TEDGlobal 2014
Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it
Miguel Nicolelis: 脑对脑沟通已来临 － 我们是如何做到的
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你或许记得神经学家Miguel Nicolelis — 他建造的脑控骨骼机器人能够让一个瘫痪患者在2014年世界杯开球。他现在在做些什么呢？设计出让两个两种不同的大脑（目前为止是老鼠和猴子）相互发送信息。视频的最后一个实验，如他所说，将会“挑战想象力的极限。”
Miguel Nicolelis - Neuroscientist
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33
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2014年6月12日
下午3:33分那一刻
下午3:33分那一刻
00:18
in a balmy winter afternoon
in São Paulo, Brazil,
in São Paulo, Brazil,
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在巴西圣保罗的一个
温暖的冬日下午
温暖的冬日下午
00:23
a typical South American winter afternoon,
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一个寻常的南美冬日午后
00:26
this kid, this young man
that you see celebrating here
that you see celebrating here
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这个孩子
你们看到正在庆祝的年轻人
你们看到正在庆祝的年轻人
00:29
like he had scored a goal,
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就像他进了球一样
00:31
Juliano Pinto, 29 years old,
accomplished a magnificent deed.
accomplished a magnificent deed.
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Juliano Pinto，29岁
完成了一个壮举
完成了一个壮举
00:38
Despite being paralyzed
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尽管全身瘫痪
00:40
and not having any sensation
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
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并且从胸中部到脚趾头没有任何知觉
00:45
as the result of a car crash six years ago
that killed his brother
that killed his brother
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六年前夺去他弟弟生命的车祸
00:49
and produced a complete spinal cord lesion
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
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同时导致Juliano脊髓完全损伤
让他坐在了轮椅上
让他坐在了轮椅上
00:57
Juliano rose to the occasion,
and on this day did something
and on this day did something
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Juliano面对挑战
而在这一天，他做了一件
而在这一天，他做了一件
01:02
that pretty much everybody that saw him
in the six years deemed impossible.
in the six years deemed impossible.
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几乎在六年内见过他的人认为不可能的事
01:09
Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick
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Juliano Pinto通过他的想象
01:14
of the 2014 Brazilian
World Soccer Cup here
World Soccer Cup here
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为2014年这里（巴西）举行的世界杯
01:20
just by thinking.
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进行开球
01:22
He could not move his body,
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他无法移动他的身体
01:24
but he could imagine the movements
needed to kick a ball.
needed to kick a ball.
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但他能够想像踢球所需要的动作
01:29
He was an athlete before the lesion.
He's a para-athlete right now.
He's a para-athlete right now.
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脊髓损伤前他是一名运动员
现在他是一名残疾运动员
现在他是一名残疾运动员
01:32
He's going to be in the Paralympic Games,
I hope, in a couple years.
I hope, in a couple years.
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我想他将会参加几年后的残奥会
01:36
But what the spinal cord lesion
did not rob from Juliano
did not rob from Juliano
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但是脊髓损伤没有夺去的
01:40
was his ability to dream.
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是Juliano去梦想的能力
01:43
And dream he did that afternoon,
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
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而在那个下午他梦想成真
在一个75000人的体育场
在一个75000人的体育场
01:49
and an audience of close to a billion
watching on TV.
watching on TV.
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以及电视机前的亿万观众
01:54
And that kick crowned, basically,
30 years of basic research
30 years of basic research
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他的一脚开球，基本上
赞许了30多年来
赞许了30多年来
对脑部的基础研究
02:00
studying how the brain,
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02:02
how this amazing universe
that we have between our ears
that we have between our ears
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这个在我们两耳之间的神奇宇宙
02:06
that is only comparable to universe
that we have above our head
that we have above our head
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这个唯一能与我们
头顶的宇宙相媲美的东西
头顶的宇宙相媲美的东西
02:10
because it has about 100 billion elements
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因为我们的大脑约有千亿个元素
02:13
talking to each other
through electrical brainstorms,
through electrical brainstorms,
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通过脑电风暴相互交流
02:16
what Juliano accomplished
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
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Juliano所完成的
花了30年时间在实验室里想象
花了30年时间在实验室里想象
02:21
and about 15 years to plan.
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和大约15年的时间来策划
02:24
When John Chapin and I,
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
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当John Chapin 和我
在15年前在一篇文章上提出
在15年前在一篇文章上提出
02:28
that we would build something
that we called a brain-machine interface,
that we called a brain-machine interface,
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我们能够造一个我们称之为
脑机接口的机器
脑机接口的机器
02:33
meaning connecting a brain to devices
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意思是能够把人脑连接到一个机器上
02:36
so that animals and humans
could just move these devices,
could just move these devices,
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那么人和动物能够通过控制这个设备
02:40
no matter how far they are
from their own bodies,
from their own bodies,
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无论他们和自己的身体相距多远
02:42
just by imagining what they want to do,
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只要通过你的想象就能让身体做任何事情
02:44
our colleagues told us that
we actually needed professional help,
we actually needed professional help,
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我们的同事告诉我们
我们需要专业帮助
我们需要专业帮助
02:49
of the psychiatry variety.
