TEDxStanford
Chris Gerdes: The future race car -- 150mph, and no driver
Chris Gerdes: Trkaći automobil budućnosti -- 241 km/h, i to bez vozača
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Autonomni automobil dolaze -- i voziti će bolje nego vi. Chris Gerdes otkriva kako on i njegov tim razvijaju robotizirane automobile za utrke koji mogu voziti 241 km/h i pritom izbjegavati sve moguće nezgode. I još, tijekom istraživanja moždanih valova profesionalnih vozača, Gerades kaže da je počeo uvažavati njihove instinkte. (Snimljeno na TEDxStanford.)
Chris Gerdes - Mechanical engineer
An autonomous car may seem like a thing of the distant future, but mechanical engineer Chris Gerdes is racing to make it a reality today. Full bio
An autonomous car may seem like a thing of the distant future, but mechanical engineer Chris Gerdes is racing to make it a reality today. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
So, how many of you have ever
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Dakle, koliko vas je ikad
00:17
gotten behind the wheel of a car
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sjelo za upravljač auta
00:19
when you really shouldn't have been driving?
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a da ste znali da nebi smjeli voziti?
00:25
Maybe you're out on the road for a long day,
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Možda ste bili na cesti čitavi dan,
00:27
and you just wanted to get home.
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i samo ste htjeli doći doma.
00:28
You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles.
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Bili ste umorni, ali ste osjećali da možete voziti još par kilometara.
00:31
Maybe you thought,
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Možda ste mislili,
00:32
I've had less to drink than everybody else,
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popio sam manje nego drugi,
00:34
I should be the one to go home.
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pa bih ja trebao voziti doma.
00:36
Or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere.
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Ili možda uopće niste razmišljali o tome.
00:40
Does this sound familiar to you?
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Zvuči li vam to poznato?
00:42
Now, in those situations, wouldn't it be great
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U ovim situacijama, zar ne bi bilo odlično
00:45
if there was a button on your dashboard
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kada bi postojao gumb na upravljačkoj konzoli
00:46
that you could push, and the car would get you home safely?
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koji bi mogli stisnuti, i auto bi vas sam sigurno odvezao kući?
00:53
Now, that's been the promise of the self-driving car,
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To je do sada bilo obećanje automobila koji samostalno upravlja,
00:55
the autonomous vehicle, and it's been the dream
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autonomnog vozila, i to je bio san
00:57
since at least 1939, when General Motors showcased
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od barem 1939. kada je General Motors objavio
01:01
this idea at their Futurama booth at the World's Fair.
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ovu ideju za svojim Futurama štandom na Svjetskom sajmu.
01:04
Now, it's been one of those dreams
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To je uvijek bio jedan od onih snova,
01:06
that's always seemed about 20 years in the future.
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koji se uvijek činio ostvariv tek za 20 godina u budućnosti.
01:10
Now, two weeks ago, that dream took a step forward,
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Prije dva tjedna, taj san je otišao korak naprijed,
01:13
when the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car
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kada je savezna država Nevada odobrila Googlovom automobilu
01:16
the very first license for an autonomous vehicle,
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prvu dozvolu za vožnju autonomnog vozila,
01:20
clearly establishing that it's legal for them
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čime je jasno poručila da ga mogu legalno
01:22
to test it on the roads in Nevada.
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testirati na ulicama Nevade.
01:24
Now, California's considering similar legislation,
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Kalifornija razmatra sličnu regulativu,
01:27
and this would make sure that the autonomous car
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i time bi se sigurno postiglo da autonomni automobil
01:30
is not one of those things that has to stay in Vegas.
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nisu jedna od onih stvari koje moraju ostati u Vegasu.
01:33
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:35
Now, in my lab at Stanford, we've been working on
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Eh sada, u mom laboratoriju u Stanfordu, i mi smo radili na
01:39
autonomous cars too, but with a slightly different spin
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autonomnim automobilima, ali na malo drugačiji
01:42
on things. You see, we've been developing robotic race cars,
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način. Vidite, mi smo razvijali robotske automobile za utrke,
01:46
cars that can actually push themselves to the very limits
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automobile koji se mogu natjerati do samih granica
01:51
of physical performance.
