TED2009
Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail
Robert Full: Lærdom fra gekko'ens hale
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Biologen Robert Full forsker i den forunderlige gekko, og dens superklistrende fødder vedhængende klatreevner. Højhastigheds optagelser afslører at gekkoens hale indeholder nok de mest overraskende talenter.
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Let me share with you today an original discovery.
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Lad mig dele en original opdagelse med jer i dag.
00:23
But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened --
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Men jeg vil fortælle det på den måde det faktisk skete.
00:26
not the way I present it in a scientific meeting,
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Og ikke på den måde jeg præsenter det på et videnskabeligt møde,
00:28
or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper.
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eller den måde I læser om det i videnskabelige artikler.
00:31
It's a story about beyond biomimetics,
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Det er en historie der går videre end bioefterligning
00:34
to something I'm calling biomutualism.
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til noget jeg kalder biogensidighed.
00:37
I define that as an association between biology and another discipline,
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Jeg definerer det som en sammenhæng mellem biologi og en anden disciplin.
00:40
where each discipline reciprocally advances the other,
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Hvor hver disciplin gensidigt fremmer den anden,
00:44
but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field.
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men hvor de samlede opdagelser der viser sig er overlegen noget enkelt speciale.
00:48
Now, in terms of biomimetics,
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Nuvel, angående bioefterligning,
00:50
as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature,
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når menneskets teknologier får flere af naturens karakteristika,
00:53
nature becomes a much more useful teacher.
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bliver naturen en meget mere brugbar lærer.
00:56
Engineering can be inspired by biology
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Biologien kan inspirere til at lave maskiner
00:58
by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous,
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ved at tage principper og analogier i brug når de er fordelagtige.
01:01
but then integrating that with the best human engineering,
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Men at integrere det med de bedste menneskeskabte ting,
01:04
ultimately to make something actually better than nature.
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men ultimativt at skabe noget, der faktisk er bedre end naturen.
01:09
Now, being a biologist, I was very curious about this.
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Da jeg er biolog, var jeg meget nysgerrig om dette.
01:12
These are gecko toes.
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Dette er gekkoens tæer.
01:14
And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes
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Og vi undrede os over hvordan de bruger disse bizarre tæer
01:16
to climb up a wall so quickly.
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til at klatre så hurtigt op af en væg.
01:18
We discovered it. And what we found was
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Vi fandt ud af det. Og det vi fandt var,
01:21
that they have leaf-like structures on their toes,
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at de havde blad-lignende strukturer på deres tæer,
01:23
with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug,
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med millioner af bitte små hår, der ligner et tæppe.
01:26
and each of those hairs has the worst case of split-ends possible:
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Og hvert af disse hår har den værste type splittet hår man kan tænke sig,
01:29
about 100 to 1000 split ends that are nano-size.
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omkring 100 til 1000 opdelinger af hvert hår, som er i nano-størrelse.
01:33
And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.
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Og hvert individ har 2 milliarder af disse opdelte hår i nano-størrelse
01:37
They don't stick by Velcro or suction or glue.
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De klæber ikke som velcro, sugning eller lim.
01:39
They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,
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De klæber faktisk med inter-molekylære kræfter alene.
01:42
van der Waals forces.
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van der Waals kræfter.
01:44
And I'm really pleased to report to you today
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Og jeg er meget glad at kunne fortælle jer i dag,
01:46
that the first synthetic self-cleaning, dry adhesive has been made.
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at den første syntetiske selvrensende, tørre klæbemiddel er blevet lavet.
01:51
From the simplest version in nature, one branch,
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Fra den simpleste form i naturen, en gren deraf,
01:54
my engineering collaborator, Ron Fearing, at Berkeley,
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mine ingeniør-samarbejdspart, Ron Fearing fra Berkely,
01:57
had made the first synthetic version.
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har lavet den første syntetiske version.
02:00
And so has my other incredible collaborator,
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Og det har min anden utrolige samarbejdspartner også,
02:02
Mark Cutkosky, at Stanford --
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Mark Cutkosky fra Standford.
02:04
he made much larger hairs than the gecko,
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Han lavede langt større hår end gekkoens,
02:06
but used the same general principles.
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men brugte de samme generelle principper.
02:09
And here is its first test.
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Og her er den første test.
02:11
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:12
That's Kellar Autumn, my former Ph.D. student,
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Det er Kellar Autumn, min første PhD student,
02:14
professor now at Lewis and Clark,
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nu professor på Lewis and Clark,
02:16
literally giving his first-born child up for this test.
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som bogstaveligt talt giver sin førstefødte barn til denne test.
02:20
(Laughter)
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(latter)
02:21
More recently, this happened.
