TED2014
Deborah Gordon: What ants teach us about the brain, cancer and the Internet
Deborah Gordon: Što nas mravi mogu poučiti o mozgu, raku i internetu
Filmed:
Readability: 4.5
1,481,089 views
Ekologinja Deborah Gordon proučava mrave gdje god da ih nađe -- u pustinji, u tropskim krajevima, u kuhinji... U fascinantnom govoru, objašnjava svoju opsesiju insektima koje bismo većina nas jednostavno zgnječili čim bismo ih ugledali. Ona tvrdi da život mrava pruža koristan model za učenje o mnogim temama, uključujući bolesti, tehnologiju i ljudski mozak.
Deborah Gordon - Ecologist
By studying how ant colonies work without any one leader, Deborah Gordon has identified striking similarities in how ant colonies, brains, cells and computer networks regulate themselves. Full bio
By studying how ant colonies work without any one leader, Deborah Gordon has identified striking similarities in how ant colonies, brains, cells and computer networks regulate themselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I study ants
0
1099
1619
Ja proučavam mrave
00:14
in the desert, in the tropical forest
1
2718
3297
u pustinji, u tropskoj šumi
00:18
and in my kitchen,
2
6015
1528
i u mojoj kuhinji,
00:19
and in the hills around Silicon Valley where I live.
3
7543
4020
i na brežuljcima Silicijske Doline gdje živim.
00:23
I've recently realized that ants
4
11563
1676
Nedavno sam shvatila da mravi
00:25
are using interactions differently
5
13239
2278
drugačije koriste interakciju
00:27
in different environments,
6
15517
1828
u različitim okruženjima,
00:29
and that got me thinking
that we could learn from this
that we could learn from this
7
17345
2000
i to me navelo na razmišljanje
da bismo iz toga mogli naučiti
da bismo iz toga mogli naučiti
00:31
about other systems,
8
19345
1555
o drugim sustavima,
00:32
like brains and data networks that we engineer,
9
20900
5588
kao što su mozak ili podatkovne mreže koje proizvodimo,
00:38
and even cancer.
10
26488
2846
pa čak i rak.
00:41
So what all these systems have in common
11
29334
1752
Ono što je svim tim sustavima zajedničko
00:43
is that there's no central control.
12
31086
2857
jest da ne posjeduju središnju kontrolu.
00:45
An ant colony consists of sterile female workers --
13
33943
3820
Kolonija mrava sastoji se od sterilnih ženki radilica --
00:49
those are the ants you see walking around —
14
37763
2386
to su mravi koje vidite da hodaju uokolo --
00:52
and then one or more reproductive females
15
40149
2156
i onda jedna ili više ženki za parenje
00:54
who just lay the eggs.
16
42305
2103
koje samo polažu jajašca.
00:56
They don't give any instructions.
17
44408
2009
One ne daju nikakve upute.
00:58
Even though they're called queens,
18
46417
1984
Iako se nazivaju kraljicama,
01:00
they don't tell anybody what to do.
19
48401
2165
one nikome ne govore što da radi.
01:02
So in an ant colony, there's no one in charge,
20
50566
3276
Dakle u mravljoj koloniji, nitko nije glavni,
01:05
and all systems like this without central control
21
53842
2778
i svi slični sustavi bez središnje kontrole
01:08
are regulated using very simple interactions.
22
56620
3919
su podešeni koristeći vrlo jednostavne interakcije.
01:12
Ants interact using smell.
23
60549
2727
Mravi međusobno komuniciraju koristeći njuh.
01:15
They smell with their antennae,
24
63276
2187
Njuše pomoću svojih antena,
01:17
and they interact with their antennae,
25
65463
2761
i komuniciraju pomoću svojih antena,
01:20
so when one ant touches another with its antennae,
26
68224
3009
stoga kad jedan mrav dotakne drugog svojom antenom,
01:23
it can tell, for example, if the other ant
27
71233
1607
zna, na primjer, je li drugi mrav
01:24
is a nestmate
28
72840
1634
iz istog gnijezda
01:26
and what task that other ant has been doing.
29
74474
4236
i što taj drugi mrav radi.
01:30
So here you see a lot of ants moving around
30
78710
3200
Ovdje vidite mnogo mrava koji idu uokolo
01:33
and interacting in a lab arena
31
81910
1933
i komuniciraju u lab-areni
01:35
that's connected by tubes to two other arenas.