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心理上的那种
02:52
And despite that,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
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尽管如此
一个苏格兰人和巴西人坚持了下来
一个苏格兰人和巴西人坚持了下来
02:57
because that's how we were raised
in our respective countries,
in our respective countries,
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因为我们就是这样在
各自国家成长起来的
各自国家成长起来的
03:02
and for 12, 15 years,
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而在12至15年间
03:04
we made demonstration after demonstration
suggesting that this was possible.
suggesting that this was possible.
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我们做了一次又一次展示
证明这是可行的
证明这是可行的
03:08
And a brain-machine interface
is not rocket science,
is not rocket science,
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而且脑机接口设备并非高深莫测
03:11
it's just brain research.
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这只是脑部研究
03:13
It's nothing but using sensors
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只是运用传感器
03:16
to read the electrical brainstorms
that a brain is producing
that a brain is producing
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来接收大脑发出的脑电风暴
03:19
to generate the motor commands
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去运行要下载到脊髓的
03:21
that have to be downloaded
to the spinal cord,
to the spinal cord,
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运动指令
03:24
so we projected sensors that can read
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我们预测感应器能够同时接收
03:26
hundreds and now thousands
of these brain cells simultaneously,
of these brain cells simultaneously,
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成百上千的脑细胞
03:30
and extract from these electrical signals
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并且从这些信号中得到
03:33
the motor planning
that the brain is generating
that the brain is generating
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大脑来运作的运动策划
03:36
to actually make us move into space.
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去让我们在空间中移动
03:39
And by doing that, we converted
these signals into digital commands
these signals into digital commands
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这么做我们转化了这些信号成为数字口令
03:42
that any mechanical, electronic,
or even a virtual device can understand
or even a virtual device can understand
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能够让任何一种机械，
电子甚至虚拟设备接收
电子甚至虚拟设备接收
因此能让物体想象他，
她或它想做的动作
她或它想做的动作
03:47
so that the subject can imagine
what he, she or it wants to make move,
what he, she or it wants to make move,
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03:54
and the device obeys that brain command.
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而那个设备遵循大脑的命令
03:57
By sensorizing these devices
with lots of different types of sensors,
with lots of different types of sensors,
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通过把这些设备和许多感应器匹配
04:01
as you are going to see in a moment,
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正如你将会看到的
04:03
we actually sent messages
back to the brain to confirm
back to the brain to confirm
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我们能发信息回大脑去确认
04:07
that that voluntary motor will
was being enacted, no matter where --
was being enacted, no matter where --
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潜意识运动系统将会被设定
无论感应器在哪
无论感应器在哪
04:11
next to the subject, next door,
or across the planet.
or across the planet.
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在物体旁边，在对面房间
或者是在另外一个星球
或者是在另外一个星球
04:16
And as this message gave feedback
back to the brain,
back to the brain,
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当这个信息给予反馈给大脑是
04:19
the brain realized its goal:
to make us move.
to make us move.
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大脑接收它的目的：
让我们移动
让我们移动
04:23
So this is just one experiment
that we published a few years ago,
that we published a few years ago,
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那么这只是我们几年前发表的一个实验
04:27
where a monkey, without moving its body,
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一只猴子，无需动自己的身体
04:29
learned to control the movements
of an avatar arm,
of an avatar arm,
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学会控制一个机械手臂
04:33
a virtual arm that doesn't exist.
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一个不存在的虚拟的手臂
04:35
What you're listening to
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
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你们听到的是这只猴子脑部的声音
04:39
as it explores three different
visually identical spheres
visually identical spheres
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在虚拟空间里边
04:43
in virtual space.
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探索三个视觉上相同的球体
04:45
And to get a reward,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
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奖励就是给猴子一滴它喜欢的橙汁
04:49
this animal has to detect,
select one of these objects
select one of these objects
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这只猴子需要通过触摸
04:52
by touching,
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来探测和选取其中一个物品
04:54
not by seeing it, by touching it,
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不是通过观察，而是通过触摸
04:56
because every time this virtual hand
touches one of the objects,
touches one of the objects,
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因为每当虚拟手臂触摸一个物体时
04:59
an electrical pulse goes back
to the brain of the animal
to the brain of the animal
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一个电子脉冲就会传到猴子的脑部
05:02
describing the fine texture
of the surface of this object,
of the surface of this object,
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给这个动物描述物体表面的质地
05:06
so the animal can judge what is
the correct object that he has to grab,
the correct object that he has to grab,
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猴子就能够判断它需要选哪个物体
05:10
and if he does that, he gets a reward
without moving a muscle.
without moving a muscle.
