested表现 with extreme极端 seizures癫痫发作
locally本地 known已知 as degedegedegedege.
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它主要表现为极严重的抽搐,
当地称为“degedege"
01:05
It's killed杀害 both women妇女 and men男人,
adults成年人 and children孩子,
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无论男女老少
都难以幸免。
01:08
without mercy怜悯.
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01:09
My home institution机构,
IfakaraIfakara Health健康 Institute研究所,
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我家乡的研究机构,‘Ifakara研究所‘
01:12
began开始 in this valley in the 1950s
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于上世纪50年代在这个村庄成立
为当地社区提供重要的健康保障。
01:14
to address地址 priority优先 health健康 needs需求
for the local本地 communities社区.
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01:17
In fact事实, the name名称 IfakaraIfakara
refers to a place地点 you go to die,
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实际上,Ifakara的意思是
人死时会去的地方
01:22
which哪一个 is a reflection反射
of what life used to be here
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它反映了没有公共医疗保障之前
01:24
in the days before
organized有组织的 public上市 health健康 care关心.
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当地的生活状况。
01:28
When I first moved移动 here,
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当我第一次搬到这里来的时候
01:29
my primary role角色 was to estimate估计
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我主要的工作就是去估计
01:31
how much malaria疟疾 transmission传输
was going on across横过 the villages村庄
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在这个村子里有多少疟疾传播的案例
01:35
and which哪一个 mosquitoes蚊子
were transmitting发射 the disease疾病.
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并找出是哪种蚊子在传播疾病。
01:38
So my colleague同事 and myself came来了
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为此,我和同事来到
01:41
30 kilometers公里 south
of IfakaraIfakara town across横过 the river.
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跨过河30公里以外的ifakara镇以南。
01:44
Every一切 evening晚间 we went into the villages村庄
with flashlights手电筒 and siphons虹吸管.
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每晚我们都带着手电筒和虹吸管去村子里
01:49
We rolled热轧 up our trousers长裤,
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我们卷起裤管
01:51
and waited等待 for mosquitoes蚊子
that were coming未来 to bite us
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等着蚊子来叮咬我们
01:54
so we could collect搜集 them
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因此,我们可以收集它们
01:56
to check if they were carrying携带 malaria疟疾.
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检查它们是否携带疟疾病毒
01:58
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:59
My colleague同事 and myself
selected a household家庭,
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我和同事选了一户人家
02:01
and we started开始 inside and outside,
swapping交换 positions位置 every一切 half hour小时.
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然后我们开始屋里屋外站岗,
每隔半小时换一班,
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours小时 every一切 night
for 24 consecutive连续 nights.
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每晚值班12个小时,连续干了24个晚上。
02:11
We slept for four hours小时 every一切 morning早上
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我们每天早上睡4个小时
02:13
and worked工作 the rest休息 of the day,
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其余时间都一直工作
02:15
sorting排序 mosquitoes蚊子, identifying识别 them
and chopping斩波 off their heads
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我们将收集到的蚊子分类,辨认它们
并切下它们的头
02:18
so they could be analyzed分析 in the lab实验室
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这样它们就可以被送到实验室里去分析了
02:19
to check if they were
carrying携带 malaria疟疾 parasites寄生虫
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看它们带血的口器里是否携带
02:22
in their blood血液 mouthparts口器.
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疟原虫。
02:23
This way we were able能够 to not only know
how much malaria疟疾 was going on here
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这样,我们不仅知道有多少例疟疾发生
02:27
but also which哪一个 mosquitoes蚊子
were carrying携带 this malaria疟疾.
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也知道是哪种蚊子携带疟疾源
02:30
We were also able能够 to know
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我们还可以知道
02:32
whether是否 malaria疟疾 was mostly大多
inside houses房屋 or outside houses房屋.
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疟疾是常在屋内感染还是在屋外
02:35
Today今天, ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士,
I still catch抓住 mosquitoes蚊子 for a living活的.