32
83843
3438
koja je povezana cijevima s druge dvije arene.
01:39
So when one ant meets another,
33
87281
2504
Kad jedan mrav sretne drugoga,
01:41
it doesn't matter which ant it meets,
34
89785
2089
nije bitno kojeg mrava sretne,
01:43
and they're actually not transmitting
35
91874
1885
i oni zapravo ne emitiraju
01:45
any kind of complicated signal or message.
36
93759
3465
nikakvu vrstu kompliciranih signala ili poruka.
01:49
All that matters to the ant is the rate
37
97224
2111
Sve što je mravu bitno jest stopa
01:51
at which it meets other ants.
38
99335
2821
kojom susreće drugog mrava.
01:54
And all of these interactions, taken together,
39
102156
2757
I sve te interakcije, zajedno,
01:56
produce a network.
40
104913
2505
tvore mrežu.
01:59
So this is the network of the ants
41
107418
2210
To je mreža mrava
02:01
that you just saw moving around in the arena,
42
109628
2644
koje ste upravo vidjeli da se kreću arenom,
02:04
and it's this constantly shifting network
43
112272
3287
ta se mreža stalno mijenja
02:07
that produces the behavior of the colony,
44
115559
2520
i određuje vrste ponašanja kolonije,
02:10
like whether all the ants are hiding inside the nest,
45
118079
2881
kao što je npr. hoće li se svi mravi sakriti u gnijezdo,
02:12
or how many are going out to forage.
46
120960
2694
ili koliko će ih ići van u potragu za hranom.
02:15
A brain actually works in the same way,
47
123654
1759
Mozak zapravo radi na istom principu,
02:17
but what's great about ants is
48
125413
1500
ali ono što je kod mrava super jest
02:18
that you can see the whole network as it happens.
49
126913
4867
to što se cijela mreža može vidjeti u tijeku događanja.
02:23
There are more than 12,000 species of ants,
50
131780
3100
Postoji više od 12 tisuća mrava,
02:26
in every conceivable environment,
51
134880
2125
u svakom zamislivom okruženju,
02:29
and they're using interactions differently
52
137005
2649
i koriste interakciju drugačije
02:31
to meet different environmental challenges.
53
139654
2768
kako bi svladali preprjeke iz okruženja.
02:34
So one important environmental challenge
54
142422
2305
Jedan značajan izazov
02:36
that every system has to deal with
55
144727
1870
koji svaki sustav mora riješiti
02:38
is operating costs, just what it takes
56
146597
2083
jesu operativni troškovi, tj. ono što je potrebno
02:40
to run the system.
57
148680
2265
da bi sustav funkcionirao.
02:42
And another environmental challenge is resources,
58
150945
2548
Drugi značajan izazov su resursi,
02:45
finding them and collecting them.
59
153493
2336
pronalazak i skupljanje resursa.
02:47
In the desert, operating costs are high
60
155829
2783
U pustinji su operativni troškovi visoki
02:50
because water is scarce,
61
158612
1773
jer vlada oskudica vode,
02:52
and the seed-eating ants that I study in the desert
62
160385
2499
i mravi sjemenojedi koje proučavam u pustinji
02:54
have to spend water to get water.
63
162884
2900
moraju potrošiti vodu da bi je dobili.
02:57
So an ant outside foraging,
64
165784
2139
Stoga mrav koji traga za hranom,
02:59
searching for seeds in the hot sun,
65
167923
2037
tražeći sjemenje po žarkom suncu,
03:01
just loses water into the air.
66
169960
2007
gubi vodu u zrak.
03:03
But the colony gets its water
67
171967
1664
Ali kolonija dobiva svoju vodu
03:05
by metabolizing the fats out of the seeds
68
173631
1766
metabolizirajući masti iz sjemenja
03:07
that they eat.
69
175397
1934
koje jedu.
03:09
So in this environment, interactions are used
70
177331
3159
Stoga u tom okruženju, interakcija se koristi
03:12
to activate foraging.
71
180490
1549
kako bi se aktivirala potraga za hranom.
03:14
An outgoing forager doesn't go out unless
72
182039
2264
Tragač za hranom ne ide van ukoliko
03:16
it gets enough interactions with returning foragers,
73
184303
2573
ne dobije dovoljan broj informacija od povratnika,
03:18
and what you see are the returning foragers
74
186876
1990
ono što vidite su mravi koji se vraćaju iz potrage za hranom
03:20
going into the tunnel, into the nest,
75
188866
1824
ulaze u tunel, u gnijezdo,
03:22
and meeting outgoing foragers on their way out.