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如果它找到正确的物体，
他将无需动一块肌肉而得到奖赏
他将无需动一块肌肉而得到奖赏
05:16
The perfect Brazilian lunch:
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完美的巴西式午餐
05:18
not moving a muscle
and getting your orange juice.
and getting your orange juice.
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无需劳动而获得奖励
05:22
So as we saw this happening,
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当我们发现这个之后
05:25
we actually came and proposed the idea
that we had published 15 years ago.
that we had published 15 years ago.
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我们得出了15年前提出的观点
05:29
We reenacted this paper.
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我们重新起草了文章
05:31
We got it out of the drawers,
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我们从箱子里找回这篇文章
05:33
and we proposed that perhaps we could get
a human being that is paralyzed
a human being that is paralyzed
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并提出或许我们可以让一个瘫痪的人
05:37
to actually use the brain-machine
interface to regain mobility.
interface to regain mobility.
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运用脑机接口重新获得运动能力
05:42
The idea was that if you suffered --
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大意就是如果你患有瘫痪
05:44
and that can happen to any one of us.
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（瘫痪）它很有可能发生到任何人身上
05:46
Let me tell you, it's very sudden.
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我和你们说，世事无常
05:48
It's a millisecond of a collision,
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这是毫秒之差的一个事故
05:50
a car accident that
transforms your life completely.
transforms your life completely.
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一次车祸就改变了你的一生
05:53
If you have a complete lesion
of the spinal cord,
of the spinal cord,
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如果你的脊髓完全损伤
05:56
you cannot move because your brainstorms
cannot reach your muscles.
cannot reach your muscles.
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你无法运动因为你的脑电风暴无法
将信号发送到你的肌肉中
将信号发送到你的肌肉中
06:00
However, your brainstorms
continue to be generated in your head.
continue to be generated in your head.
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然而，你的脑电风暴不断在脑部产生
06:04
Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients
dream about moving every night.
dream about moving every night.
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截瘫，全身瘫痪的患者
每天都梦到自己又能运动四肢
每天都梦到自己又能运动四肢
06:08
They have that inside their head.
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他们在脑子里有这样的感觉
06:10
The problem is how
to get that code out of it
to get that code out of it
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问题就是我们怎么把它转码
06:13
and make the movement be created again.
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变成动作
06:16
So what we proposed was,
let's create a new body.
let's create a new body.
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所以我们提出的是
建造一个新的肢体
建造一个新的肢体
06:19
Let's create a robotic vest.
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创造一个机器背心
06:21
And that's exactly why Juliano could
kick that ball just by thinking,
kick that ball just by thinking,
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这就是为什么Juliano能够通过想象来踢球
06:26
because he was wearing
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
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因为他穿着第一件脑控机器背心
06:30
that can be used by paraplegic,
quadriplegic patients to move
quadriplegic patients to move
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能够帮助截瘫，全身瘫痪的患者重新运动
06:34
and to regain feedback.
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并且重新得到运动反馈
06:35
That was the original idea, 15 years ago.
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这就是15年前的想法
06:38
What I'm going to show you is how
156 people from 25 countries
156 people from 25 countries
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我要给你们展示的是从25个国家
06:44
all over the five continents
of this beautiful Earth,
of this beautiful Earth,
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来自这个美丽星球的五大洲的156人
06:47
dropped their lives,
dropped their patents,
dropped their patents,
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放下他们的生活
离开他们的父母
离开他们的父母
06:50
dropped their dogs, wives,
kids, school, jobs,
kids, school, jobs,
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宠物、妻子、儿女、功课、工作
06:54
and congregated to come to Brazil
for 18 months to actually get this done.
for 18 months to actually get this done.
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聚集到巴西度过18个月来完成这个项目
06:59
Because a couple years after Brazil
was awarded the World Cup,
was awarded the World Cup,
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因为在几年后巴西成功申请举办世界杯
07:03
we heard that the Brazilian government
wanted to do something meaningful
wanted to do something meaningful
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我们听说巴西政府想在开幕式上
07:07
in the opening ceremony
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做一些意义非凡的事情
07:08
in the country that reinvented
and perfected soccer
and perfected soccer
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在这个重塑并完善足球的国家
07:12
until we met the Germans, of course.
