TEDGlobal 2014
Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it
Miguel Nicolelis: Xa chegou a interacción entre cerebros. Como o fixemos?
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Seguro que lembras ao neurocientífico Miguel Nicolelis, o que construíu o exoesqueleto dirixido polo cerebro que lle permitiu a un home con mobilidade reducida xutar o saque inicial da Copa do Mundo no ano 2014. En que está traballando agora? En como conectar dous cerebros, de ratas e monos, polo de agora, para que se transmitan mensaxes dun ao outro co pensamento. Con este vídeo, poderás coñecer o experimento que, como el mesmo di, supera os límites da túa imaxinación.
Miguel Nicolelis - Neuroscientist
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33
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Vouvos contar o que ocorreu
o 12 de xuño de 2014.
o 12 de xuño de 2014.
Aconteceu xustamente ás 15:33.
Nunha morna tarde de inverno
en São Paulo, Brasil,
en São Paulo, Brasil,
00:18
in a balmy winter afternoon
in São Paulo, Brazil,
in São Paulo, Brazil,
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a típica tarde
de inverno suramericana,
de inverno suramericana,
00:23
a typical South American winter afternoon,
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00:26
this kid, this young man
that you see celebrating here
that you see celebrating here
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este rapaz que vedes celebrando
coma se anotara un gol,
coma se anotara un gol,
00:29
like he had scored a goal,
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00:31
Juliano Pinto, 29 years old,
accomplished a magnificent deed.
accomplished a magnificent deed.
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Juliano Pinto, de 29 anos de idade,
acadou unha magnífica fazaña.
00:38
Despite being paralyzed
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É unha persoa de mobilidade reducida
que perdeu a sensibilidade dende a parte
media do tórax ata as dedas
media do tórax ata as dedas
00:40
and not having any sensation
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
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00:45
as the result of a car crash six years ago
that killed his brother
that killed his brother
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por un accidente de coche hai seis anos
que provocou a morte do seu irmán
que provocou a morte do seu irmán
e causoulle unha lesión medular completa
que o deixou nunha cadeira de rodas.
que o deixou nunha cadeira de rodas.
00:49
and produced a complete spinal cord lesion
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
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00:57
Juliano rose to the occasion,
and on this day did something
and on this day did something
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A pesar de todo, aproveitou a oportunidade
e xusto aquel día,
e xusto aquel día,
Juliano protagonizou un suceso
01:02
that pretty much everybody that saw him
in the six years deemed impossible.
in the six years deemed impossible.
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que case todos os que o viran
neses seis anos coidaran imposible.
neses seis anos coidaran imposible.
01:09
Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick
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Juliano Pinto foi quen de xutar o balón
no lanzamento de apertura
no lanzamento de apertura
01:14
of the 2014 Brazilian
World Soccer Cup here
World Soccer Cup here
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da cerimonia de inauguración da Copa
do Mundo de Fútbol de Brasil en 2014
do Mundo de Fútbol de Brasil en 2014
01:20
just by thinking.
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só co pensamento.
Non podía mover o corpo,
01:22
He could not move his body,
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01:24
but he could imagine the movements
needed to kick a ball.
needed to kick a ball.
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pero podía imaxinar os movementos
necesarios para xutar o balón.
01:29
He was an athlete before the lesion.
He's a para-athlete right now.
He's a para-athlete right now.
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Antes era deportista
e agora é paraatleta.
e agora é paraatleta.
01:32
He's going to be in the Paralympic Games,
I hope, in a couple years.
I hope, in a couple years.
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Espero que participe
nos Xogos Paraolímpicos nun par de anos.
nos Xogos Paraolímpicos nun par de anos.
01:36
But what the spinal cord lesion
did not rob from Juliano
did not rob from Juliano
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Porén, o que a lesión de medula
non lle arrebatou a Juliano
non lle arrebatou a Juliano
01:40
was his ability to dream.
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foi a capacidade de soñar.
01:43
And dream he did that afternoon,
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
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O seu soño fíxose realidade
aquela tarde
aquela tarde
nun estadio con case 75 000 persoas
01:49
and an audience of close to a billion
watching on TV.
watching on TV.
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e cunha audiencia de case mil millóns
de espectadores na televisión.
de espectadores na televisión.
01:54
And that kick crowned, basically,
30 years of basic research
30 years of basic research
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E ese tiro coroou, principalmente,
30 anos de investigación básica,
30 anos de investigación básica,
02:00
studying how the brain,
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na que estudamos como o cerebro,
02:02
how this amazing universe
that we have between our ears
that we have between our ears
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este marabilloso universo
que temos entre as orellas,
que temos entre as orellas,
02:06
that is only comparable to universe
that we have above our head
that we have above our head
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que só se pode comparar co universo
que temos enriba das nosas cabezas
que temos enriba das nosas cabezas
02:10
because it has about 100 billion elements
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e ten sobre 100 mil millóns
de elementos
de elementos
02:13
talking to each other
through electrical brainstorms,
through electrical brainstorms,
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que se comunican mediante
impulsos eléctricos.
impulsos eléctricos.
02:16
what Juliano accomplished
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
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O que Juliano conseguiu, imaxinámolo
durante 30 anos nos laboratorios
durante 30 anos nos laboratorios
e deseñámolo durante uns 15.
02:21
and about 15 years to plan.