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fizičkih performansi.
01:53
Now, why would we want to do such a thing?
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Eh sada, zašto bismo željeli učiniti takvu stvar?
01:55
Well, there's two really good reasons for this.
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Pa, postoje dva jako dbora razloga za to.
01:58
First, we believe that before people turn over control
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Prvo, vjerujemo da prije nego što ljudi predaju kontrolu
02:02
to an autonomous car, that autonomous car should be
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autonomnom automobilu, taj autonomni automobil mora biti
02:04
at least as good as the very best human drivers.
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barem toliko dobar koliko i najbolji ljudski vozači.
02:08
Now, if you're like me, and the other 70 percent of the population
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Eh sada, ako ste poput mene, i poput ostalih 70 posto populacije
02:11
who know that we are above-average drivers,
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koji znaju da su iznad proječni vozači,
02:13
you understand that's a very high bar.
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razumijete da je to vrlo visok cilj.
02:16
There's another reason as well.
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No tu također postoji i drugi razlog.
02:19
Just like race car drivers can use all of the friction
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Baš kao što vozači trkačih automobila mogu iskoristiti svo trenje
02:22
between the tire and the road,
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između guma i ceste,
02:24
all of the car's capabilities to go as fast as possible,
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sve mogućnosti automobila da idu najbrže što mogu,
02:27
we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid
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mi želimo iskoristiti sve te mogućnosti da izbjegnemo
02:30
any accident we can.
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svaku moguću nesreću.
02:32
Now, you may push the car to the limits
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Eh sada, možda možete natjerati auto do samih granica
02:34
not because you're driving too fast,
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ne zato jer vozite prebrzo,
02:36
but because you've hit an icy patch of road,
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već zato jer ste naišli na zaleđeni dio ceste,
02:38
conditions have changed.
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jer su se uvjeti promijenili.
02:40
In those situations, we want a car
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U takvim situacijama, mi želimo da je auto
02:42
that is capable enough to avoid any accident
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dovoljno sposoban da izbjegne svaku nesreću
02:46
that can physically be avoided.
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koja bi se zapravo mogla izbjeći.
02:49
I must confess, there's kind of a third motivation as well.
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Moram priznati, postoji tu i treća motivacija.
02:53
You see, I have a passion for racing.
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Vidite, ja sam strastven u vezi utrka.
02:55
In the past, I've been a race car owner,
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U prošlosti, posjedovao sam trkaći auto,
02:58
a crew chief and a driving coach,
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bio sam šef tima, i instruktor za vožnju,
03:01
although maybe not at the level that you're currently expecting.
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iako možda ne na nivou koji trenutno očekujete.
03:04
One of the things that we've developed in the lab --
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Jedna od stvari koje smo razvili u laboratoriju --
03:07
we've developed several vehicles --
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a razvili smo više vozila--
03:09
is what we believe is the world's first
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je ono što vjerujemo da je prvi na svijetu
03:11
autonomously drifting car.
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autonoman auto koji drifta.
03:13
It's another one of those categories
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To je još jedna od onih kategorija
03:16
where maybe there's not a lot of competition.
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gdje vjerovatno nema mnogo konkurencije.
03:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:20
But this is P1. It's an entirely student-built electric vehicle,
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Ali ovo je P1. To električno vozilo u potpunosti napravljeno od strane studenata
03:24
which through using its rear-wheel drive
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koje uz pomoć stražnjeg pogona
03:26
and front-wheel steer-by-wire
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i prednjeg upravljanja preko žica
03:27
can drift around corners.
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može driftati u zavojima.
03:29
It can get sideways like a rally car driver,
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Mogu se zanositi postrance poput vozača relija,
03:31
always able to take the tightest curve,
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uvijek su u mogučnosti proći kroz najuži zavoj,
03:33
even on slippery, changing surfaces,
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čak i na skliskim, nepredvidljivim površinama,
03:36
never spinning out.