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当然，那是在我们碰到德国人之前
07:14
(Laughter)
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（笑）
07:16
But that's a different talk,
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但那又是另一个话题了
07:18
and a different neuroscientist
needs to talk about that.
needs to talk about that.
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这是另一类神经学家该讨论的问题
07:22
But what Brazil wanted to do
is to showcase
is to showcase
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但巴西想要做的是展现
07:24
a completely different country,
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一个完全不一样的国家
07:25
a country that values science
and technology,
and technology,
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一个重视科学和技术的国家
07:28
and can give a gift to millions,
25 million people around the world
25 million people around the world
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能够为全球2500万因为脊髓受伤
07:32
that cannot move any longer
because of a spinal cord injury.
because of a spinal cord injury.
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而无法行动的人一个礼物
07:35
Well, we went to the Brazilian government
and to FIFA and proposed,
and to FIFA and proposed,
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我们向巴西政府和国际足联提出建议
07:39
well, let's have the kickoff
of the 2014 World Cup
of the 2014 World Cup
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让我们邀请一个巴西截瘫患者
07:42
be given by a Brazilian paraplegic
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使用一个大脑控制的骨骼康复机器人
07:44
using a brain-controlled exoskeleton
that allows him to kick the ball
that allows him to kick the ball
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让他能接触并感受到球
07:49
and to feel the contact of the ball.
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来为2014世界杯开球
07:52
They looked at us,
thought that we were completely nuts,
thought that we were completely nuts,
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他们像看到一群疯子一样地看着我们
07:54
and said, "Okay, let's try."
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然后说：“好吧，我们来试一下”
07:57
We had 18 months to do everything
from zero, from scratch.
from zero, from scratch.
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我们有18个月的时间从零开始
08:01
We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,
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我们没有机器人，没有患者
08:04
we had nothing done.
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我们什么都没有
08:06
These people came all together
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这些人聚集在一起
08:08
and in 18 months, we got eight patients
in a routine of training
in a routine of training
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并且在18个月的时间里
我们有8位患者进行日常训练
我们有8位患者进行日常训练
08:12
and basically built from nothing this guy,
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基本上是从零开始，这个家伙
08:16
that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.
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我们称它为Bra-Santos Dumont一号
08:21
The first brain-controlled
exoskeleton to be built
exoskeleton to be built
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第一个脑控骨骼康复机器人
08:24
was named after the most famous
Brazilian scientist ever,
Brazilian scientist ever,
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是以巴西最著名的科学家
08:28
Alberto Santos Dumont,
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阿尔贝托 桑托斯 杜蒙来命名
08:30
who, on October 19, 1901,
created and flew himself
created and flew himself
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他在1901年10月19号
发明并自行飞行了
发明并自行飞行了
08:36
the first controlled airship on air
in Paris for a million people to see.
in Paris for a million people to see.
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第一架驾驶飞艇
在巴黎上空在百万人们的注视下飞行
在巴黎上空在百万人们的注视下飞行
08:43
Sorry, my American friends,
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对不起，我的美国朋友们
08:45
I live in North Carolina,
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我住在北卡罗纳
08:47
but it was two years
before the Wright Brothers flew
before the Wright Brothers flew
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但莱特兄弟是在两年后
08:52
on the coast of North Carolina.
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才在北卡的岸边成功试飞的
08:54
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
08:57
Flight control is Brazilian.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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飞行管制是巴西人发明的
（笑）
（笑）
09:02
So we went together with these guys
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那么我们和这些患者一起
09:05
and we basically put
this exoskeleton together,
this exoskeleton together,
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我们把骨骼机器人组装好
09:08
15 degrees of freedom,
hydraulic machine
hydraulic machine
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15个自由度
液压器
液压器
09:11
that can be commanded by brain signals
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能够用脑信号控制
09:14
recorded by a non-invasive technology
called electroencephalography
called electroencephalography
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并被一种非侵入式脑电图记录下来
09:18
that can basically allow the patient
to imagine the movements
to imagine the movements
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能够让病人想象他的动作
09:22
and send his commands
to the controls, the motors,
to the controls, the motors,
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把他的动作发送到遥控上
09:26
and get it done.
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来完成他想做的动作
09:27
This exoskeleton was covered
with an artificial skin
with an artificial skin
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这个脑控机器人被人造皮肤覆盖
09:30
invented by Gordon Cheng,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
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人造皮肤是我最好的朋友之一
Gordon Cheng在慕尼黑发明的
Gordon Cheng在慕尼黑发明的
09:34
to allow sensation from the joints moving
and the foot touching the ground
and the foot touching the ground
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能让移动的关节以及脚触地的感觉
09:39
to be delivered back to the patient
through a vest, a shirt.
through a vest, a shirt.