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02:24
When John Chapin and I,
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
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Cando John Chapin e mais eu,
hai 15 anos, propuxemos nun artigo
hai 15 anos, propuxemos nun artigo
02:28
that we would build something
that we called a brain-machine interface,
that we called a brain-machine interface,
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que construiriamos un aparello
chamado interface cerebro-máquina,
chamado interface cerebro-máquina,
grazas ao que se conectaría
un cerebro a uns dispositivos
un cerebro a uns dispositivos
02:33
meaning connecting a brain to devices
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de xeito que animais
e humanos puideran movelos
e humanos puideran movelos
02:36
so that animals and humans
could just move these devices,
could just move these devices,
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sen importar o lonxe
que estiveran dos seus corpos
que estiveran dos seus corpos
02:40
no matter how far they are
from their own bodies,
from their own bodies,
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02:42
just by imagining what they want to do,
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só imaxinando o que querían facer,
02:44
our colleagues told us that
we actually needed professional help,
we actually needed professional help,
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os nosos colegas dixéronnos
que necesitabamos axuda profesional
que necesitabamos axuda profesional
02:49
of the psychiatry variety.
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da especialidade psiquiátrica.
02:52
And despite that,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
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E a pesar de todo, un escocés
e un brasileiro teimaron en facelo,
e un brasileiro teimaron en facelo,
02:57
because that's how we were raised
in our respective countries,
in our respective countries,
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porque así foi como nos aprenderon
nos nosos respectivos países
nos nosos respectivos países
03:02
and for 12, 15 years,
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e durante 12 ou 15 anos,
03:04
we made demonstration after demonstration
suggesting that this was possible.
suggesting that this was possible.
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demostramos ensaio tras ensaio
que era posible.
que era posible.
A interface cerebro-máquina
non é física cuántica.
non é física cuántica.
03:08
And a brain-machine interface
is not rocket science,
is not rocket science,
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Só é investigación do cerebro.
03:11
it's just brain research.
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Non é máis ca usar sensores
03:13
It's nothing but using sensors
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para ler os impulsos eléctricos
que produce o cerebro
que produce o cerebro
03:16
to read the electrical brainstorms
that a brain is producing
that a brain is producing
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03:19
to generate the motor commands
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ao xerar as ordes locomotoras
03:21
that have to be downloaded
to the spinal cord,
to the spinal cord,
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que deben ser transmitidas
á medula espiñal,
á medula espiñal,
03:24
so we projected sensors that can read
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de xeito que proxectamos sensores
03:26
hundreds and now thousands
of these brain cells simultaneously,
of these brain cells simultaneously,
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que poden ler centos e agora miles
destas células cerebrais á vez
destas células cerebrais á vez
03:30
and extract from these electrical signals
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e achar a partir destes sinais
03:33
the motor planning
that the brain is generating
that the brain is generating
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o plan de movemento que produce o cerebro
03:36
to actually make us move into space.
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para conseguir
que nos despracemos no espazo.
que nos despracemos no espazo.
03:39
And by doing that, we converted
these signals into digital commands
these signals into digital commands
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E facéndoo, convertemos
os sinais en ordes dixitais
os sinais en ordes dixitais
03:42
that any mechanical, electronic,
or even a virtual device can understand
or even a virtual device can understand
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que calquera dispositivo mecánico,
electrónico ou virtual pode entender.
electrónico ou virtual pode entender.
03:47
so that the subject can imagine
what he, she or it wants to make move,
what he, she or it wants to make move,
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Deste xeito,
o suxeito imaxina
o movemento que el ou ela desexa realizar
o movemento que el ou ela desexa realizar
03:54
and the device obeys that brain command.
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e o dispositivo obedece
a orde do seu cerebro.
a orde do seu cerebro.
03:57
By sensorizing these devices
with lots of different types of sensors,
with lots of different types of sensors,
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Ao empregarmos diferentes tipos
de sensores no dispositivo,
de sensores no dispositivo,
04:01
as you are going to see in a moment,
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como veredes nuns intres,
04:03
we actually sent messages
back to the brain to confirm
back to the brain to confirm
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o cerebro recibe unha resposta
que confirma
que confirma
04:07
that that voluntary motor will
was being enacted, no matter where --
was being enacted, no matter where --
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que o movemento voluntario
se efectuará nalgures:
se efectuará nalgures:
04:11
next to the subject, next door,
or across the planet.
or across the planet.
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preto do suxeito, no cuarto contiguo
ou nalgún lugar do planeta.
ou nalgún lugar do planeta.
04:16
And as this message gave feedback
back to the brain,
back to the brain,
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E cando o cerebro recibe a resposta
04:19
the brain realized its goal:
to make us move.
to make us move.
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consegue o seu obxectivo:
a acción de movemento.
a acción de movemento.
04:23
So this is just one experiment
that we published a few years ago,
that we published a few years ago,
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Este só é un experimento
que publicamos hai uns anos,
que publicamos hai uns anos,
04:27
where a monkey, without moving its body,
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no que lle aprendemos a un mono
a controlar,
a controlar,
04:29
learned to control the movements
of an avatar arm,
of an avatar arm,
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sen mover o seu corpo,
os movementos dun brazo avatar,
os movementos dun brazo avatar,
04:33
a virtual arm that doesn't exist.
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unha extremidade virtual que non existe.
04:35
What you're listening to
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
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O que estades a escoitar
é o son do cerebro dun mono
é o son do cerebro dun mono
mentres examina tres esferas diferentes
coa mesma aparencia
coa mesma aparencia
04:39
as it explores three different
visually identical spheres
visually identical spheres
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nun espazo virtual.
04:43
in virtual space.
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04:45
And to get a reward,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
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Se quere obter a recompensa,
un trago de zume de laranxa,
un trago de zume de laranxa,
que lles encanta aos monos,
debe seleccionar un destes obxectos,
debe seleccionar un destes obxectos,
04:49
this animal has to detect,
select one of these objects
select one of these objects
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04:52
by touching,
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mais o que ten que facer é tocalo
04:54
not by seeing it, by touching it,
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non o ten que mirar, senón tocar,
04:56
because every time this virtual hand
touches one of the objects,
touches one of the objects,
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xa que cada vez que esta man virtual
toca un destes obxectos,
toca un destes obxectos,
04:59
an electrical pulse goes back
to the brain of the animal
to the brain of the animal
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un impulso eléctrico é enviado
ao seu cerebro
ao seu cerebro
05:02
describing the fine texture
of the surface of this object,
of the surface of this object,
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e describe a textura precisa
da súa superficie
da súa superficie
05:06
so the animal can judge what is
the correct object that he has to grab,
the correct object that he has to grab,
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para que o animal poida xulgar
cal é o obxecto que ten que apañar
cal é o obxecto que ten que apañar
05:10
and if he does that, he gets a reward
without moving a muscle.
without moving a muscle.