76
190690
2636
susrećući se s onima što kreću u potragu za hranom.
03:25
This makes sense for the ant colony,
77
193326
1623
Za mravlju koloniju to ima smisla,
03:26
because the more food there is out there,
78
194949
2323
jer što je više hrane tamo vani,
03:29
the more quickly the foragers find it,
79
197272
1851
to je brže tragači nalaze,
03:31
the faster they come back,
80
199123
1236
brže se vraćaju,
03:32
and the more foragers they send out.
81
200359
2801
stoga više tragača opet šalju van,
03:35
The system works to stay stopped,
82
203160
2507
Sustav radi da ostane zaustavljen,
03:37
unless something positive happens.
83
205667
2015
osim ako se ne dogodi nešto dobro.
03:39
So interactions function to activate foragers.
84
207682
3881
Dakle interakcija funkcionira na način da pokrene tragače.
03:43
And we've been studying
the evolution of this system.
the evolution of this system.
85
211563
2907
Proučavali smo
evoluciju ovog sustava.
evoluciju ovog sustava.
03:46
First of all, there's variation.
86
214470
1091
Prije svega, postoji varijacija.
03:47
It turns out that colonies are different.
87
215561
2479
Ispada da su kolonije različite.
03:50
On dry days, some colonies forage less,
88
218040
2696
Za sušnih dana, neke kolonije tragaju za hranom manje,
03:52
so colonies are different in how
89
220736
1505
stoga se kolonije razlikuju po tome kako
03:54
they manage this trade-off
90
222241
1354
upravljaju tim kompenziranjem
03:55
between spending water to search for seeds
91
223595
3168
između trošenja vode za traženje sjemenja
03:58
and getting water back in the form of seeds.
92
226763
3320
i dobivanja vode natrag kroz sjemenje.
04:02
And we're trying to understand why
93
230083
1719
I pokušavamo shvatiti zašto
04:03
some colonies forage less than others
94
231802
2140
neke kolonije tragaju manje od ostalih
04:05
by thinking about ants as neurons,
95
233942
2325
razmišljajući o mravima kao neuronima,
04:08
using models from neuroscience.
96
236267
2338
koristeći modele iz neuroznanosti.
04:10
So just as a neuron adds up its stimulation
97
238605
2674
Stoga baš kao što neuron uključuje stimulaciju
04:13
from other neurons to decide whether to fire,
98
241279
2006
od drugog neurona kako bi odlučio treba li odaslati signal
04:15
an ant adds up its stimulation from other ants
99
243285
2885
tako i mrav dobiva stimulaciju od drugih mrava
04:18
to decide whether to forage.
100
246170
2023
kako bi odlučio treba li ići tragati za hranom.
04:20
And what we're looking for is whether there might be
101
248193
1637
Ono što tražimo jest postoji li možda
04:21
small differences among colonies
102
249830
1992
mala razlika između kolonija
04:23
in how many interactions each ant needs
103
251822
3314
u tome koliko interakcije svaki mrav treba
04:27
before it's willing to go out and forage,
104
255136
1926
kako bi ga se potaklo na to da krene u potragu za hranom,
04:29
because a colony like that would forage less.
105
257062
3767
jer bi kolonija tad to radila manje.
04:32
And this raises an analogous question about brains.
106
260829
3139
I to otvara još jedno analogno pitanje o mozgu.
04:35
We talk about the brain,
107
263968
1412
Razgovaramo o mozgu,
04:37
but of course every brain is slightly different,
108
265380
2890
ali naravno da je svaki mozak ponešto drugačiji,
04:40
and maybe there are some individuals
109
268270
1379
i možda postoje pojedinci
04:41
or some conditions
110
269649
1319
ili neka stanja
04:42
in which the electrical properties of neurons are such
111
270968
3222
u kojem su električna svojstva neurona takva
04:46
that they require more stimulus to fire,
112
274190
3870
da im je potrebno više stimulansa da se pokrenu,
04:50
and that would lead to differences in brain function.
113
278060
3726
i to bi vodilo razlikama u funkcijama mozga.
04:53
So in order to ask evolutionary questions,
114
281786
2334
Stoga ako ćemo postavljati evolucijska pitanja,
04:56
we need to know about reproductive success.
115
284120
2679
trebamo znati više o reproduktivnom uspjehu.