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通过一件背心传递给患者
09:43
It is a smart shirt
with micro-vibrating elements
with micro-vibrating elements
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是一件有微震元素的智能恤衫
09:46
that basically delivers the feedback
and fools the patient's brain
and fools the patient's brain
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能够反馈并通过创造一种感觉
给患者的大脑产生一种假象
给患者的大脑产生一种假象
09:51
by creating a sensation that it is not
a machine that is carrying him,
a machine that is carrying him,
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让患者感觉不到
是机器人在带动他在行走
是机器人在带动他在行走
09:55
but it is he who is walking again.
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而是他自己能够重新行走
09:58
So we got this going,
and what you'll see here
and what you'll see here
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那么我们把这个弄好了
而你们在这看到的
而你们在这看到的
10:01
is the first time one of our patients,
Bruno, actually walked.
Bruno, actually walked.
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这是我们的患者之一，Bruno
第一次下地行走
第一次下地行走
10:06
And he takes a few seconds
because we are setting everything,
because we are setting everything,
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他用了好几秒的时间
因为我们要把机器人设置好
因为我们要把机器人设置好
10:08
and you are going to see a blue light
cutting in front of the helmet
cutting in front of the helmet
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而你们将会看到从头盔前面闪着的蓝灯
10:12
because Bruno is going to imagine
the movement that needs to be performed,
the movement that needs to be performed,
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因为Bruno需要想象他要做的动作
10:16
the computer is going to analyze it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
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电脑需要分析他要做的动作
Bruno将要确定他的动作
Bruno将要确定他的动作
10:19
and when it is certified,
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当他定好了动作
10:21
the device starts moving
under the command of Bruno's brain.
under the command of Bruno's brain.
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机器人就会按照Bruno大脑的指示行动
10:24
And he just got it right,
and now he starts walking.
and now he starts walking.
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他刚定好
而现在他将开始行走
而现在他将开始行走
10:29
After nine years without
being able to move,
being able to move,
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在经过九年无法移动后
10:32
he is walking by himself.
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他能够自己行走
10:34
And more than that --
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而比这更重要的是
10:36
(Applause) --
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（掌声）
10:39
more than just walking,
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比行走更重要的是
10:41
he is feeling the ground,
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他能感受到地面
10:43
and if the speed of the exo goes up,
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如果机器人的速度加快的话
10:45
he tells us that he is walking again
on the sand of Santos,
on the sand of Santos,
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他告诉我们他在桑托斯的沙滩上再次行走
10:50
the beach resort where he used to go
before he had the accident.
before he had the accident.
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那是他在事故前曾去过的海滩度假胜地
10:54
That's why the brain is creating
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
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这就是为什么在Bruno的脑里
创造了新的知觉
创造了新的知觉
10:57
So he walks, and at the end of the walk --
I am running out of time already --
I am running out of time already --
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那么在他行走结束的时候 ---
我快没时间了 ---
我快没时间了 ---
11:01
he says, "You know, guys,
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他说：“你们知道吗
11:04
I need to borrow this thing from you
when I get married,
when I get married,
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当我结婚的时候我要向你们借这玩意
11:06
because I wanted to walk to the priest
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因为我想亲自走向牧师
11:09
and see my bride and actually
be there by myself.
be there by myself.
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并且亲临现场见我的新娘
11:13
Of course, he will have it
whenever he wants.
whenever he wants.
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当然了，他能随时拥有这台机器
11:16
And this is what we wanted to show
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
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而这是我们想在世界杯上展示给大家而无法实现的东西
11:20
because for some mysterious reason,
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
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因为某些神秘的原因
国际足联把直播减半了
国际足联把直播减半了
11:25
What you are going to see very quickly
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
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你们即将看的是
Juliano Pinto在上场前几分钟
Juliano Pinto在上场前几分钟
11:33
a few minutes before we went to the pitch
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穿着骨骼机器人踢球
11:35
and did the real thing
in front of the entire crowd,
in front of the entire crowd,
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而他将在全场观众面前做这一动作
11:38
and the lights you are going to see
just describe the operation.
just describe the operation.
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你将看到的灯光描述了整个过程
11:41
Basically, the blue lights pulsating
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
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基本上，蓝灯闪就说明机器人准备好了
11:46
It can receive thoughts
and it can deliver feedback,
and it can deliver feedback,
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它能接收我们的想法
并且给予反馈
并且给予反馈
11:49
and when Juliano
makes the decision to kick the ball,
makes the decision to kick the ball,
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而当Juliano做出踢球的决定时
11:52
you are going to see
two streams of green and yellow light
two streams of green and yellow light
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你将会看到
一串绿灯和一串黄灯
一串绿灯和一串黄灯
11:55
coming from the helmet
and going to the legs,
and going to the legs,
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从头盔出来并移动到腿上
11:58
representing the mental commands
that were taken by the exo
that were taken by the exo
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代表着机器人接收到的头脑口令
12:02
to actually make that happen.