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e se o fai ben, consegue a recompensa
sen sequera mover un dedo.
05:16
The perfect Brazilian lunch:
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O aperitivo brasileiro perfecto:
non mover un dedo e conseguir
un zume de laranxa.
un zume de laranxa.
05:18
not moving a muscle
and getting your orange juice.
and getting your orange juice.
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05:22
So as we saw this happening,
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De feito, cando o logramos,
05:25
we actually came and proposed the idea
that we had published 15 years ago.
that we had published 15 years ago.
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viñemos e propuxemos a idea
que publicaramos 15 anos antes.
05:29
We reenacted this paper.
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Retomamos a investigación.
Recuperámola do caixón
Recuperámola do caixón
05:31
We got it out of the drawers,
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e suxerimos probar
cun ser humano con parálise
cun ser humano con parálise
05:33
and we proposed that perhaps we could get
a human being that is paralyzed
a human being that is paralyzed
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05:37
to actually use the brain-machine
interface to regain mobility.
interface to regain mobility.
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a interface cerebro-máquina
para que recuperase a mobilidade.
05:42
The idea was that if you suffered --
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A lesión de paraplexía
podería sufrila calquera de nós,
podería sufrila calquera de nós,
05:44
and that can happen to any one of us.
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permitídeme que volo diga, é de súpeto.
05:46
Let me tell you, it's very sudden.
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Pode producila un choque de 1 ms,
05:48
It's a millisecond of a collision,
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05:50
a car accident that
transforms your life completely.
transforms your life completely.
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un accidente de automóbil
que cambia totalmente a nosa vida.
que cambia totalmente a nosa vida.
Se tiverdes unha lesión na medula espiñal,
05:53
If you have a complete lesion
of the spinal cord,
of the spinal cord,
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non poderedes desprazarvos: os impulsos
cerebrais non chegarán aos músculos.
cerebrais non chegarán aos músculos.
05:56
you cannot move because your brainstorms
cannot reach your muscles.
cannot reach your muscles.
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06:00
However, your brainstorms
continue to be generated in your head.
continue to be generated in your head.
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Non obstante, estes impulsos
seguen xerándose nas vosas cabezas.
seguen xerándose nas vosas cabezas.
06:04
Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients
dream about moving every night.
dream about moving every night.
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Os pacientes parapléxicos ou tetrapléxicos
soñan con moverse todas as noites.
soñan con moverse todas as noites.
06:08
They have that inside their head.
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Téñeno nas súas cabezas.
06:10
The problem is how
to get that code out of it
to get that code out of it
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O problema é como extraer
o código da cabeza
o código da cabeza
06:13
and make the movement be created again.
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e conseguir que se efectúe o movemento.
06:16
So what we proposed was,
let's create a new body.
let's create a new body.
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O que propuxemos
foi crear un corpo novo:
foi crear un corpo novo:
imos deseñar un colete robótico!
06:19
Let's create a robotic vest.
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06:21
And that's exactly why Juliano could
kick that ball just by thinking,
kick that ball just by thinking,
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E por iso Juliano puido xutar o balón
co pensamento,
co pensamento,
porque levaba o primeiro colete
robótico controlado polo cerebro
robótico controlado polo cerebro
06:26
because he was wearing
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
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que pode ser empregado por pacientes
parapléxicos ou tetrapléxicos
parapléxicos ou tetrapléxicos
06:30
that can be used by paraplegic,
quadriplegic patients to move
quadriplegic patients to move
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para moverse
e obter un sinal de resposta.
e obter un sinal de resposta.
06:34
and to regain feedback.
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06:35
That was the original idea, 15 years ago.
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Esta foi a idea orixinal hai 15 anos.
06:38
What I'm going to show you is how
156 people from 25 countries
156 people from 25 countries
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O que vos vou mostrar
é como 156 persoas de 25 países
é como 156 persoas de 25 países
06:44
all over the five continents
of this beautiful Earth,
of this beautiful Earth,
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dos cinco continentes
deste marabilloso planeta Terra
deste marabilloso planeta Terra
06:47
dropped their lives,
dropped their patents,
dropped their patents,
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deixaron as súas vidas
e os seus contratos,
e os seus contratos,
tamén os seus cans, parellas,
fillos, escolas e traballos
fillos, escolas e traballos
06:50
dropped their dogs, wives,
kids, school, jobs,
kids, school, jobs,
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06:54
and congregated to come to Brazil
for 18 months to actually get this done.
for 18 months to actually get this done.
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e reuníronse para vir a Brasil
durante 18 meses para desenvolvela,
durante 18 meses para desenvolvela,
xa que dous anos despois de saber
que a Copa sería en Brasil,
que a Copa sería en Brasil,
06:59
Because a couple years after Brazil
was awarded the World Cup,
was awarded the World Cup,
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oímos que o goberno
quería facer algo significativo
quería facer algo significativo
07:03
we heard that the Brazilian government
wanted to do something meaningful
wanted to do something meaningful
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07:07
in the opening ceremony
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na cerimonia de apertura
no país no que se reinventou
no país no que se reinventou
07:08
in the country that reinvented
and perfected soccer
and perfected soccer
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e perfeccionou o fútbol,
ata que coñecemos aos alemáns, claro.
ata que coñecemos aos alemáns, claro.
07:12
until we met the Germans, of course.