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For nyligt skete dette.
02:23
Man: This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.
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Mand: Dette er første gang nogen har klatret med det.
02:26
Narrator: Lynn Verinsky, a professional climber,
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fortæller: Lynn Verinsky, en professionel klaterer,
02:28
who appeared to be brimming with confidence.
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som så ud til at flyde over med selvtillid.
02:30
Lynn Verinsky: Honestly, it's going to be perfectly safe. It will be perfectly safe.
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Lynn Verinsky: Ærligt talt, det her bliver helt sikkert. Det vil være helt sikkert.
02:33
Man: How do you know?
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Mand: Hvordan ved du det?
02:35
Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter)
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Lynn Verinsky: På grund af min selvrisiko.
02:37
Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety rope,
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Fortæller: Med en madras nedenunder og forbundet til et sikkerhedstov,
02:39
Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.
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påbegyndte Lynn hendes 20 meters opstigning.
02:42
Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing
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Lynn klarede det til toppen i en perfekt parring mellem
02:45
of Hollywood and science.
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Hollywood og videnskab.
02:48
Man: So you're the first human being to officially emulate a gecko.
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Mand: Så, du er det første menneske, der officielt har efterlignet en gekko.
02:51
Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege that has been.
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Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. Og sikke et privilegie det har været.
02:57
Robert Full: That's what she did on rough surfaces.
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Robert Full: Det er hvad hun klarede på en ru overflade.
02:59
But she actually used these on smooth surfaces --
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Men hun brugte faktisk disse på en glat overflade,
03:01
two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself up.
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to af dem, til at klatre op, og trække hende selv med op.
03:03
And you can try this in the lobby,
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Og I kan prøve dette i lobbyen,
03:05
and look at the gecko-inspired material.
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og se på de gekko-inspirerede materialer.
03:09
Now the problem with the robots doing this
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Nå, men problemet med robotter, der gør det er,
03:11
is that they can't get unstuck,
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at de ikke kan komme fri igen,
03:13
with the material.
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med dette materiale.
03:15
This is the gecko's solution. They actually peel their toes away
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Dette er gekkoens løsning. De skræller faktisk deres tæer væk
03:18
from the surface, at high rates,
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fra overfladen i et højt tempo,
03:20
as they run up the wall.
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når de løber op af væggen.
03:22
Well I'm really excited today to show you
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Men jeg er faktisk meget spændt på at vise jer
03:25
the newest version of a robot, Stickybot,
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den nyeste version af en robot, Stickybot,
03:28
using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.
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der et nyt hierarkisk tørt klæbemiddel.
03:31
Here is the actual robot.
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Og her er selve robotten.
03:37
And here is what it does.
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Og her er det den gør.
03:45
And if you look,
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Og hvis i kigger efter,
03:47
you can see that it uses
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kan I se at den bruger,
03:50
the toe peeling,
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tå-skrælningen
03:52
just like the gecko does.
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ligesom gekkoen gør.
03:56
If we can show some of the video, you can see it climbing up the wall.
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Hvis vi kan vise noget af videoen, i kan se den klatre op af væggen.
03:59
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
04:01
There it is.
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Der kommer det.
04:03
And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive
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Og nu kan den fortsætte på andre overflader på grund af det nye klæbemiddel,
04:06
that the Stanford group was able to do
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som gruppen fra Standford var i stand til at lave,
04:09
in designing this incredible robot.
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da de designede denne utrolige robot.
04:12
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
04:15
Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at Stickybot.
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Oh. En ting jeg vil påpege er, se på stickybot.
04:18
You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko.
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Kan I se noget på den. Det er ikke bare for at få den til at ligne en gekko.
04:22
It has a tail. And just when you think you've figured out nature,
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Den har en hale. Lige når du tror du har luret naturen,
04:25
this kind of thing happens.
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så sker den slags ting.
04:27
The engineers told us, for the climbing robots,
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Ingeniørerne forklarede os om de klatrende robotter,
04:29
that, if they don't have a tail,
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at hvis den ikke havde en hale,
04:31
they fall off the wall.
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så faldt den ned af væggen.
04:33
So what they did was they asked us
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så det de gjorde var, at stille os
04:35
an important question.
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et vigtigt spørgsmål.
04:37
They said, "Well, it kind of looks like a tail."
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De sagde, "Nå, det ligner lidt en hale."
04:41
Even though we put a passive bar there.
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Selvom vi bare satte en passiv barre på.
04:43
"Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?"
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"behøver dyrene deres haler når de klatrer op af vægge?"