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女士们,先生们,如今我还是靠捕蚊为生
02:39
But I do this mostly大多 to improve提高
people's人们 lives生活 and well-being福利.
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但主要是为了延长人们的寿命,
改善他们的生活。
02:44
This has been called by some people
the most dangerous危险 animal动物 on earth地球 --
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有些人说,这是世界上最危险的动物
02:48
which哪一个 unfortunately不幸 is true真正.
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不幸的事, 事实确实如此
02:50
But what do we really
know about mosquitoes蚊子?
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但是我们又对蚊子了解多少呢?
02:54
It turns out we actually其实 know very little.
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结果表明,我们对蚊子了解甚微。
02:58
Consider考虑 the fact事实 that at the moment时刻
our best最好 practice实践 against反对 malaria疟疾
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事实是我们现在对抗蚊子最实际的做法是
03:02
are bednets蚊帐 --
insecticide杀虫剂 treated治疗 bednets蚊帐.
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蚊帐-涂有驱蚊剂的蚊帐
03:05
We know now that across横过 Africa非洲
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我们得知,在整个非洲
03:06
you have widespread广泛 resistance抵抗性
to insecticides杀虫剂.
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普遍存在杀虫剂抵抗现象
03:09
And these are the same相同 insecticides杀虫剂,
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蚊帐用的就是这种杀虫剂
03:11
the pyrethroid除虫菊 class,
that are put on these bednets蚊帐.
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除虫菊素类杀虫剂,它们被用在蚊帐上
03:14
We know now that these bednets蚊帐
protect保护 you from bites咬伤
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我们现在知道,蚊帐能保护我们不受叮咬,
03:17
but only minimally微创 kill
the mosquitoes蚊子 that they should.
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但是杀蚊效果很差,不尽人意。
03:21
What it means手段 is that we've我们已经 got to do more
to be able能够 to get to zero.
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这意味着,我们还要采取更多措施
才能把蚊虫消灭干净。
03:25
And that's part部分 of our duty义务.
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而这也是我们的职责。
03:28
At IfakaraIfakara Health健康 Institute研究所
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在Ifakara健康研究机构
03:30
we focus焦点 very much
on the biology生物学 of the mosquito蚊子,
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我们主要研究蚊子的生物学特性
03:33
and we try to do this
so we can identify鉴定 new opportunities机会.
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以便寻找新的机会
03:37
A new approach途径.
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发现新的途径
03:38
New ways方法 to try and get new options选项
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新的方法,来寻找其他灭蚊方式
03:41
that we can use together一起
with things such这样 as bednets蚊帐
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与蚊帐等传统手段结合
03:43
to be able能够 to get to zero.
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一同将蚊子消灭干净。
03:45
And I'm going to share分享
with you a few少数 examples例子
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我要给你看我和我同事
03:47
of the things that
my colleagues同事 and myself do.
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做的新的东西。
03:50
Take this, for example.
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比如说这个,
03:52
Mosquitoes蚊子 breed品种 in small pools of water.
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蚊子在小水洼里繁殖
03:56
Not all of them are easy简单 to find --
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并不是所有的蚊子都容易发现
03:58
they can be scattered疏散 across横过 villages村庄,
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有的散布在村子各处
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints蹄印.
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有的像蹄印一样小
04:03
They can be behind背后 your house
or far from your house.
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有的就在你家后院,
有的却离你房子很远。
04:06
And so, if you wanted
to control控制 mosquito蚊子 larvae幼虫,
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因此要想控制住蚊子卵
04:09
it can actually其实 be
quite相当 difficult to get them.
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也是很困难的。
04:12
What my colleagues同事
and I have decided决定 to do
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我和我的同事决定要做的是
04:15
is to think about what if
we used mosquitoes蚊子 themselves他们自己
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想让蚊子自己
04:18
to carry携带 the insecticides杀虫剂
from a place地点 of our choice选择
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将杀蚊剂从我们指定的地点带到
04:21
to their own拥有 breeding配种 habitats栖息地
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它们繁殖的栖息地
04:23
so that whichever任何 eggs
they lay铺设 there shall not survive生存.