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(Risas)
07:14
(Laughter)
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Mais ese é outro tema
07:16
But that's a different talk,
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e outro neurocientífico
deberá falarvos diso noutra conferencia.
deberá falarvos diso noutra conferencia.
07:18
and a different neuroscientist
needs to talk about that.
needs to talk about that.
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(Risas)
Mais o que Brasil
quería facer era exhibir
quería facer era exhibir
07:22
But what Brazil wanted to do
is to showcase
is to showcase
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07:24
a completely different country,
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un país moi diferente
que valora a ciencia e a tecnoloxía
que valora a ciencia e a tecnoloxía
07:25
a country that values science
and technology,
and technology,
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07:28
and can give a gift to millions,
25 million people around the world
25 million people around the world
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e pode agasallar a 25 millóns de persoas
de todo o mundo
de todo o mundo
07:32
that cannot move any longer
because of a spinal cord injury.
because of a spinal cord injury.
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que perderon a mobilidade
por unha lesión na medula.
por unha lesión na medula.
Pois acudimos ao goberno brasileiro
e á FIFA e propuxemos o seguinte:
e á FIFA e propuxemos o seguinte:
07:35
Well, we went to the Brazilian government
and to FIFA and proposed,
and to FIFA and proposed,
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07:39
well, let's have the kickoff
of the 2014 World Cup
of the 2014 World Cup
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Por que non fai o saque inicial
da Copa do Mundo
da Copa do Mundo
07:42
be given by a Brazilian paraplegic
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unha persoa brasileira
de mobilidade reducida
de mobilidade reducida
07:44
using a brain-controlled exoskeleton
that allows him to kick the ball
that allows him to kick the ball
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usando un exoesqueleto
que lle permita xutar o balón
que lle permita xutar o balón
07:49
and to feel the contact of the ball.
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e que lle axude a sentilo?
07:52
They looked at us,
thought that we were completely nuts,
thought that we were completely nuts,
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Quedaron mirando para nós
coidando que estabamos tolos
coidando que estabamos tolos
e responderon: "Veña, intentémolo".
07:54
and said, "Okay, let's try."
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(Risas)
07:57
We had 18 months to do everything
from zero, from scratch.
from zero, from scratch.
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Tivemos un prazo de 18 meses
para facelo todo, dende o principio.
para facelo todo, dende o principio.
08:01
We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,
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Non tiñamos nin exoesqueleto
nin pacientes.
nin pacientes.
08:04
we had nothing done.
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Non tiñamos nada feito.
Todos eles viñeron xuntos
Todos eles viñeron xuntos
08:06
These people came all together
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e en 18 meses, oito pacientes
realizaron unha rutina de adestramento
realizaron unha rutina de adestramento
08:08
and in 18 months, we got eight patients
in a routine of training
in a routine of training
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08:12
and basically built from nothing this guy,
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e practicamente construímos
desde cero este colega
desde cero este colega
que bautizamos como
"Brasil Santos Dumont 1".
"Brasil Santos Dumont 1".
08:16
that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.
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O primeiro exoesqueleto controlado
polo cerebro construído
polo cerebro construído
08:21
The first brain-controlled
exoskeleton to be built
exoskeleton to be built
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08:24
was named after the most famous
Brazilian scientist ever,
Brazilian scientist ever,
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ten o nome do científico brasileiro
máis afamado que existiu,
máis afamado que existiu,
08:28
Alberto Santos Dumont,
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Alberto Santos Dumont,
quen o día 19 de outubro de 1901,
quen o día 19 de outubro de 1901,
08:30
who, on October 19, 1901,
created and flew himself
created and flew himself
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inventou e el mesmo pilotou
o primeiro dirixible aéreo
o primeiro dirixible aéreo
08:36
the first controlled airship on air
in Paris for a million people to see.
in Paris for a million people to see.
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á vista dun millón de persoas
na cidade de París.
na cidade de París.
Síntoo, meus amigos norteamericanos,
vivo en Carolina do Norte,
vivo en Carolina do Norte,
08:43
Sorry, my American friends,
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08:45
I live in North Carolina,
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mais foi dous anos antes
de que o fixeran os irmáns Wright,
de que o fixeran os irmáns Wright,
08:47
but it was two years
before the Wright Brothers flew
before the Wright Brothers flew
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de que despegaran
na costa de Carolina do Norte.
na costa de Carolina do Norte.
08:52
on the coast of North Carolina.
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(Aplausos)
08:54
(Applause)
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08:57
Flight control is Brazilian.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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O control aéreo inventámolo nós,
os brasileiros.
os brasileiros.
(Risas)
09:02
So we went together with these guys
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Así que, da man destes rapaces,
09:05
and we basically put
this exoskeleton together,
this exoskeleton together,
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puxémonos a armar o exoesqueleto,
09:08
15 degrees of freedom,
hydraulic machine
hydraulic machine
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unha máquina hidráulica
de 15 graos de liberdade
de 15 graos de liberdade
09:11
that can be commanded by brain signals
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que pode ser dirixida
polos sinais eléctricos do cerebro
polos sinais eléctricos do cerebro
09:14
recorded by a non-invasive technology
called electroencephalography
called electroencephalography
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captados por unha tecnoloxía non invasiva
chamada electroencelografía
chamada electroencelografía
que lle permite ao paciente
imaxinar os movementos
imaxinar os movementos
09:18
that can basically allow the patient
to imagine the movements
to imagine the movements
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09:22
and send his commands
to the controls, the motors,
to the controls, the motors,
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e enviar as ordes motrices aos controis
para executar unha tarefa.
para executar unha tarefa.
09:26
and get it done.