04:46
What they were doing was returning the favor,
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Det de gjorde var at returnere tjenesten,
04:48
by giving us a hypothesis to test,
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ved at give os en hypotese at teste,
04:51
in biology, that we wouldn't have thought of.
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i biologien, som vi ikke ville have tænkt på.
04:54
So of course, in reality, we were then panicked,
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Men selvfølgelig, i virkeligheden gik vi i panik,
04:57
being the biologists, and we should know this already.
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som biologer burde vi vide det allerede.
04:59
We said, "Well, what do tails do?"
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Vi sagde, "Nå, hvad gør haler?"
05:01
Well we know that tails store fat, for example.
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Vi ved at haler for eksempel opbevarer fedtlag.
05:04
We know that you can grab onto things with them.
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Vi ved at man kan gribe fat om ting med dem.
05:07
And perhaps it is most well known
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Og måske det mest kendte,
05:09
that they provide static balance.
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at de giver statisk balance.
05:12
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:13
It can also act as a counterbalance.
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De kan også virke som modvægt.
05:16
So watch this kangaroo.
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Se denne kænguru.
05:19
See that tail? That's incredible!
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Se halen? Det er utroligt!
05:21
Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.
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Marc Raibert byggede en Uniroo hoppende robot.
05:25
And it was unstable without its tail.
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Og den var ustabil uden dens hale.
05:31
Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,
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De fleste haler begrænser manøvrebarheden.
05:33
like this human inside this dinosaur suit.
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Som dette menneske i en dinosaur-dragt.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:38
My colleagues actually went on to test this limitation,
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Mine kolleger gik faktisk ud og testede denne begrænsning,
05:42
by increasing the moment of inertia of a student, so they had a tail,
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ved at øge passiviteten på en studerende, så de havde en hale,
05:46
and running them through and obstacle course,
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og fik dem til at løbe igennem en forhindringsbane,
05:48
and found a decrement in performance,
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og fandt en nedsat ydelse.
05:50
like you'd predict.
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Som forventet.
05:53
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:54
But of course, this is a passive tail.
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Men dette er selvfølgelig en passiv hale.
05:57
And you can also have active tails.
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Og man kan også have aktive haler.
05:59
And when I went back to research this, I realized
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Og da jeg gik i gang med at undersøge dette, gik det op for mig
06:01
that one of the great TED moments in the past,
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at en af de store TED moments fra tidligere,
06:03
from Nathan,
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fra Nathan,
06:05
we've talked about an active tail.
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hvor vi talte om en aktiv hale.
06:07
Video: Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs
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Video: Myhrvold tror at hale-piskende dinosaurer
06:09
were interested in love, not war.
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var interesseret i kærlighed og ikke krig.
06:14
Robert Full: He talked about the tail being a whip for communication.
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Robert Full: Han talte om at halen var en pisk til kommunikation.
06:17
It can also be used in defense.
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Den kan også bruges i forsvar.
06:21
Pretty powerful.
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Meget kraftfuldt.
06:23
So we then went back and looked at the animal.
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Så vi gik hjem og kiggede på dyret.
06:25
And we ran it up a surface.
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Og vi sendte den op af en overflade.
06:27
But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch
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Men denne gang lavede vi et glat område
06:29
that you see in yellow there.
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som I kan se i gult her.
06:31
And watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail
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Se i højre side hvad dyret gør med sin hale
06:35
when it slips. This is slowed down 10 times.
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når den mister grebet. Dette gjort 10 gange langsommere.
06:37
So here is normal speed.
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Og her er det i normal hastighed.
06:39
And watch it now slip,
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Og se den miste grebet,
06:41
and see what it does with its tail.
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og se hvad den gør med halen.
06:46
It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,
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Den har en aktiv hale, der fungerer som et femte ben.
06:48
and it contributes to stability.
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Og det bidrager til stabilitet.
06:50
If you make it slip a huge amount, this is what we discovered.
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Hvis man kan få den til at meste grebet rigtigt meget, så er dette hvad vi opdagede.
06:57
This is incredible.
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Det er utroligt.
06:59
The engineers had a really good idea.
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Ingeniørerne havde en rigtig god ide.
07:02
And then of course we wondered,
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Og se blev vi selvfølgelig forundrede
07:04
okay, they have an active tail, but let's picture them.
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Okay, de har en aktiv hale, men lad os nu se,
07:06
They're climbing up a wall, or a tree.
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De klatrer op af en væg eller et træ.
07:09
And they get to the top and let's say there's some leaves there.
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Og så når de toppen, og lad os sige at der er nogle blade der.
07:12
And what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf,
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Og hvad ville der ske hvis de klatrede på undersiden af det blad,
07:15
and there was some wind, or we shook it?