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i nikada se ne izmaknu kontroli.
03:38
We've also worked with Volkswagen Oracle,
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Također smo radili s Volkswagen Oracleom,
03:40
on Shelley, an autonomous race car that has raced
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na Schelly, autonomnom trkačem automobilu koji je jurio
03:44
at 150 miles an hour through the Bonneville Salt Flats,
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241 kilometar na sat na Bonnevilskim slanim ravnicama.
03:47
gone around Thunderhill Raceway Park in the sun,
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vozio po Thunderhill trkačem parku po suncu,
03:51
the wind and the rain,
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vjetru i po kiši,
03:54
and navigated the 153 turns and 12.4 miles
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i uspješno prošao svih 153 zavoja na 20 kilometara
03:59
of the Pikes Peak Hill Climb route
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dugom usponu Pikes Peak brda
04:01
in Colorado with nobody at the wheel.
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u Koloradu dok nikog nije bilo za volanom.
04:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:06
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:11
I guess it goes without saying that we've had a lot of fun
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Pretpostavljam da vam ni ne moramo reči koliko smo se jako zabavljali
04:14
doing this.
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dok smo radili na ovome.
04:16
But in fact, there's something else that we've developed
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Ali, postoji još nešto što smo razvili
04:19
in the process of developing these autonomous cars.
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u procesu razvoja ovih autonomnih automobila.
04:22
We have developed a tremendous appreciation
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Razvili smo nevjerojatno poštovanje
04:26
for the capabilities of human race car drivers.
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prema mogučnostima koji vozači ovih trkačih auta imaju.
04:30
As we've looked at the question of how well do these cars perform,
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Dok smo istraživali koliko su dobri ovi auti,
04:34
we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts.
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htjeli smo ih usporediti s našim ljudskim suparnicima.
04:38
And we discovered their human counterparts are amazing.
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I otkrili smo da su njihovi ljudski suparnici nevjerojatni.
04:43
Now, we can take a map of a race track,
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Možemo uzeti kartu trkače staze,
04:47
we can take a mathematical model of a car,
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možemo uzeti matematički model auta,
04:50
and with some iteration, we can actually find
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i uz nešto iteracije, možemo zapravo naći
04:53
the fastest way around that track.
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najbržu putanju za tu stazu.
04:54
We line that up with data that we record
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Usporedili smo te podatke s onima koje smo snimili
04:57
from a professional driver,
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od profesionalnog vozača,
04:58
and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable.
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i podudarnost je bila apsolutno nevjerojatna.
05:02
Yes, there are subtle differences here,
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Da, ovdje postoje male razlike,
05:06
but the human race car driver is able to go out
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ali čovjek može izaći na stazu
05:09
and drive an amazingly fast line,
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i voziti nevjerojatno brzim putanjama,
05:11
without the benefit of an algorithm that compares
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bez pomoći algoritma koji uspoređuje
05:13
the trade-off between going as fast as possible
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balans između jurenja najbrže što možemo
05:16
in this corner, and shaving a little bit of time
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kroz ovaj zavoj, i "skidanja" vremena
05:18
off of the straight over here.
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na onoj ravnini.
05:20
Not only that, they're able to do it lap
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Ne samo to, oni su u mogućnosti da to rade krug
05:23
after lap after lap.
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za krugom za krugom.
05:26
They're able to go out and consistently do this,
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Oni su u mogućnosti izaći na stazu i neprestano to raditi,
05:29
pushing the car to the limits every single time.
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gurati automobil do samih granica svakog puta.
05:33
It's extraordinary to watch.
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To je nevjerojatno za gledati.
05:36
You put them in a new car,
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Stavite ih u neki novi auto,
05:38
and after a few laps, they've found the fastest line in that car,
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i nakon par krugova, oni su našli najbržu putanju za taj auto,
05:42
and they're off to the races.