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O exoesqueleto foi cuberto
cunha pel artificial
cunha pel artificial
09:27
This exoskeleton was covered
with an artificial skin
with an artificial skin
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09:30
invented by Gordon Cheng,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
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inventada en Múnic por Gordon Cheng,
un dos meus mellores amigos,
un dos meus mellores amigos,
09:34
to allow sensation from the joints moving
and the foot touching the ground
and the foot touching the ground
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que favorece que a sensibilidade
das articulacións e dos pés no chan
das articulacións e dos pés no chan
09:39
to be delivered back to the patient
through a vest, a shirt.
through a vest, a shirt.
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lle chegue ao paciente
a través dun colete.
a través dun colete.
É unha camisiña, unha peciña de roupa
09:43
It is a smart shirt
with micro-vibrating elements
with micro-vibrating elements
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cuns microvibradores.
09:46
that basically delivers the feedback
and fools the patient's brain
and fools the patient's brain
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Envía os sinais de resposta ao paciente
enganando ao seu cerebro
enganando ao seu cerebro
09:51
by creating a sensation that it is not
a machine that is carrying him,
a machine that is carrying him,
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e orixinando a sensación
de que non é a maquina a que o leva
de que non é a maquina a que o leva
09:55
but it is he who is walking again.
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senón que é el
o que está camiñando de novo.
o que está camiñando de novo.
E puxémolo en marcha.
09:58
So we got this going,
and what you'll see here
and what you'll see here
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O que vedes foi a primeira vez que Bruno,
un dos nosos pacientes, camiñou.
un dos nosos pacientes, camiñou.
10:01
is the first time one of our patients,
Bruno, actually walked.
Bruno, actually walked.
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E lévalle uns intres,
xa que temos que poñelo todo a punto.
xa que temos que poñelo todo a punto.
10:06
And he takes a few seconds
because we are setting everything,
because we are setting everything,
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10:08
and you are going to see a blue light
cutting in front of the helmet
cutting in front of the helmet
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Veredes unha luz azul
na parte dianteira do casco,
na parte dianteira do casco,
10:12
because Bruno is going to imagine
the movement that needs to be performed,
the movement that needs to be performed,
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pois Bruno vai imaxinar
o movemento que vai executar,
o movemento que vai executar,
10:16
the computer is going to analyze it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
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o ordenador vai analizalo
e el vai confirmalo.
e el vai confirmalo.
10:19
and when it is certified,
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Unha vez que o confirme,
10:21
the device starts moving
under the command of Bruno's brain.
under the command of Bruno's brain.
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o dispositivo comezará a moverse
seguindo as ordes do cerebro de Bruno.
seguindo as ordes do cerebro de Bruno.
10:24
And he just got it right,
and now he starts walking.
and now he starts walking.
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E como o fixo todo ben,
agora comeza a camiñar.
Tras nove anos sen poder moverse,
está andando por si mesmo.
está andando por si mesmo.
10:29
After nine years without
being able to move,
being able to move,
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10:32
he is walking by himself.
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(Aplausos)
10:34
And more than that --
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É máis ca iso.
(Aplausos)
10:36
(Applause) --
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Máis ca só camiñar,
Bruno está a sentir o chan
Bruno está a sentir o chan
10:39
more than just walking,
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10:41
he is feeling the ground,
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e se a velocidade do exoesqueleto aumenta
10:43
and if the speed of the exo goes up,
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10:45
he tells us that he is walking again
on the sand of Santos,
on the sand of Santos,
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dinos que está camiñando de novo
na area de Santos,
na area de Santos,
10:50
the beach resort where he used to go
before he had the accident.
before he had the accident.
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a praia onde adoitaba ir
antes de sufrir o accidente.
antes de sufrir o accidente.
O motivo é que o seu cerebro
produce unha sensación na cabeza de Bruno.
produce unha sensación na cabeza de Bruno.
10:54
That's why the brain is creating
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
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10:57
So he walks, and at the end of the walk --
I am running out of time already --
I am running out of time already --
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Así que camiñou e ao rematar a andaina
--xa me estou pasando do tempo--
--xa me estou pasando do tempo--
díxonos: "Oídes, rapaces?,
tendes que mo emprestar para a miña voda
tendes que mo emprestar para a miña voda
11:01
he says, "You know, guys,
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11:04
I need to borrow this thing from you
when I get married,
when I get married,
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porque quero camiñar cara ao cura,
ver á miña moza
ver á miña moza
11:06
because I wanted to walk to the priest
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11:09
and see my bride and actually
be there by myself.
be there by myself.
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e estar alí por min mesmo de verdade".
Abofé que poderá usalo cando quixer.
Abofé que poderá usalo cando quixer.
11:13
Of course, he will have it
whenever he wants.
whenever he wants.
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E isto foi o que quixemos mostrar
na Copa do Mundo e non puidemos.
na Copa do Mundo e non puidemos.
11:16
And this is what we wanted to show
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
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Por algunha misteriosa razón,
a FIFA cortou a emisión á metade.
a FIFA cortou a emisión á metade.
11:20
because for some mysterious reason,
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
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O que ides ver rapidamente
é a Juliano Pinto co exoesqueleto
é a Juliano Pinto co exoesqueleto
11:25
What you are going to see very quickly
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
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executando o lanzamento
uns minutos antes de que foramos ao campo
uns minutos antes de que foramos ao campo
11:33
a few minutes before we went to the pitch
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e xutase o balón perante o público.
11:35
and did the real thing
in front of the entire crowd,
in front of the entire crowd,
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11:38
and the lights you are going to see
just describe the operation.
just describe the operation.
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As luces que ides ver
describen a operación.
describen a operación.
As luces azuis intermitentes
indican que o exoesqueleto está listo.
indican que o exoesqueleto está listo.
11:41
Basically, the blue lights pulsating
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
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11:46
It can receive thoughts
and it can deliver feedback,
and it can deliver feedback,
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Pode recibir os pensamentos
e entregar unha resposta.
e entregar unha resposta.