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消灭那个地方所有的蚊卵。
04:28
This is Dickson迪克森 LwetoijeraLwetoijera.
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这是狄更斯·维托杰亚
04:30
This is my colleague同事
who runs运行 this show显示 at IfakaraIfakara.
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我的同事,在Ifakara展示这一试验
04:32
And he has demonstrated证明 cleverly巧妙
that you can actually其实 get mosquitoes蚊子
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他聪明的验证了可以让蚊子
04:36
to come to the place地点
where they normally一般 come to get blood血液
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从它常去采血的地方
04:38
to pick up a dose剂量
of sterilants消毒 or insecticide杀虫剂,
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采到带有杀菌剂或者杀虫剂的血液
04:42
carry携带 this back
to their own拥有 breeding配种 habitat栖息地
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然后把它们带到它们的繁殖地
04:45
and kill all their progeny子孙.
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杀掉它们所有的虫卵。
04:48
And we have demonstrated证明
that you can do this
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并且, 我们可以证实你可以做到
04:50
and crush粉碎 populations人群 very, very rapidly急速.
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并很快的减少蚊子的数量
04:53
This is beautiful美丽.
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这太美了。
04:56
This is our mosquito蚊子 city.
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这是我们的蚊子城市。
04:58
It is the largest最大 mosquito蚊子 farm农场
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这是全世界最大的蚊子养殖基地
05:01
available可得到 in the world世界
for malaria疟疾 research研究.
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用于支持对疟疾的研究。
05:04
Here we have large-scale大规模 self-sustaining自持
colonies群落 of malaria疟疾 mosquitoes蚊子
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在这个基地里,我们养了一大批
05:09
that we rear in these facilities设备.
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自给自足的疟疾蚊子群体。
05:10
Of course课程, they are disease-free无疾病.
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当然,它们是不携带任何疾病的
05:12
But what these systems系统 allow允许 us to do
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这些系统使我们可以
05:14
is to introduce介绍 new tools工具
and test测试 them immediately立即,
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引进新技术并立即投入试验
05:18
very quickly很快,
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非常快
05:19
and see if we can crush粉碎 these populations人群
or control控制 them in some way.
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并看看我们是否能消灭蚊子种群
或者设法控制它们
05:23
And my colleagues同事 have demonstrated证明
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我的同事也证明了
05:24
that if you just put
two or three positions位置
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只需在两三个地方投放致命物质
05:27
where mosquitoes蚊子 can go
pick up these lethal致命 substances物质,
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让蚊子去采集,
05:29
we can crush粉碎 these colonies群落
in just three months个月.
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我们就可以将蚊群
在三个月内消灭干净。
05:33
That's autodisseminationautodissemination, as we call it.
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我们称它为:自动化播散
05:36
But what if we could use
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但是我们是否可以利用
05:38
the mosquitoes'蚊子 sexual有性 behavior行为
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蚊子的性行为
05:42
to also control控制 them?
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来控制它们?
05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
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首先,我想跟你们说的是
05:45
that actually其实 mosquitoes蚊子 mate伴侣
in what we call swarms成群.
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蚊子其实是聚众交配的,
05:49
Male mosquitoes蚊子 usually平时 congregate集合
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公蚊子通常成群结队的
05:51
in clusters集群 around the horizon地平线,
usually平时 after sunset日落.
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聚集在地表面,太阳落山后
05:55
The males男性 go there for a dance舞蹈,
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公蚊子去那里跳舞
05:57
the females女性 fly into that dance舞蹈
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母蚊子也过去跳舞,
05:59
and select选择 a male mosquito蚊子
of their choice选择,
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并挑选一个她们看上的公蚊子,
06:02
usually平时 the best-looking最好看
male in their view视图.
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——通常是那个看起来最英俊的。
06:04
They clump together一起
and fall秋季 down onto the floor地板.