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i već se mogu utrkivati.
05:46
It really makes you think,
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To vas zaista natjera da pomislite,
05:47
we'd love to know what's going on inside their brain.
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voljeli bismo znati što se događa u njihovom mozgu.
05:52
So as researchers, that's what we decided to find out.
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A kako smo istraživači, upravo to smo odlučili doznati.
05:56
We decided to instrument not only the car,
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Odlučili smo spojiti instrumente ne samo na auto,
05:58
but also the race car driver,
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već i na vozača,
06:01
to try to get a glimpse into what was going on
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kako bismo pokušali dobiti sliku o tome što se događa
06:03
in their head as they were doing this.
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u njihovoj glavi dok to rade.
06:06
Now, this is Dr. Lene Harbott applying electrodes
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Ovo je Dr. Lene Harbott dok postavlja elektrode
06:10
to the head of John Morton.
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na glavu Johna Mortona.
06:11
John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver,
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John Moron je bivši Can-Am i IMSA vozač,
06:14
who's also a class champion at Le Mans.
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koji je također prvak u svojoj klasi na Le Mans utrci.
06:16
Fantastic driver, and very willing to put up with graduate students
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Odličan vozač, i vrlo strpljiv sa studentima
06:19
and this sort of research.
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i ovakvom vrstom istraživanja.
06:21
She's putting electrodes on his head
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Ona stavlja elektrode na glavu
06:24
so that we can monitor the electrical activity
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kako bismo mogli pratiti električne aktivnosti
06:26
in John's brain as he races around the track.
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u Johnovom mozgu dok vozi stazom.
06:29
Now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head
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Eh sada, sigurno nećemo postaviti par elektroda na njegovu glavu
06:32
and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track.
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i odma shvatiti što se sve točno događa dok je on na stazi.
06:35
However, neuroscientists have identified certain patterns
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Kako bilo, neuroznanstvenici su uočili određene uzorke
06:38
that let us tease out some very important aspects of this.
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pomoću kojih vidimo neke vrlo bitne značajke.
06:42
For instance, the resting brain
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Na primjer, mozak koji se odmara
06:44
tends to generate a lot of alpha waves.
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proizvodi mnogo alfa valova.
06:46
In contrast, theta waves are associated with
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Nasuprot tome, theta valovi su povezani s
06:50
a lot of cognitive activity, like visual processing,
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mnogo kongitivne aktivnosti, poput obrade vida,
06:53
things where the driver is thinking quite a bit.
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te stvari gdje vozač poprilično puno razmišlja.
06:56
Now, we can measure this,
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Mi možemo izmjeriti ovo,
06:58
and we can look at the relative power
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i možemo usporediti relativnu snagu
07:00
between the theta waves and the alpha waves.
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između theta valova i alfa valova.
07:02
This gives us a measure of mental workload,
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To nam daje mjeru mentalnog opterećenja,
07:05
how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively
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koliko je vozač zapravo zaokupljen kongitivno
07:08
at any point along the track.
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tijekom svakog dijela staze.
07:10
Now, we wanted to see if we could actually record this
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Mi smo htjeli vidjeti možemo li to zapravo snimiti
07:13
on the track, so we headed down south to Laguna Seca.
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na stazi, pa smo otišli dolje na jug u Laguna Seca.
07:16
Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway
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Laguna Seca je legendarna trkača staza
07:18
about halfway between Salinas and Monterey.
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na pola puta između Salinasa i Montereya.
07:20
It has a curve there called the Corkscrew.
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Ima zavoj koji nazivaju vadičep.
07:22
Now, the Corkscrew is a chicane, followed by a quick
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Vadičep je zapravo šikana, nakon koje slijedi brzi
07:25
right-handed turn as the road drops three stories.
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zavoj u desno tjekom kojeg se staza spušta tri kata prema dolje.
07:28
Now, the strategy for driving this as explained to me was,
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Strategija za vožnju ovim zavojem, kako su meni objasnili je,
07:31
you aim for the bush in the distance,
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da ciljate grmić u daljini,
07:34
and as the road falls away, you realize it was actually the top of a tree.