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让口令变为动作
12:04
And in basically 13 seconds,
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而在13秒内
12:07
Juliano actually did.
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Juliano做到了他要做的动作
12:09
You can see the commands.
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你能看到他的命令
12:11
He gets ready,
the ball is set, and he kicks.
the ball is set, and he kicks.
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他做好准备
球已放好，而他去踢那个球
球已放好，而他去踢那个球
12:15
And the most amazing thing is,
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而最不可思议的事情是
12:17
10 seconds after he did that,
and looked at us on the pitch,
and looked at us on the pitch,
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他踢球后10秒
他在场上看着我们
他在场上看着我们
12:20
he told us, celebrating as you saw,
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庆祝着如你所看到的
他说：
他说：
12:22
"I felt the ball."
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“我感觉到球了”
12:25
And that's priceless.
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那是无价的
12:27
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
12:29
So where is this going to go?
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那么这个发明的未来在哪里？
12:31
I have two minutes to tell you
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我有两分钟来告诉你们
12:33
that it's going to the limits
of your imagination.
of your imagination.
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它的未来只会限于你们的想象力
12:36
Brain-actuating technology is here.
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脑动技术就在这里
12:38
This is the latest: We just
published this a year ago,
published this a year ago,
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这是最新的情况：
我们在一年前刚发表的
我们在一年前刚发表的
12:41
the first brain-to-brain interface
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第一个脑脑接口
12:43
that allows two animals
to exchange mental messages
to exchange mental messages
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能够让两个动物交换神经信息
12:46
so that one animal that sees something
coming from the environment
coming from the environment
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是一个动物在某环境中看见某些东西
12:50
can send a mental SMS,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
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能够通过发送神经信息，
鱼雷，一种神经生理学的鱼雷
鱼雷，一种神经生理学的鱼雷
12:56
to the second animal,
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给第二个动物
12:57
and the second animal performs
the act that he needed to perform
the act that he needed to perform
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而第二个动物在无需
依靠环境作为信息来源
依靠环境作为信息来源
13:01
without ever knowing what
the environment was sending as a message,
the environment was sending as a message,
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去执行所需要做的动作
13:05
because the message came
from the first animal's brain.
from the first animal's brain.
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因为信息是来自第一个动物的大脑
13:09
So this is the first demo.
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这是第一次演示
13:11
I'm going to be very quick
because I want to show you the latest.
because I want to show you the latest.
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我将会很快展示给你们看
因为我想要给你们看最新的成果
因为我想要给你们看最新的成果
13:15
But what you see here
is the first rat getting informed
is the first rat getting informed
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但你们看到的是
第一只老鼠被
第一只老鼠被
13:21
by a light that is going to show up
on the left of the cage
on the left of the cage
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左边笼子的灯提示后
13:24
that he has to press the left cage
to basically get a reward.
to basically get a reward.
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它要按左边的笼子去获得奖励
13:27
He goes there and does it.
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它走去并按这个笼子
13:29
And the same time,
he is sending a mental message
he is sending a mental message
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与此同时，他发送了一条神经信息
13:31
to the second rat
that didn't see any light,
that didn't see any light,
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给第二只看不见灯的老鼠
13:35
and the second rat,
in 70 percent of the times
in 70 percent of the times
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而第二只老鼠在70%的情况下
13:37
is going to press the left lever
and get a reward
and get a reward
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将会按左边的杠杆去得到奖励
13:41
without ever experiencing
the light in the retina.
the light in the retina.
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而无需肉眼感受到灯光
13:45
Well, we took this
to a little higher limit
to a little higher limit
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4134
那么，我们将难度提高了一些
13:49
by getting monkeys to collaborate
mentally in a brain net,
mentally in a brain net,
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让猴子在一个大脑网络中
进行神经合作
进行神经合作
13:54
basically to donate their brain activity
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实际上就是让他们提供他们的大脑活动
13:56
and combine them to move
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
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并把他们结合起来去移动
我刚展示给你们看的那个虚拟手臂
我刚展示给你们看的那个虚拟手臂
14:00
and what you see here is the first time
the two monkeys combine their brains,
the two monkeys combine their brains,
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你们看到的是
首次两只猴子连接了它们的大脑
首次两只猴子连接了它们的大脑
14:05
synchronize their brains perfectly
to get this virtual arm to move.
to get this virtual arm to move.