04:58
This is a map of the study site
116
286799
2325
Ovo je mapa stranice studije
05:01
where I have been tracking this population
117
289124
2553
gdje sam pratila populaciju
05:03
of harvester ant colonies for 28 years,
118
291677
3293
mravlje kolonije sakupljača punih 28 godina,
05:06
which is about as long as a colony lives.
119
294970
2262
što je otprilike jednako vremenu trajanja kolonije.
05:09
Each symbol is a colony,
120
297232
2099
Svaki simbol je kolonija,
05:11
and the size of the symbol is
how many offspring it had,
how many offspring it had,
121
299331
3266
a veličina simbola predstavlja
koliko potomaka ima,
koliko potomaka ima,
05:14
because we were able to use genetic variation
122
302597
1913
jer možemo upotrijebiti genetske varijacije
05:16
to match up parent and offspring colonies,
123
304510
2711
kako bismo uparili roditelja i potomka kolonije,
05:19
that is, to figure out which colonies
124
307221
3297
što će reći, da shvatimo koje od kolonija
05:22
were founded by a daughter queen
125
310518
1925
su se razvile od kćeri kraljice
05:24
produced by which parent colony.
126
312443
2068
proizvedene od kojih roditeljskih kolonija.
05:26
And this was amazing for me, after all these years,
127
314511
2002
I to je meni zadivljujuće, nakon svih ovih godina,
05:28
to find out, for example, that colony 154,
128
316513
3128
saznati, na primjer, da kolonija 154,
05:31
whom I've known well for many years,
129
319641
2176
koju poznajem dobro već godinama,
05:33
is a great-grandmother.
130
321817
1819
je pra-prabaka.
05:35
Here's her daughter colony,
131
323636
1740
Ovo je njena kći kolonija,
05:37
here's her granddaughter colony,
132
325376
2684
ovdje vidimo unuku koloniju,
05:40
and these are her great-granddaughter colonies.
133
328060
2392
a ovo su njene praunuke.
05:42
And by doing this, I was able to learn
134
330452
2025
I čineći to, naučila sam
05:44
that offspring colonies resemble parent colonies
135
332477
3283
da potomci kolonija liče svojim roditeljskim kolonijama
05:47
in their decisions about which days are so hot
136
335760
2217
u smislu odluka o tome koji su dani toliko vreli
05:49
that they don't forage,
137
337977
1778
da neće ići u potragu za hranom,
05:51
and the offspring of parent colonies
138
339755
1464
i potomci roditeljske kolonije
05:53
live so far from each other that the ants never meet,
139
341219
2906
žive toliko daleko jedni od drugih da se mravi nikad ne sretnu,
05:56
so the ants of the offspring colony
140
344125
2289
stoga kolonija potomaka
05:58
can't be learning this from the parent colony.
141
346414
2244
nije to mogla naučiti od svoje roditeljske kolonije.
06:00
And so our next step is to look
142
348658
1381
Pa je naš sljedeći korak istražiti
06:02
for the genetic variation
underlying this resemblance.
underlying this resemblance.
143
350039
5276
genetske varijacije
koje stoje iza tih sličnosti.
koje stoje iza tih sličnosti.
06:07
So then I was able to ask, okay, who's doing better?
144
355315
4125
Tada sam mogla pitati, u redu, tko to radi bolje?
06:11
Over the time of the study,
145
359440
1460
Tijekom vremena proučavanja,
06:12
and especially in the past 10 years,
146
360900
1465
a posebice unazad deset godina,
06:14
there's been a very severe and deepening drought
147
362365
3308
bilo je vrlo ozbiljnih suša
06:17
in the Southwestern U.S.,
148
365673
2127
u jugozapadnom SAD-u,
06:19
and it turns out that the
colonies that conserve water,
colonies that conserve water,
149
367800
3053
i ispada da
kolonije koje konzerviraju vodu,
kolonije koje konzerviraju vodu,
06:22
that stay in when it's really hot outside,
150
370853
4429
koje ostaju unutra kad je jako vruće vani,
06:27
and thus sacrifice getting as much food as possible,
151
375282
2632
žrtvujući da skupe što je više moguće hrane
06:29
are the ones more likely to have offspring colonies.
152
377914
2945
su one koje kasnije imaju više kolonija potomaka.