E cando Bruno
toma a decisión de xutar o balón,
toma a decisión de xutar o balón,
11:49
and when Juliano
makes the decision to kick the ball,
makes the decision to kick the ball,
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11:52
you are going to see
two streams of green and yellow light
two streams of green and yellow light
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veredes dúas correntes de luz,
unha verde e outra amarela,
unha verde e outra amarela,
11:55
coming from the helmet
and going to the legs,
and going to the legs,
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que proveñen do casco
e se dirixen ás pernas
e se dirixen ás pernas
11:58
representing the mental commands
that were taken by the exo
that were taken by the exo
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e representan as ordes mentais
que foron recollidas polo exoesqueleto
que foron recollidas polo exoesqueleto
para conseguir que ocorra.
12:02
to actually make that happen.
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Finalmente, a Juliano lévalle
uns 13 s conseguir facelo.
uns 13 s conseguir facelo.
12:04
And in basically 13 seconds,
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12:07
Juliano actually did.
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Podedes ver as ordes no vídeo.
12:09
You can see the commands.
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12:11
He gets ready,
the ball is set, and he kicks.
the ball is set, and he kicks.
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Juliano prepárase,
colócase perante o balón e xútao.
colócase perante o balón e xútao.
12:15
And the most amazing thing is,
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Vouvos dicir o máis emocionante:
12:17
10 seconds after he did that,
and looked at us on the pitch,
and looked at us on the pitch,
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10 s despois de que o fixera
mirando para nós no estadio
mirando para nós no estadio
exclamou mentres o celebraba,
como vistes:
como vistes:
12:20
he told us, celebrating as you saw,
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12:22
"I felt the ball."
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"Sentín o balón!".
E iso non ten prezo.
12:25
And that's priceless.
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12:27
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
E ata onde imos chegar?
Teño 2 min para contárvolo.
Teño 2 min para contárvolo.
12:29
So where is this going to go?
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12:31
I have two minutes to tell you
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Supera os límites da vosa imaxinación.
12:33
that it's going to the limits
of your imagination.
of your imagination.
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A tecnoloxía controlada pola mente
xa está aquí.
xa está aquí.
12:36
Brain-actuating technology is here.
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12:38
This is the latest: We just
published this a year ago,
published this a year ago,
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O máis recente publicámolo hai un ano:
a primeira interface cerebro-cerebro.
a primeira interface cerebro-cerebro.
12:41
the first brain-to-brain interface
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Permítelles a dous animais
intercambiar mensaxes mentais
intercambiar mensaxes mentais
12:43
that allows two animals
to exchange mental messages
to exchange mental messages
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12:46
so that one animal that sees something
coming from the environment
coming from the environment
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de xeito que se algún deles
detecta que un elemento xorde no contorno
detecta que un elemento xorde no contorno
12:50
can send a mental SMS,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
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pode enviarlle un SMS mental,
é dicir, unha mensaxe curta co cerebro,
é dicir, unha mensaxe curta co cerebro,
un torpedo neurofisiolóxico,
ao outro animal
ao outro animal
12:56
to the second animal,
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12:57
and the second animal performs
the act that he needed to perform
the act that he needed to perform
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e este realiza a acción
que precisa efectuar
que precisa efectuar
13:01
without ever knowing what
the environment was sending as a message,
the environment was sending as a message,
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sen sequera ter coñecemento ningún
de qué foi o que xurdiu no contorno.
de qué foi o que xurdiu no contorno.
13:05
because the message came
from the first animal's brain.
from the first animal's brain.
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Mais a mensaxe proveu da mente
doutro animal.
doutro animal.
13:09
So this is the first demo.
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Esta é a primeira demostración. Vou apurar
para mostrarvos a última investigación.
para mostrarvos a última investigación.
13:11
I'm going to be very quick
because I want to show you the latest.
because I want to show you the latest.
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Describirei o que ides ver.
13:15
But what you see here
is the first rat getting informed
is the first rat getting informed
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É a primeira rata que será informada
por un indicador lumínico
por un indicador lumínico
13:21
by a light that is going to show up
on the left of the cage
on the left of the cage
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que se prenderá
na parte esquerda da gaiola
na parte esquerda da gaiola
13:24
that he has to press the left cage
to basically get a reward.
to basically get a reward.
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de que debe premer esa zona
para obter unha recompensa.
para obter unha recompensa.
13:27
He goes there and does it.
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Vai para aí e faino.
13:29
And the same time,
he is sending a mental message
he is sending a mental message
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Ao mesmo tempo,
mándalle unha mensaxe mental á outra rata,
mándalle unha mensaxe mental á outra rata,
13:31
to the second rat
that didn't see any light,
that didn't see any light,
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quen non percibe ningunha luz.
13:35
and the second rat,
in 70 percent of the times
in 70 percent of the times
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E a outra rata, o 70% dos casos,
preme a panca esquerda
preme a panca esquerda
13:37
is going to press the left lever
and get a reward
and get a reward
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e consegue a recompensa
sen sequera percibir a luz na retina.
sen sequera percibir a luz na retina.
13:41
without ever experiencing
the light in the retina.
the light in the retina.
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13:45
Well, we took this
to a little higher limit
to a little higher limit
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Quixemos dar un paso máis
na investigación
na investigación
coa colaboración mental
entre monos
entre monos
13:49
by getting monkeys to collaborate
mentally in a brain net,
mentally in a brain net,
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nunha rede cerebral
13:54
basically to donate their brain activity
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coa que compartir
a actividade cerebral e combinala
a actividade cerebral e combinala
13:56
and combine them to move
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
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para mover o brazo virtual
que vos ensinei antes.
que vos ensinei antes.
14:00
and what you see here is the first time
the two monkeys combine their brains,
the two monkeys combine their brains,
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O que estades a ver é a primeira vez
que dous monos coordinan os seus cerebros
que dous monos coordinan os seus cerebros
14:05
synchronize their brains perfectly
to get this virtual arm to move.
to get this virtual arm to move.