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它们聚集在一起,然后落到地上
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful美丽.
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你要看到这景象,你也会认为很美。
06:08
It's a fantastic奇妙 phenomenon现象.
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这真是一个太棒的现象了
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching捕蚊
work gets得到 really interesting有趣.
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这就是我们捕蚊工作的好玩之处
06:15
What we have seen看到, when we go
swamp沼泽 hunting狩猎 in the villages村庄,
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当我们到村里的沼泽去捕蚊子的时候会发现,
06:18
is that these swamp沼泽 locations地点
tend趋向 to be at exactly究竟 the same相同 location位置
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这些沼泽地总是固定不动的
06:22
every一切 day, every一切 week, every一切 month,
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每天,每周,每个月
06:25
year in, year out.
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年复一年。
06:26
They start开始 at exactly究竟
the same相同 time of the evening晚间,
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它们每晚都在相同的时间开始交配,
06:29
and they are at exactly究竟
the same相同 locations地点.
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它们也去相同的地点。
06:32
What does this tell us?
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这给我们有什么启发呢?
06:33
It means手段 that if we can map地图
all these locations地点 across横过 villages村庄,
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这就意味着,如果我们
可以在村子里找到这些地点
06:36
we could actually其实
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我们就能
06:38
crush粉碎 these populations人群
by just a single blow打击.
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把这些蚊子一网打尽。
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray炸弹喷雾 them
or nuke核弹 them out.
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就像,用炸弹覆盖或者核武器一样消灭它们
06:45
And that is what we try to do
with young年轻 men男人 and women妇女
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那就是我们和青年男女
06:48
across横过 the villages村庄.
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在村子里尝试做的事
06:49
We organize组织 these crews船员, teach them
how to identify鉴定 the swarms成群,
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我们把这帮人组织起来,
教他们如何去辨认蚊群
06:53
and spray喷雾 them out.
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并喷洒药物杀死它们。
06:54
My colleagues同事 and I believe
we have a new window窗口
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我和我的同事相信
我们有新的机会
06:57
to get mosquitoes蚊子 out of the valley.
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将蚊子赶出村子。
07:01
But perhaps也许 the fact事实 that mosquitoes蚊子
eat blood血液, human人的 blood血液,
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但是事实是,这些蚊子吸血,吸人类的血
07:05
is the reason原因 they are
the most dangerous危险 animal动物 on earth地球.
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这就是为什么他们是世上最危险的动物
07:09
But think about it this way --
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但是,请这样想-
07:11
mosquitoes蚊子 actually其实 smell you.
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蚊子实际上是闻到了你的气味
07:14
And they have developed发达
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而它们进化出了
07:16
incredible难以置信 sensory感觉的 organs器官.
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不可思议的感觉器官
07:19
They can smell from as far
sometimes有时 as 100 meters away.
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它们可以闻到100米开外的气味
07:24
And when they get closer接近,
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它们离你很近的时候
07:25
they can even tell the difference区别
between之间 two family家庭 members会员.
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连一家的两个不同成员都能区分出来。
07:28
They know who you are
based基于 on what you produce生产
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它们通过你呼出的气体,
07:30
from your breath呼吸, skin皮肤,
sweat and body身体 odor气味.
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皮肤分泌物,汗液,体味
就能知道你是谁。
07:34
What we have doneDONE at IfakaraIfakara
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我们在Ifakara做的是
07:35
is to identify鉴定 what it is in your skin皮肤,
your body身体, your sweat or your breath呼吸
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去鉴别来自你皮肤,你身体,
汗液和呼吸中
07:39
that these mosquitoes蚊子 like.
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那些蚊子喜欢的东西。
07:41
Once一旦 we identified确定 these substances物质,
we created创建 a concoction药汁,
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一旦我们找到这种物质,
我们就可以做一种混合剂
07:44
kind of a mixture混合物,
a blend混合 of synthetic合成的 substances物质
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一种合成物质
07:47
that are reminiscent让人联想起
of what you produce生产 from your body身体.