06:32
So all this time, I thought that colony 154
153
380859
2269
Stoga sam cijelo ovo vrijeme mislila da je kolonija 154
06:35
was a loser, because on really dry days,
154
383128
2670
gubitnička, jer za vrlo sušnih dana,
06:37
there'd be just this trickle of foraging,
155
385798
1868
jedva bi nekolicina mravi išla u potragu za hranom
06:39
while the other colonies were out
156
387666
1591
dok bi ostale kolonije bile vani
06:41
foraging, getting lots of food,
157
389257
2117
tražeći i nabavljajući mnogo hrane,
06:43
but in fact, colony 154 is a huge success.
158
391374
3020
međutim, kolonija 154 je vrlo uspješna.
06:46
She's a matriarch.
159
394394
1332
Ona je matrijarhat.
06:47
She's one of the rare great-grandmothers on the site.
160
395726
3052
Ona je jedna od rijetkih prabaka ovdje.
06:50
To my knowledge, this is the first time
161
398778
2785
Koliko ja znam, ovo je prvi put
06:53
that we've been able to track
162
401563
1639
da smo bili u mogućnosti pratiti
06:55
the ongoing evolution of collective behavior
163
403202
3001
evoluciju kolektivnog ponašanja
06:58
in a natural population of animals
164
406203
2117
u prirodnoj populaciji životinja
07:00
and find out what's actually working best.
165
408320
4657
i saznati što je zapravo najefikasnije.
07:04
Now, the Internet uses an algorithm
166
412977
2421
Sada, internet koristi jedan algoritam
07:07
to regulate the flow of data
167
415398
2853
kako bi regulirao protok podataka
07:10
that's very similar to the one
168
418251
2227
koji je vrlo sličan onome
07:12
that the harvester ants are using to regulate
169
420478
2376
koji koristi mrav sakupljač kako bi regulirao
07:14
the flow of foragers.
170
422854
1541
protok tragača za hranom.
07:16
And guess what we call this analogy?
171
424395
3366
I pogodite kako nazivamo tu analogiju?
07:19
The anternet is coming.
172
427761
1518
Anternet dolazi. (ant=mrav)
07:21
(Applause)
173
429279
1721
(Pljesak)
07:23
So data doesn't leave the source computer
174
431000
3454
Stoga podaci ne odlaze s računala
07:26
unless it gets a signal that there's enough bandwidth
175
434454
2861
ukoliko ne dobiju signal da postoji dovoljna propusnost
07:29
for it to travel on.
176
437315
2729
za nesmetano kolanje.
07:32
In the early days of the Internet,
177
440044
1441
U začecima interneta,
07:33
when operating costs were really high
178
441485
2274
kad su operativni troškovi bili vrlo visoki
07:35
and it was really important not to lose any data,
179
443759
3227
i kad je bilo vrlo važno ne izgubiti nikakav podatak,
07:38
then the system was set up for interactions
180
446986
2157
sustav je bio podešen za interakcije
07:41
to activate the flow of data.
181
449143
3062
na način da aktivira protok podataka.
07:44
It's interesting that the ants are using an algorithm
182
452205
2385
Zanimljivo je da mravi koriste algoritam
07:46
that's so similar to the one that we recently invented,
183
454590
3896
koji je toliko sličan onome koji smo mi nedavno izumili,
07:50
but this is only one of a handful of ant algorithms
184
458486
2953
a to je tek jedan od mnoštva mravljih algoritama
07:53
that we know about,
185
461439
1419
koje poznajemo,
07:54
and ants have had 130 million years
186
462858
3193
a mravi su imali 130 milijuna godina
07:58
to evolve a lot of good ones,
187
466051
2026
da razviju mnogo dobrih,
08:00
and I think it's very likely
188
468077
1506
i mislim da je vrlo izgledno
08:01
that some of the other 12,000 species
189
469583
2557
da će neki od ostalih 12 tisuća vrsta
08:04
are going to have interesting algorithms
190
472140
2697
imati vrlo zanimljive algoritme
08:06
for data networks
191
474837
1024
za podatkovne mreže
08:07
that we haven't even thought of yet.
192
475861
2697
kojih se mi još nismo ni sjetili.
08:10
So what happens when operating costs are low?
193
478558
3085
Dakle, što se događa kad su operativni troškovi niski?
08:13
Operating costs are low in the tropics,
194
481643
1787
Operativni troškovi su niski u tropskim područjima,
08:15
because it's very humid, and it's easy for the ants
195
483430
2096
jer je tamo vrlo vlažno, pa je mravima lako
08:17
to be outside walking around.