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og der var noget vind, eller vi rystede det?
07:18
And we did that experiment, that you see here.
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Vi lavede det eksperiment, og I ser det her.
07:21
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
07:22
And this is what we discovered.
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Og dette er hvad vi opdagede.
07:24
Now that's real time. You can't see anything.
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Dette er korrekt hastighed. I kan ikke se noget.
07:26
But there it is slowed down.
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Men her er det langsommere.
07:30
What we discovered was the world's fastest air-righting response.
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Det vi opdagede var verdens hurtigste luft-genopretnings bevægelse..
07:33
For those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum
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For de af jer, som husker jeres fysik, dette er et negativ-vinkels-moment
07:35
righting response. But it's like a cat.
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opretnings bevægelse. Men det er som en kat.
07:37
You know, cats falling. Cats do this. They twist their bodies.
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I ved, katte falder. Katte gør det her. De drejer deres krop.
07:40
But geckos do it better.
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Men gekkoer gør det bedre,
07:42
And they do it with their tail.
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Og de gør det med deres hale.
07:45
So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.
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Sa, de gør det med denne aktive hale når de svinger den rundt.
07:48
And then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture.
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Og så lander de altid i en slags superman flyve position.
07:54
Okay, now we wondered, if we were right,
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Okay, nu spekulerede vi på om vi havde ret,
07:56
we should be able to test this in a physical model, in a robot.
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for så skulle vi kunne teste dette i en fysisk model, i en robot.
07:59
So for TED we actually built a robot,
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Så til TED byggede vi en robot,
08:01
over there, a prototype, with the tail.
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der ovre, en prototype med en hale.
08:04
And we're going to attempt the first air-righting response
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Og vi vil forsøge den førte luft-genopretnings bevægelse
08:06
in a tail, with a robot.
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med en hale, med en robot.
08:08
If we could have the lights on it.
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Hvis vi kan få tændt lyset.
08:10
Okay, there it goes.
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Okay, nu sker det.
08:15
And show the video.
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Og vis videoen.
08:20
There it is.
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Der er det.
08:22
And it works just like it does in the animal.
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Og det fungere ligesom det gør hos dyret.
08:25
So all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself.
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Så alt I behøver er et sving med halen for at rette op på jer selv.
08:29
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
08:31
Now, of course, we were normally frightened
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Nu ville vi naturlig vis være skræmte
08:33
because the animal has no gliding adaptations,
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for dyret har ingen flyve egenskaber,
08:35
so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel.
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så vi tænkte, "Nå det er helt i orden. Vi sætter den ind i en lodret vindtunnel.
08:39
We'll blow the air up, we'll give it a landing target, a tree trunk,
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Vi blæser luften opad, og vi giver den et landingssted, en træstamme
08:42
just outside the plexi-glass enclosure, and see what it does.
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lige udenfor aflukket af plexiglas, og så ser vi hvad den gør.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:47
So we did. And here is what it does.
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Så det gjorde vi. Og her er hvad den gør.
08:50
So the wind is coming from the bottom. This is slowed down 10 times.
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Vinden kommer neden fra. Dette er 10 gange nedsat hastighed.
08:55
It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.
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Den laver en ligevægts svævning. Ganske kontrolleret.
08:59
This is sort of incredible. But actually it's quite beautiful,
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Dette er lidt utroligt. Men faktisk ganske smukt,
09:02
when you take a picture of it.
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når man tager et billede af det.
09:05
And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide -- maneuvers in mid-air.
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Og det er bedre end det, mens den svæver, manøvrere den i luften.
09:10
And the way it does it, is it takes its tail
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Og måden den gør det, er at den tager sin hale
09:12
and it swings it one way to yaw left, and it swings its other way to yaw right.
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og svinger den en vej for at dreje til venstre, og den svinger den anden vej for at dreje til højre.
09:16
So we can maneuver this way.
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Så vi kan manøvrere på denne måde.
09:18
And then -- we had to film this several times to believe this --
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Og så -- vi var nødt til at filme det flere gange for at tro på det --
09:21
it also does this. Watch this.
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Så gør den også dette. Se her.
09:24
It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.
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Den svinger halen op og ned som en delfin.
09:26
It can actually swim through the air.
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Den kan faktisk svømme igennem luften.
09:29
But watch its front legs. Can you see what they are doing?
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Men se dens forben. Kan I se hvad de gør?
09:34
What does that mean for the origin of flapping flight?
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Hvad betyder det for oprindelsen flappende flyvning?
09:37
Maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees,
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Måske er det udviklet fra at kunne komme ned fra træerne,
09:40
and trying to control a glide.