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完美的同步了大脑并移动虚拟手臂
14:09
One monkey is controlling the x dimension,
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一只猴子控制X维
14:12
the other monkey
is controlling the y dimension.
is controlling the y dimension.
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而另一只猴子控制Y维
14:14
But it gets a little more interesting
when you get three monkeys in there
when you get three monkeys in there
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但是当三只猴子在一起的时候
就变得更有意思
就变得更有意思
14:19
and you ask one monkey to control x and y,
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你要求一只猴子控制X和Y
14:22
the other monkey to control y and z,
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另一只控制Y和Z
14:25
and the third one to control x and z,
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而第三只控制X和Z
14:28
and you make them all
play the game together,
play the game together,
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你让他们一起来
14:30
moving the arm in 3D into a target
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
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在三维空间里边移动虚拟手臂去领奖励
14:36
And they actually do.
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而它们确实这么做
14:38
The black dot is the average
of all these brains working
of all these brains working
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黑点是这三只猴子的大脑
14:43
in parallel, in real time.
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在平行移动手臂时的平均值
14:46
That is the definition
of a biological computer,
of a biological computer,
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3086
这就是生理计算器的含义
14:49
interacting by brain activity
and achieving a motor goal.
and achieving a motor goal.
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被大脑活动影响并完成驱动目标
14:53
Where is this going?
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这将向什么方向发展？
14:55
We have no idea.
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2585
我们并不知道
14:58
We're just scientists.
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我们只是科学家而已
14:59
(Laughter)
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1297
(笑)
15:01
We are paid to be children,
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2556
我们被雇成为孩子
15:03
to basically go to the edge
and discover what is out there.
and discover what is out there.
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去探索并发现这个世界
15:07
But one thing I know:
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但是有一件事我知道
15:09
One day, in a few decades,
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2185
几十年后的某天
15:11
when our grandchildren
surf the Net just by thinking,
surf the Net just by thinking,
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3522
当我们的子孙通过大脑上网冲浪
15:15
or a mother donates her eyesight
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
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4318
或是一个母亲为自闭的
盲儿童捐献自己的视力
盲儿童捐献自己的视力
15:19
or somebody speaks because
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
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或者某人因为脑脑连接而会说话的时候
15:22
some of you will remember
that it all started on a winter afternoon
that it all started on a winter afternoon
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在座中的某位将会记得这一切
都始于一个冬日午后
都始于一个冬日午后
15:28
in a Brazilian soccer field
with an impossible kick.
with an impossible kick.
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在巴西足球场上那一脚超越可能的开球
15:32
Thank you.
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谢谢
15:34
(Applause)
272
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（鼓掌）
15:43
Thank you.
273
931962
3260
谢谢
15:59
Bruno Giussani: Miguel,
thank you for sticking to your time.
thank you for sticking to your time.
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3564
Bruno Giussani：Miguel，
感谢你遵照这时间规定
感谢你遵照这时间规定
16:03
I actually would have given you
a couple more minutes,
a couple more minutes,
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事实上我将会给多几分钟给你
16:05
because there are a couple of points
we want to develop, and, of course,
we want to develop, and, of course,
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因为有些观点我想再深入讨论一下
16:08
clearly it seems that we need connected
brains to figure out where this is going.
brains to figure out where this is going.
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显然我们需要连接大脑去发现这一切
16:12
So let's connect all this together.
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那么让我们把我们的大脑都连起来
16:14
So if I'm understanding correctly,
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那么，如果我理解正确的话
16:16
one of the monkeys
is actually getting a signal
is actually getting a signal
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其中一只猴子得到信号
16:18
and the other monkey
is reacting to that signal
is reacting to that signal
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而另一只猴子接到信号做出反应
16:21
just because the first one is receiving it
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
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是因为第一只猴子接收并传递神经脉冲
16:25
Miguel Nicolelis:
No, it's a little different.
No, it's a little different.
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Miguel Nicolelis：
不，这有一些不同
不，这有一些不同
没有一只猴子知道有另外两只猴子的存在
16:27
No monkey knows of the existence
of the other two monkeys.
of the other two monkeys.
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16:30
They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,
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它们接收到一个二维的视觉反馈
16:33
but the task they have
to accomplish is 3D.
to accomplish is 3D.
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但它们要完成的任务却是三维的
16:36
They have to move an arm
in three dimensions.
in three dimensions.
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他们需要在三维空间里移动胳膊
16:38
But each monkey is only getting
the two dimensions on the video screen
the two dimensions on the video screen
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但是每只猴子在控制时
16:42
that the monkey controls.
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只有二维图像
16:44
And to get that thing done,
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而要完成这个任务
16:47
you need at least two monkeys
to synchronize their brains,
to synchronize their brains,
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你需要至少两只猴子
去同步它们的大脑
去同步它们的大脑
16:49
but the ideal is three.