196
485526
2824
hodati uokolo.
08:20
But the ants are so abundant
197
488350
1653
Ali u tropskim područjima mrava je toliko puno
08:22
and diverse in the tropics
198
490003
1818
i velika je raznolikost
08:23
that there's a lot of competition.
199
491821
2598
da postoji velika konkurencija.
08:26
Whatever resource one species is using,
200
494419
1952
Koji god resurs koristi jedna vrsta,
08:28
another species is likely to be using that
201
496371
3172
vjerojatno je da će isti taj resurs koristiti druga vrsta
08:31
at the same time.
202
499543
2379
u isto vrijeme.
08:33
So in this environment, interactions are used
203
501922
2608
Stoga u tom okruženju , interakcija se koristi
08:36
in the opposite way.
204
504530
1945
u obrnutom smjeru.
08:38
The system keeps going
205
506475
1395
Sustav radi
08:39
unless something negative happens,
206
507870
1554
dok se ne dogodi nešto loše
08:41
and one species that I study makes circuits
207
509424
2167
i jedna vrsta koju proučavam kruži
08:43
in the trees of foraging ants
208
511591
2159
u drveću mrava tragača
08:45
going from the nest to a food source and back,
209
513750
2981
idući od gnijezda do resursa hrane i natrag,
08:48
just round and round,
210
516731
1329
i tako u krug,
08:50
unless something negative happens,
211
518060
1442
dok se nešto loše ne dogodi,
08:51
like an interaction
212
519502
1609
kao interakcija
08:53
with ants of another species.
213
521111
2739
s mravima druge vrste.
08:55
So here's an example of ant security.
214
523850
2937
Evo primjera mravljeg osiguranja
08:58
In the middle, there's an ant
215
526787
1858
U sredini je mrav
09:00
plugging the nest entrance with its head
216
528645
2463
koji zatvara ulaz u gnijezdo svojom glavom
09:03
in response to interactions with another species.
217
531108
2993
kao odgovor na interakciju s drugom vrstom
09:06
Those are the little ones running around
218
534101
1659
To su ovi maleni što trčkaraju
09:07
with their abdomens up in the air.
219
535760
2751
sa svojim trbuhom podignutim u zrak.
09:10
But as soon as the threat is passed,
220
538511
2046
No čim prijetnja prođe,
09:12
the entrance is open again,
221
540557
2755
ulaz se ponovno otvara,
09:15
and maybe there are situations
222
543312
1790
i možda postoje situacije
09:17
in computer security
223
545102
1089
u računalnoj sigurnosti
09:18
where operating costs are low enough
224
546191
2206
gdje su operativni troškovi dovoljno niski
09:20
that we could just block access temporarily
225
548397
3375
pa bismo privremeno zablokirali prilaz
09:23
in response to an immediate threat,
226
551772
2193
kao odgovor na trenutnu prijetnju,
09:25
and then open it again,
227
553965
2026
i onda ga opet otvorili,
09:27
instead of trying to build
228
555991
1269
umjesto da gradimo
09:29
a permanent firewall or fortress.
229
557260
3980
trajni vatrozid ili utvrdu.
09:33
So another environmental challenge
230
561240
1940
Stoga još jedan okolišni izazov
09:35
that all systems have to deal with
231
563180
1695
s kojim se svi sustavi moraju pozabaviti
09:36
is resources, finding and collecting them.
232
564875
5452
su resursi – tj. njihovo pronalaženje i skupljanje.
09:42
And to do this, ants solve the problem
233
570327
1673
I kako bi to učinili, mravi rješavaju problem
09:44
of collective search,
234
572000
1258
kolektivne pretrage,
09:45
and this is a problem that's of great interest
235
573258
1576
a to je problem od našeg najvećeg zanimanja
09:46
right now in robotics,
236
574834
1484
upravo sada u robotici,
09:48
because we've understood that,
237
576318
1732
jer razumijemo da,
09:50
rather than sending a single,
238
578050
1614
umjesto da šaljemo pojedinačnog,
09:51
sophisticated, expensive robot out
239
579664
3495
sofisticiranog, skupog robota
09:55
to explore another planet
240
583159
1417
da istražuje drugi planet
09:56
or to search a burning building,
241
584576
2567
ili provjerava zgradu u plamenu,
09:59
that instead, it may be more effective
242
587143
2600
bilo bi mnogo učinkovitije
10:01
to get a group of cheaper robots
243
589743
4377
nabaviti skupinu jeftinih robota
10:06
exchanging only minimal information,
244
594120
2545
koji izmjenjuju samo minimum informacija,
10:08
and that's the way that ants do it.