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接近人类的体味。
07:50
And we made制作 a synthetic合成的 blend混合
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我们做了一个合成的混合物
07:52
that was attracting吸引 three to five times
more mosquitoes蚊子 than a human人的 being存在.
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它吸引蚊子数量是人类能够吸引的3-5倍。
07:57
What can you do with this?
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你可以用这个做什么?
07:58
You put in a trap陷阱, lure a lot
of mosquitoes蚊子 and you kill them, right?
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你埋下陷阱,吸引大批的蚊子,
然后再杀死它们,对吧?
08:02
And of course课程, you can also
use it for surveillance监控.
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当然,它还可以起到监视作用
08:04
At IfakaraIfakara
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在Ifakara
08:06
we wish希望 to expand扩大 our knowledge知识
on the biology生物学 of the mosquito蚊子;
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我们希望可以拓展
我们在蚊子的生物学方面的知识
08:11
to control控制 many许多 other diseases疾病,
including包含, of course课程, the malaria疟疾,
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去控制其它的疾病,当然包括疟疾在内
08:14
but also those other diseases疾病
that mosquitoes蚊子 transmit发送
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还有通过蚊子传播的其他疾病
08:16
like dengue登革热, Chikungunya基孔肯亚 and Zika兹卡 virus病毒.
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诸如登革热,奇昆古尼亚热病和寨卡病毒。
08:19
And this is why my colleagues同事,
for example --
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这也是为什么我的同事,比方说
08:21
we have looked看着 at the fact事实
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我们发现
08:23
that some mosquitoes蚊子
like to bite you on the leg region地区.
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某些蚊子喜欢
叮你的大腿。
08:26
And we've我们已经 now created创建
these mosquito蚊子 repellent驱蚊 sandals凉鞋
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我们为此也发明了驱蚊凉鞋
08:30
that tourists游客 and locals当地人 can wear穿
when they're coming未来.
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保护游人和当地人
08:33
And you don't get bitten被咬 --
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免遭蚊虫叮咬
08:34
this gives you 'round'回合 the clock时钟 protection保护
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因为这会给你随时随地的保护
08:36
until直到 the time you go under your bednet蚊帐.
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直到你回到你的蚊帐里去
08:39
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
08:41
My love-hate爱与恨 relationship关系
with mosquitoes蚊子 continues继续.
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我与蚊子的爱恨情仇还在继续
08:43
(Laughter笑声)
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(观众笑声)
08:44
And it's going to go
a long way, I can see.
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我也知道灭蚊之路仍然任重道远。
08:47
But that's OK.
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但是,这也不错。
08:48
WHO has set a goal目标 of 2030
to eliminate消除 malaria疟疾 from 35 countries国家.
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世卫组织定了一个目标,
在2030年消灭35个国家的疟疾。
08:53
The African非洲人 Union联盟 has set a goal目标
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非洲联合国家也定了个目标
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate消除 malaria疟疾
from the continent大陆.
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在2030年将消灭非洲大陆的疟疾。
08:58
At IfakaraIfakara we are firmly牢牢
behind背后 these goals目标.
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在Ifakara, 我们紧随目标
09:01
And we've我们已经 put together一起
a cohort队列 of young年轻 scientists科学家们,
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我们集合了一大批青年科学家
09:04
male and female,
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男女都有
09:06
who are champions冠军,
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他们是胜利者
09:07
who are interested有兴趣 in coming未来 together一起
to make this vision视力 come true真正.
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愿意聚集在一起实现目标。
09:11
They do what they can
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他们尽其所能
09:13
to make it work.
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去实现目标。
09:16
And we are supporting支持 them.
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而我们在支持他们。
09:18
We are here to make sure
that these dreams come true真正.