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e sincronízanos perfectamente
para mover o brazo virtual.
para mover o brazo virtual.
14:09
One monkey is controlling the x dimension,
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Un mono controla o eixe das abscisas
e o outro o das ordenadas.
e o outro o das ordenadas.
14:12
the other monkey
is controlling the y dimension.
is controlling the y dimension.
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14:14
But it gets a little more interesting
when you get three monkeys in there
when you get three monkeys in there
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Tórnase un pouquiño máis interesante
cando o teñen que facer tres monos.
cando o teñen que facer tres monos.
Pídeslle ao primeiro que controle
"x" e "y", ao segundo "y" e "z"
"x" e "y", ao segundo "y" e "z"
14:19
and you ask one monkey to control x and y,
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14:22
the other monkey to control y and z,
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14:25
and the third one to control x and z,
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e ao terceiro que dirixa "x" e "z",
de xeito que participan
no xogo xuntos
no xogo xuntos
14:28
and you make them all
play the game together,
play the game together,
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14:30
moving the arm in 3D into a target
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
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e moven o brazo en 3D
cara a un obxectivo
cara a un obxectivo
para obter o afamado
zume de laranxa brasileiro.
zume de laranxa brasileiro.
14:36
And they actually do.
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E, de feito, conségueno.
14:38
The black dot is the average
of all these brains working
of all these brains working
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O punto negro representa a media
destes cerebros traballando en paralelo
destes cerebros traballando en paralelo
14:43
in parallel, in real time.
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e en tempo real.
14:46
That is the definition
of a biological computer,
of a biological computer,
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Esta é a definición
dunha computadora biolóxica:
dunha computadora biolóxica:
14:49
interacting by brain activity
and achieving a motor goal.
and achieving a motor goal.
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interacción da actividade cerebral
para conseguir unha acción de movemento.
para conseguir unha acción de movemento.
14:53
Where is this going?
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E ata onde imos chegar?
Non temos nin idea.
Non temos nin idea.
14:55
We have no idea.
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(Risas)
Só somos científicos.
14:58
We're just scientists.
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(Risas)
14:59
(Laughter)
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15:01
We are paid to be children,
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Págannos por ser rapaces.
15:03
to basically go to the edge
and discover what is out there.
and discover what is out there.
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Por levalo todo ao límite
e descubrir que hai aí fóra.
e descubrir que hai aí fóra.
15:07
But one thing I know:
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Mais sei de certo que un día
dentro duns decenios,
dentro duns decenios,
15:09
One day, in a few decades,
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cando os nosos netos
naveguen por Internet co pensamento,
naveguen por Internet co pensamento,
15:11
when our grandchildren
surf the Net just by thinking,
surf the Net just by thinking,
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15:15
or a mother donates her eyesight
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
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unha nai doe a súa vista
ao seu fillo autista cego
ao seu fillo autista cego
ou alguén fale
grazas a un by-pass cerebro-cerebro,
grazas a un by-pass cerebro-cerebro,
15:19
or somebody speaks because
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
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algún de vos lembrará
15:22
some of you will remember
that it all started on a winter afternoon
that it all started on a winter afternoon
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que todo comezou unha tarde de inverno
nun estadio de fútbol brasileiro
cun lanzamento imposible.
cun lanzamento imposible.
15:28
in a Brazilian soccer field
with an impossible kick.
with an impossible kick.
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Graciñas.
15:32
Thank you.
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(Aplausos)
15:34
(Applause)
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Grazas.
15:43
Thank you.
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Grazas.
-Grazas.
Bruno Giussani: -Imos aló.
Bruno Giussani: -Imos aló.
15:59
Bruno Giussani: Miguel,
thank you for sticking to your time.
thank you for sticking to your time.
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Grazas por axustarse ao tempo.
Concederiámoslle uns minutiños máis
Concederiámoslle uns minutiños máis
16:03
I actually would have given you
a couple more minutes,
a couple more minutes,
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16:05
because there are a couple of points
we want to develop, and, of course,
we want to develop, and, of course,
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para resolver un par de cuestións.
Semella que precisamos cerebros conectados
para achar onde imos chegar.
para achar onde imos chegar.
16:08
clearly it seems that we need connected
brains to figure out where this is going.
brains to figure out where this is going.
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(Risas)
Así que, por que non os conectamos?
16:12
So let's connect all this together.
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16:14
So if I'm understanding correctly,
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Se o entendín ben,
un mono recibirá o sinal
un mono recibirá o sinal
16:16
one of the monkeys
is actually getting a signal
is actually getting a signal
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16:18
and the other monkey
is reacting to that signal
is reacting to that signal
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e o outro reaccionará a ela
16:21
just because the first one is receiving it
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
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dado que o primeiro lle transmitirá
o impulso neurolóxico tras recibila.
o impulso neurolóxico tras recibila.
Miguel Nicolelis: Non é así exactamente.
16:25
Miguel Nicolelis:
No, it's a little different.
No, it's a little different.
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Ningún mono sabe que hai outros dous.
BG: Xa.
BG: Xa.
16:27
No monkey knows of the existence
of the other two monkeys.
of the other two monkeys.
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16:30
They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,
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MN: Reciben impresións visuais en 2D,
mais teñen que realizar unha tarefa en 3D.
mais teñen que realizar unha tarefa en 3D.
16:33
but the task they have
to accomplish is 3D.
to accomplish is 3D.
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16:36
They have to move an arm
in three dimensions.
in three dimensions.
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Deben mover o brazo
tendo en conta tres dimensións.
tendo en conta tres dimensións.
16:38
But each monkey is only getting
the two dimensions on the video screen
the two dimensions on the video screen
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Porén, cada mono só ve as dúas dimensións
que controla na pantalla.
que controla na pantalla.