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og et forsøg på en kontrolleret svævning.
09:42
Stay tuned for that.
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Bliv på kanalen for det.
09:44
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
09:46
So then we wondered, "Can they actually maneuver with this?"
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Så var det vi spekulerede på, "Kan de egentligt manøvrer med dette?"
09:49
So there is the landing target. Could they steer towards it
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Så der er landingspladsen. Kunne de styre mod det
09:52
with these capabilities? Here it is in the wind tunnel.
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med disse evner? Her er det i vindtunnelen.
09:54
And it certainly looks like it.
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Det ser i hvert fald sådan ud.
09:56
You can see it even better from down on top.
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I kan de det endnu bedre fra oven.
09:59
Watch the animal.
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Se dyret.
10:02
Definitely moving towards the landing target.
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Det bevæger sig helt sikkert mod landingspladsen.
10:04
Watch the whip of its tail as it does it. Look at that.
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Se slaget med dens hale når den gør det. Se det.
10:08
It's unbelievable.
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Det er utroligt.
10:10
So now we were really confused,
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Så nu var vi virkelig forvirrede,
10:12
because there are no reports of it gliding.
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for der er ingen rapporter om at den kan svæve.
10:14
So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field,
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Så vi sagde, "Hold da op, vi er nødt til at skulle ud i marken
10:16
and see if it actually does this."
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for at se om den faktisk gør det."
10:18
Completely opposite of the way you'd see it on a nature film, of course.
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Fuldstændigt modsat af den måde man ser det i naturfilm, selvfølgelig.
10:21
We wondered, "Do they actually glide in nature?"
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Vi undrede os, "Svæver de egentligt i naturen?"
10:24
Well we went to the forests of Singapore and Southeast Asia.
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Nå, men vi tog ud i skovene i Singapore og Sydøstasien.
10:26
And the next video you see is the first time we've showed this.
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Og i den næste video ser i den første gang vi viser det.
10:28
This is the actual video -- not staged, a real research video --
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Dette er den ægte optagelse, ikke opsat, en rigtigt forskningsvideo,
10:31
of animal gliding down. There is a red trajectory line.
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af et dyr, der svæver ned -- der er en rød sporings linje.
10:34
Look at the end to see the animal.
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Kig til slut for at se dyret.
10:36
But then as it gets closer to the tree,
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Når den nærmer sig træet,
10:38
look at the close-up. And see if you can see it land.
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se nærbilledet. Og se om I kan se den lande?
10:42
So there it comes down. There is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line.
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Så der kom det ned. Der er en gekko for enden af linjen.
10:45
You see it there? There? Watch it come down.
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Kan I se den der? Der? Se den falde ned.
10:47
Now watch up there and you can see the landing. Did you see it hit?
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Nu kig oppe der hvor I kan se landingen. Så I den ramme?
10:50
It actually uses its tail too,
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Den bruger faktisk også dens hale.
10:52
just like we saw in the lab.
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Ligesom vi så det i laboratoriet.
10:55
So now we can continue this mutualism
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Så nu kan vi fortsætte denne gensidighed
10:59
by suggesting that they can make an active tail.
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ved at foreslå at den kan lave en aktiv hale.
11:02
And here is the first active tail, in the robot,
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Og her er den første aktive hale på en robot
11:07
made by Boston Dynamics.
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lavet af Boston Dynamics.
11:10
So to conclude, I think we need to build biomutualisms, like I showed,
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Så for at konkludere. Jeg tror vi er nødt til at bygge biogensidighed, og som jeg viste
11:14
that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application.
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så det vil øge hastigheden for basale opdagelser og deres ibrugtagen.
11:17
To do this though, we need to redesign education in a major way,
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For at gøre der er det nødvendigt at re-designe uddannelse på en omfattende vis,
11:20
to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication,
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for at balancere indhold med tværfaglig kommunikation.
11:23
and explicitly train people how to contribute to, and benefit from other disciplines.
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Og målrettet uddanne folk i at bidrage til og drage nytte fra andre discipliner.
11:28
And of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it.
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Og selvfølgelig har vi brug for organismerne og miljøet for at gøre det.
11:32
That is, whether you care about security, search and rescue or health,
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Det vil sige, uanset om I bekymrer jer om sikkerhed, eftersøgning og redning eller sundhed
11:35
we must preserve nature's designs,
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så må vi beskytte naturens design,
11:37
otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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ellers vil disse hemmeligheder være tabt for evigt.
11:40
And from what I heard from our new president,
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Og det jeg har hørt fra vores nye præsident,
11:44
I'm very optimistic. Thank you.
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er jeg meget optimistisk. Tak skal I have.
11:46
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com