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我们来到这就是为了
使这个梦想成真。
09:21
Ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士,
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女士们,先生们
09:23
even if it doesn't happen发生 in our lifetime一生,
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即便这一梦想没有
在我们有生之年起作用
09:27
even if it doesn't happen发生
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09:29
before you and me go away,
201
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09:31
I believe that your child儿童 and my child儿童
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我相信你的孩子,我的孩子、
09:34
shall inherit继承 a world世界
free自由 of malaria疟疾 transmitting发射 mosquitoes蚊子
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也会享受一个没有传播疟疾的蚊子
09:37
and free自由 of malaria疟疾.
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也没有疟疾的世界。
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士.
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女士们,先生们。非常感谢。
(掌声)
09:41
(Applause掌声)
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09:45
Thank you.
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谢谢
09:46
Kelokelo Kubu库布: OK, FredrosFredros.
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凯勒·库巴: 好的, 费兰德
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPRCRISPR for a bit.
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我们来聊点儿CRISPR吧
09:50
(Laughter笑声)
210
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(笑声)
09:52
It's taken采取 the world世界 by storm风暴,
211
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这让整个世界很是震撼
09:54
it promises许诺 to do amazing惊人 things.
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它预示着能够做很多不可思议的事情
09:58
What do you think of scientists科学家们
using运用 CRISPRCRISPR to kill off mosquitoes蚊子?
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你怎么看科学家用CRISPR消灭蚊子
10:03
FredrosFredros Okumu奥库穆: To answer回答 this question,
let's start开始 from what the problem问题 is.
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费兰德:要回答这个问题,
我们就得先说一下问题的实质
10:08
First of all, we're talking
about a disease疾病 that still kills杀死 --
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首先,我们讲的是一个可以致人死亡的疾病
10:12
according根据 to the latest最新 figures人物
we have from WHO --
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据世贸卫生组织最新数字表明
10:14
429,000 people.
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已有429,000人因此而死亡
10:16
Most of these are African非洲人 children孩子.
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多数是非洲儿童
10:19
Of course课程, we've我们已经 made制作 progress进展,
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当然,我们还是有成效的
10:21
there are countries国家 that have achieved实现
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有些国家已经
10:23
up to 50-60 percent百分 reduction减少
in malaria疟疾 burden负担.
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减少了50-60%的疟疾死亡率
10:26
But we still have to do more
to get to zero.
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但是要达到零死亡,还需要时间
10:29
There is already已经 proof证明 of principle原理
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已经有证据表明
10:31
that gene-editing基因编辑 techniques技术,
such这样 as CRISPRCRISPR,
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基因编辑技术,比如CRISPR
10:34
can be used effectively有效
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可以有效的用来
10:37
to transform转变 mosquitoes蚊子 so that
either they do not transmit发送 malaria疟疾 --
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改造蚊子,是他们不再传播疟疾
10:41
we call this population人口 alteration改造 --
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我们称它为人口替换
10:43
or that they no longer exist存在,
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抑或是他们根本就不复存在了
10:46
population人口 suppression抑制.
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蚊子数量骤减
10:48
This is already已经 proven证明 in the lab实验室.
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这些已经通过实验证实了
10:50
There is also modeling造型 work
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有一个样板课题
10:52
that has demonstrated证明
that even if you were to release发布
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已经证明了即使你去释放
10:55
just a small number of these
genetically基因 modified改性 mosquitoes蚊子,
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少量这种经基因改造后的蚊子
10:58
that you can actually其实 achieve实现
elimination消除 very, very quickly很快.
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就可以让你快速将蚊子消灭光。
11:01
So, CRISPRCRISPR and tools工具 like this
offer提供 us some real真实 opportunities机会 --
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因此,CRISPR和类似的工具
提供给我们真正的机会-
11:05
real-life现实生活 opportunities机会
to have high-impact重大影响 interventions干预措施
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存在于现实生活中的高效能干扰机会
11:09
that we can use
in addition加成 to what we have now
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可以供我们使用来增强
我们现在所有的
11:12
to eventually终于 go to zero.
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直到最后直到完全消灭
11:14
This is important重要.