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i kako se cesta počinje spuštati, shvatite da je to zapravo vrh drveta.
07:37
All right, so thanks to the Revs Program at Stanford,
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U redu, zahvaljujući Revs programu na Stanfordu,
07:40
we were able to take John there
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bili smo u mogućnosti odvesti Johna ondje
07:41
and put him behind the wheel
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i staviti za za upravljač
07:42
of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera.
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Porshe Avarth Carrere iz 1960.
07:45
Life is way too short for boring cars.
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Jer život je prekratak za dosadne aute.
07:48
So, here you see John on the track,
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Dakle, ovdje vidite Johna na stazi,
07:50
he's going up the hill -- Oh! Somebody liked that --
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kako se penje uz brdo -- Oh! Nekome se svidjelo ovo --
07:52
and you can see, actually, his mental workload
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i možete vidjeti, zapravo, njegovo mentalno opterećenje
07:55
-- measuring here in the red bar --
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-- koje se mjeri ovdje crvenim grafikonom --
07:57
you can see his actions as he approaches.
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možete vidjeti njegove reakcije dok prilazi.
07:59
Now watch, he has to downshift.
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Sada pazite, treba prebaciti u nižu brzinu.
08:03
And then he has to turn left.
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I onda treba skreniti ulijevo.
08:03
Look for the tree, and down.
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Pogledati u drvo, i dolje.
08:07
Not surprisingly, you can see this is a pretty challenging task.
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Neiznenađujuće, možete vidjeti da je ovo poprilično zahtjevan zadatak.
08:10
You can see his mental workload spike as he goes through this,
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Možete vidjeti kako njegovo mentalno opetrećenje jako raste dok prolazi kroz ovo,
08:13
as you would expect with something that requires
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kao što možete i očekivati s nečim što zahtjeva
08:15
this level of complexity.
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ovoliki supanj kompleksnosti.
08:18
But what's really interesting is to look at areas of the track
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Ali ono što je zaista zanimljivo jest pogledati dijelove staze
08:21
where his mental workload doesn't increase.
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gdje se njegovo moždano opterećenje ne povećava.
08:24
I'm going to take you around now
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Odvesti ću vas preko sada,
08:26
to the other side of the track.
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na drugi dio staze.
08:27
Turn three. And John's going to go into that corner
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Zavoj broj tri. John će ući u taj zavoj
08:29
and the rear end of the car is going to begin to slide out.
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i zadnji dio automobila će početi poklizavati.
08:32
He's going to have to correct for that with steering.
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To će morati ispraviti upravljanjem.
08:34
So watch as John does this here.
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Pa pogledajte Johna kako to radi ovdje.
08:36
Watch the mental workload, and watch the steering.
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Pogledajte njegovo moždano opterečenje, i pogledajte kako upravlja.
08:38
The car begins to slide out, dramatic maneuver to correct it,
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Auto počinje proklizavati, dramatičan manevar da ispravi to,
08:42
and no change whatsoever in the mental workload.
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i nema baš nikakve promjene u moždanom opterećenju.
08:45
Not a challenging task.
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To nije zahtijevan zadatak.
08:48
In fact, entirely reflexive.
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Zapravo, to je potpuno refleksno.
08:52
Now, our data processing on this is still preliminary,
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Naša obrada podataka u vezi ovoga je još preliminarna,
08:55
but it really seems that these phenomenal feats
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ali uistinu se čini da ovi fenomenali pothvati
08:58
that the race car drivers are performing
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koje izvode vozači trkačih automobila
08:59
are instinctive.
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su instiktivni.
09:01
They are things that they have simply learned to do.
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To su stvari koje su oni jednostavno naučili raditi.
09:05
It requires very little mental workload
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Zahtjeva se jako malo moždanog rada
09:07
for them to perform these amazing feats.
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da bi se izveli ti nevjerojatni podvizi.