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但是在理想状态下是
同时同步三只猴子的大脑
同时同步三只猴子的大脑
16:51
So what we found out is that
when one monkey starts slacking down,
when one monkey starts slacking down,
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那么我们发现
当一只猴子开始松懈时
当一只猴子开始松懈时
16:55
the other two monkeys
enhance their performance
enhance their performance
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另外两只猴子提高他们的动作
16:57
to get the guy to come back,
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让松懈的那只猴子跟上节奏
16:59
so this adjusts dynamically,
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那么这个只是动态上有调整
17:02
but the global synchrony remains the same.
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但是整体还是不变的
17:06
Now, if you flip
without telling the monkey
without telling the monkey
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现在，如果你改变每个大脑控制的维度
17:09
the dimensions that each brain
has to control,
has to control,
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但没有事先告知那些猴子
17:11
like this guy is controlling x and y,
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比如这只猴子控制X和Y
17:13
but he should be controlling now y and z,
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但是它本应该控制Y和Z
17:16
instantaneously, that animal's brain
forgets about the old dimensions
forgets about the old dimensions
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动物的大脑立即忘掉旧的指令
17:20
and it starts concentrating
on the new dimensions.
on the new dimensions.
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并开始专注于新的指令
17:23
So what I need to say is
that no Turing machine,
that no Turing machine,
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我需要说的是这里没有图灵机
17:26
no computer can predict
what a brain net will do.
what a brain net will do.
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没有计算机可以预言大脑能做什么
17:30
So we will absorb technology
as part of us.
as part of us.
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那么我们将技术吸收成为我们的一部分
17:33
Technology will never absorb us.
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科技将不会控制我们
17:35
It's simply impossible.
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（科技控制我们）这是不可能的
17:38
BG: How many times have you tested this?
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BG：你们测试了多少次？
17:41
And how many times
have you succeeded versus failed?
have you succeeded versus failed?
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而在测试中成功和失败的比率是多少？
17:44
MN: Oh, tens of times.
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MN：噢，几十倍
17:46
With the three monkeys?
Oh, several times.
Oh, several times.
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三只猴子在一起的时候？
哦，好几次
哦，好几次
17:48
I wouldn't be able to talk about this here
unless I had done it a few times.
unless I had done it a few times.
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我不可能站在这如果我没有至少做几次测试
17:53
And I forgot to mention, because of time,
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而我忘记提了，因为时间关系
17:55
that just three weeks ago,
a European group
a European group
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在三周前一群欧洲人
17:59
just demonstrated the first
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
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刚演示了第一个人对人，脑对脑的连接
18:04
BG: And how does that play?
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BG：而那个又是如何运作的
18:06
MN: There was one bit of information --
big ideas start in a humble way --
big ideas start in a humble way --
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MN：我知道一点信息
伟大的想法，总始于藏在不起眼的地方
伟大的想法，总始于藏在不起眼的地方
18:10
but basically the brain activity
of one subject
of one subject
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但是基本上一个目标的大脑运动
18:17
was transmitted to a second object,
all non-invasive technology.
all non-invasive technology.
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通过非入侵式科技传递到第二个目标
18:21
So the first subject got a message,
like our rats, a visual message,
like our rats, a visual message,
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那么第一个目标得到一个信息
比如之前说的老鼠，得到一个视觉信号
比如之前说的老鼠，得到一个视觉信号
18:25
and transmitted it to the second subject.
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并传递给第二个目标
18:28
The second subject received
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
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第二个目标在其视觉皮层接收到磁脉冲
18:32
or a different pulse,
two different pulses.
two different pulses.
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或是两种不同的脉冲
18:36
In one pulse, the subject saw something.
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在第一个脉冲中，
目标发现某些东西
目标发现某些东西
18:38
On the other pulse,
he saw something different.
he saw something different.
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在另一个脉冲他发现不同的东西
18:40
And he was able to verbally indicate
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而它能够在口头上通过
18:42
what was the message
the first subject was sending
the first subject was sending
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跨大洲的互联网
18:45
through the Internet across continents.
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指出第一个物体所发出的信息是什么
18:48
Moderator: Wow.
Okay, that's where we are going.
Okay, that's where we are going.
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主持人：哇
那好，这就是我们的方向
那好，这就是我们的方向
18:51
That's the next TED Talk
at the next conference.
at the next conference.
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这将在下一个TED Talk里为大家展示
18:53
Miguel Nicolelis, thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
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Miguel Nicolelis, 谢谢你
MN: 谢谢，Bruno。谢谢大家
MN: 谢谢，Bruno。谢谢大家
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com