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这很重要
11:15
Now, of course课程 people always ask us --
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现在,当然很多人都在问我们
11:18
which哪一个 is a common共同 question,
241
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这也是一个很普遍的问题
11:20
I guess猜测 you're going
to ask this as well --
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我猜想你也会这样问
11:22
"What happens发生 if you
eliminate消除 mosquitoes蚊子?"
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“你们把所有的蚊子都消灭了又怎样?”
11:24
KKkk: I won't惯于 ask then, you answer回答.
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凯:那我就不问了,你回答吧
11:26
FO: OK. In respect尊重 to this,
I would just like to remind提醒 my colleagues同事
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费兰德:好的,鉴于这问题,
我需要提醒我的同事
11:30
that we have 3,500
mosquito蚊子 species种类 in this world世界.
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告诉他们,在这世上有3500种蚊子
11:34
Maybe more than that.
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或许比这还多。
11:35
About 400 of these are AnophelenesAnophelenes,
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这其中400种是按蚊
11:38
and only about 70 of them
have any capacity容量 to transmit发送 malaria疟疾.
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它们当中的70是有能力传播疟疾的。
11:41
In Africa非洲, we're having to deal合同 with
three or four of these as the major重大的 guys.
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在非洲我们要去处理大概3到4个这种大家伙
11:45
They carry携带 most -- like 99 percent百分
of all the malaria疟疾 we have.
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它们能够携带我们所拥有的99%的疟疾。
11:49
If we were to go out
with gene基因 editing编辑 like CRISPRCRISPR,
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如果我们要利用像CRISPR基因改造系统,
11:52
if we were to go out
with gene基因 drives驱动器 to control控制 malaria疟疾,
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如果我们要利用基因去控制疟疾,
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
254
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我们就只需要控制一两种
11:57
I don't see a diversity多样 problem问题 with that.
255
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我不认为这有什么多元化的问题。
11:59
But that's personal个人 view视图.
256
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但是那仅是我的观点
12:01
I think it's OK.
257
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我认为这很好
12:02
And remember记得, by the way,
258
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要记住,还有,
12:03
all these years年份 we've我们已经 been trying
to eliminate消除 these mosquitoes蚊子 effectively有效
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在这些年来我们一直在尝试去有效率的
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues同事
in America美国 have sprayed with --
260
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通过喷雾来消灭它们-我在美国的同事
用炸弹喷雾工具来消灭将整个村子里的虫子
12:11
really bomb-spraying炸弹喷涂
these insects昆虫 out of the villages村庄.
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12:14
In Africa非洲 we do a lot
of household家庭 spraying.
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在非洲,我们用了很多家用喷蚊子的方法
12:17
All these are aimed针对
solely独自 at killing谋杀 the mosquitoes蚊子.
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所有这些都仅仅只能够杀灭蚊子
12:20
So there's really no problem问题
if we had a new tool工具.
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因此我们再发明个新工具也是没问题的
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
265
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虽然我那样说,但是我还是不得不说
12:24
we also have to be
very, very responsible主管 here.
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我也该越来越负责的说
12:26
So there's the regulatory监管 side,
and we have to partner伙伴 with our regulators监管机构
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但是,我们也有监管的,
我们要与我们的监管人合作
12:30
and make sure that everything
that we do is doneDONE correctly正确地,
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要确保我们做的所有事都正确,
12:33
is doneDONE responsibly负责任
269
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都做的很负责任
12:34
and that we also have to do
independent独立 risk风险 assessments评估,
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我们还要去做独立的风险测定
12:37
to just make sure
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仅仅为了确保
12:38
that all these processes流程
do not fall秋季 into the wrong错误 hands.
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整个过程万无一失。
12:42
Thank you very much.
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十分感谢
12:43
KKkk: Thank you.
274
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谢谢
12:44
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by WENWEN CHANG
Reviewed by Eric Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.

Why you should listen

Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.

Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.

More profile about the speaker
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com

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