09:10
And their actions are fantastic.
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I njihova djela su fantastična.
09:13
This is exactly what you want to do on the steering wheel
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Ovo je upravo ono što želite napraviti s upravljačem
09:16
to catch the car in this situation.
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kako biste ispravili auto u ovoj situaciji.
09:19
Now, this has given us tremendous insight
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Ovo nam je pružilo nevjerojatan uvid
09:22
and inspiration for our own autonomous vehicles.
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i inspiraciju za naša autonomna vozila.
09:25
We've started to ask the question:
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Pitali smo se jednu stvar:
09:27
Can we make them a little less algorithmic
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Možemo li ih napraviti da se manje oslanjaju na algoritme
09:30
and a little more intuitive?
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i malo više intuitivnima.
09:32
Can we take this reflexive action
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Možemo li uzeti ovaj refleksni pokret
09:34
that we see from the very best race car drivers,
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koji vidimo kod najboljih vozača trkačih automobila,
09:37
introduce it to our cars,
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uvesti ih u naše aute,
09:38
and maybe even into a system that could
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a možda čak i u sustave koji bi se mogli
09:40
get onto your car in the future?
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naći u vašim autima u budučnosti?
09:42
That would take us a long step
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To bi nas odvelo velikim korakom prema naprijed
09:44
along the road to autonomous vehicles
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na putu prema autonomnim vozilima
09:46
that drive as well as the best humans.
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koji voze jednako dobro kao i najbolji ljudi.
09:48
But it's made us think a little bit more deeply as well.
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Ali to nas je također natjeralo da razmišljamo malo dublje.
09:52
Do we want something more from our car
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Želimo li još nešto od našeg auta
09:55
than to simply be a chauffeur?
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osim da nam jednostavno bude vozač?
09:57
Do we want our car to perhaps be a partner, a coach,
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Želimo li možda da nam auto bude partner, trener,
10:01
someone that can use their understanding of the situation
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netko tko može iskoristiti svoje razumijevanje situacije
10:04
to help us reach our potential?
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kako bi nam pomogao da dosegnemo svoje potencijale?
10:08
Can, in fact, the technology not simply replace humans,
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Može li, zapravo, tehnologija ne samo zamijeniti ljude,
10:10
but allow us to reach the level of reflex and intuition
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nego dopustiti nam da dostignemo razinu refleksa i intuicije
10:15
that we're all capable of?
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na koju smo svi sposobni?
10:18
So, as we move forward into this technological future,
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Stoga, dok se krećemo naprijed u ovu tehnološku budućnost,
10:20
I want you to just pause and think of that for a moment.
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želim da malo zastanete i razmislite na trenutak.
10:23
What is the ideal balance of human and machine?
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Koja je idealna ravnoteža ljudi i strojeva?
10:27
And as we think about that,
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I dok razmišljamo o tome,
10:29
let's take inspiration
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preuzmimo inspiraciju
10:30
from the absolutely amazing capabilities
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od apsolutno nevjerojatnih sposobnosti
10:34
of the human body and the human mind.
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ljudskog tijela i ljudskog uma.
10:37
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chris Gerdes - Mechanical engineerAn autonomous car may seem like a thing of the distant future, but mechanical engineer Chris Gerdes is racing to make it a reality today.
Why you should listen
Imagine a car that can drive itself -- that with the push of a button can get you home safely when you’re too tired to drive or have had a night of one too many drinks. Dr. Chris Gerdes , the Director of the Center for Automotive Research at Stanford (conveniently acronymed CARS), and his team are developing a robotic race car, capable of driving at outrageous speeds while avoiding every possible accident. Gerdes’ research focuses on the development of driver assistance systems for collision avoidance, as well as on new combustion processes for engines.
Prior to teaching at Stanford, Gerdes was the project leader for vehicle dynamics at the Vehicle Systems Technology Center of Daimler-Benz Research and Technology North America. His work at Daimler focused on safety analysis.
Chris Gerdes | Speaker | TED.com