16:42
that the monkey controls.
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1776
16:44
And to get that thing done,
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E para cumprir o seu cometido,
precísase polo menos
precísase polo menos
16:47
you need at least two monkeys
to synchronize their brains,
to synchronize their brains,
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que dous monos sincronicen
cadanseus cerebros,
cadanseus cerebros,
mais o óptimo é que o fagan tres.
16:49
but the ideal is three.
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O que achamos
foi que se un mono se relaxa
foi que se un mono se relaxa
16:51
So what we found out is that
when one monkey starts slacking down,
when one monkey starts slacking down,
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16:55
the other two monkeys
enhance their performance
enhance their performance
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os outros dous esfórzanse máis
para facelo reaccionar,
para facelo reaccionar,
16:57
to get the guy to come back,
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16:59
so this adjusts dynamically,
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así que se produce un axuste dinámico
e a sincronía xeral segue sendo a mesma.
e a sincronía xeral segue sendo a mesma.
17:02
but the global synchrony remains the same.
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Se invertemos as dimensións que controlan
os monos sen llelo advertir,
os monos sen llelo advertir,
17:06
Now, if you flip
without telling the monkey
without telling the monkey
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17:09
the dimensions that each brain
has to control,
has to control,
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17:11
like this guy is controlling x and y,
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por exemplo, este mono dirixe "x" e "y",
mais debería dirixir "y" e "z",
mais debería dirixir "y" e "z",
17:13
but he should be controlling now y and z,
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instantaneamente o cerebro do animal
esquece as dimensións antigas
esquece as dimensións antigas
17:16
instantaneously, that animal's brain
forgets about the old dimensions
forgets about the old dimensions
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e comeza a concentrarse nas novas.
17:20
and it starts concentrating
on the new dimensions.
on the new dimensions.
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17:23
So what I need to say is
that no Turing machine,
that no Turing machine,
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O que quero dicir
é que ningunha máquina de Turing,
é que ningunha máquina de Turing,
17:26
no computer can predict
what a brain net will do.
what a brain net will do.
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ningunha computadora pode predicir
o funcionamento dunha rede cerebral.
o funcionamento dunha rede cerebral.
17:30
So we will absorb technology
as part of us.
as part of us.
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Se absorbemos a tecnoloxía
coma se for parte de nós,
coma se for parte de nós,
17:33
Technology will never absorb us.
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a tecnoloxía endexamais
nos absorberá a nós.
nos absorberá a nós.
17:35
It's simply impossible.
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É sinxelamente imposible.
17:38
BG: How many times have you tested this?
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BG: Cantas veces o probastes?
17:41
And how many times
have you succeeded versus failed?
have you succeeded versus failed?
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Cantas tivestes éxito
e cantas fracasastes?
e cantas fracasastes?
17:44
MN: Oh, tens of times.
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MN: Decenas de veces.
Cos tres monos? Abofé que si.
Cos tres monos? Abofé que si.
17:46
With the three monkeys?
Oh, several times.
Oh, several times.
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17:48
I wouldn't be able to talk about this here
unless I had done it a few times.
unless I had done it a few times.
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Non sería quen de falar disto aquí
a non ser que o tivese probado.
a non ser que o tivese probado.
17:53
And I forgot to mention, because of time,
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Esquecín mencionar,
pola falta de tempo,
pola falta de tempo,
17:55
that just three weeks ago,
a European group
a European group
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que hai só tres semanas,
un grupo europeo
un grupo europeo
17:59
just demonstrated the first
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
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demostrou a primeira conexión cerebral
entre seres humanos.
entre seres humanos.
18:04
BG: And how does that play?
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BG: E como participaron?
MN: Foi cunha mensaxe curtiña.
MN: Foi cunha mensaxe curtiña.
18:06
MN: There was one bit of information --
big ideas start in a humble way --
big ideas start in a humble way --
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As grandes ideas comezan
modestamente.
modestamente.
18:10
but basically the brain activity
of one subject
of one subject
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Así e todo, basicamente,
a actividade cerebral dun suxeito
a actividade cerebral dun suxeito
18:17
was transmitted to a second object,
all non-invasive technology.
all non-invasive technology.
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foi transmitida a un segundo obxecto,
mediante tecnoloxía non invasiva,
mediante tecnoloxía non invasiva,
18:21
So the first subject got a message,
like our rats, a visual message,
like our rats, a visual message,
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de xeito que o primeiro percibiu
unha mensaxe visual,
unha mensaxe visual,
coma no caso das ratas,
e comunicoulla ao segundo,
e comunicoulla ao segundo,
18:25
and transmitted it to the second subject.
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18:28
The second subject received
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
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quen recibiu un impulso magnético
no córtex visual
no córtex visual
18:32
or a different pulse,
two different pulses.
two different pulses.
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ou outro impulso:
foron dous diferentes en total.
foron dous diferentes en total.
18:36
In one pulse, the subject saw something.
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Cun impulso veu unha cousa
e co outro algo diferente
e co outro algo diferente
18:38
On the other pulse,
he saw something different.
he saw something different.
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18:40
And he was able to verbally indicate
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e foi quen de indicar verbalmente
a mensaxe que lle foi enviada
a mensaxe que lle foi enviada
18:42
what was the message
the first subject was sending
the first subject was sending
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a través de Internet
e en diferentes continentes.
e en diferentes continentes.
18:45
through the Internet across continents.
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18:48
Moderator: Wow.
Okay, that's where we are going.
Okay, that's where we are going.
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BG: Vaia! Entón esa é a meta.
Será o seguinte relatorio TED
na próxima conferencia.
na próxima conferencia.
18:51
That's the next TED Talk
at the next conference.
at the next conference.
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18:53
Miguel Nicolelis, thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
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Miguel Nicolelis, grazas.
MN: Grazas, Bruno.
MN: Grazas, Bruno.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com