245
596665
2799
a to je način na koji to rade mravi.
10:11
So the invasive Argentine ant
246
599464
1765
Invazivni argentinski mrav
10:13
makes expandable search networks.
247
601229
2330
radi proširive mreže za istraživanje.
10:15
They're good at dealing with the main problem
248
603559
2273
Oni su dobri u rješavanju glavnog problema
10:17
of collective search,
249
605832
1331
kolektivne pretrage,
10:19
which is the trade-off between
250
607163
2566
što je zapravo razmjena između
10:21
searching very thoroughly
251
609729
1336
vrlo temeljite pretrage
10:23
and covering a lot of ground.
252
611065
1997
i one koja obuhvaća veća područja.
10:25
And what they do is,
253
613062
895
Ono što oni rade jest,
10:25
when there are many ants in a small space,
254
613957
2387
kad ima puno mravi na malom mjestu,
10:28
then each one can search very thoroughly
255
616344
2213
oni mogu tražiti vrlo temeljito
10:30
because there will be another ant nearby
256
618557
1624
jer će uvijek biti drugi mrav u blizini
10:32
searching over there,
257
620181
1357
koji će također tražiti,
10:33
but when there are a few ants
258
621538
1647
međutim kad ima malo mrava
10:35
in a large space,
259
623185
2055
na velikoj površini,
10:37
then they need to stretch out their paths
260
625240
2414
moraju proširiti svoje putanje
10:39
to cover more ground.
261
627654
1803
kako bi pokrili veće područje.
10:41
I think they use interactions to assess density,
262
629457
2954
Mislim da koriste interakciju kako bi procijenili gustoću,
10:44
so when they're really crowded,
263
632411
1229
pa kad je zaista gužva
10:45
they meet more often,
264
633640
1102
susreću se češće,
10:46
and they search more thoroughly.
265
634742
2465
i traže mnogo temeljitije.
10:49
Different ant species must use different algorithms,
266
637207
3400
Razne vrste moraju koristiti različite algoritme,
10:52
because they've evolved to deal with
267
640607
2522
jer su evoluirali kako bi se nosili sa
10:55
different resources,
268
643129
1671
sakupljanjem različitih resursa,
10:56
and it could be really useful to know about this,
269
644800
2559
i moglo bi biti vrlo korisno znati ovo,
10:59
and so we recently asked ants
270
647359
1642
pa smo nedavno pitali mrave
11:01
to solve the collective search problem
271
649001
2450
da riješe problem kolektivnog pretraživanja
11:03
in the extreme environment
272
651451
1368
u ekstremnim uvijetima
11:04
of microgravity
273
652819
1558
mikrogravitacije
11:06
in the International Space Station.
274
654377
1976
u Međunarodnoj Svemirskoj Stanici.
11:08
When I first saw this picture, I thought,
275
656353
1545
Kad sam prvi put vidjela ovu sliku, pomislila sam,
11:09
Oh no, they've mounted the habitat vertically,
276
657898
2857
o ne, postavili su stanište vertikalno,
11:12
but then I realized that, of course, it doesn't matter.
277
660755
2618
a tada sam shvatila da to, naravno, nije ni bitno.
11:15
So the idea here is that the ants
278
663373
2637
Dakle, ovdje je zamisao da mravi
11:18
are working so hard to hang on
279
666010
1970
rade tako naporno da se drže
11:19
to the wall or the floor or whatever you call it
280
667980
3057
uz zid ili pod ili kakogod ćete to nazvati
11:23
that they're less likely to interact,
281
671037
3009
pa je manja vjerojatnost za interakciju,
11:26
and so the relationship between
282
674046
1244
pa je veza između
11:27
how crowded they are and how often they meet
283
675290
2120
koliko su skučeni i koliko se često susreću
11:29
would be messed up.
284
677410
1725
pobrkana.
11:31
We're still analyzing the data.
285
679135
1395
Još uvijek proučavamo podatke.
11:32
I don't have the results yet.
286
680530
1964
Nemam još rezultate.
11:34
But it would be interesting to know
287
682494
1694
Ali bilo bi zanimljivo saznati
11:36
how other species solve this problem
288
684188
2459
kako ostale vrste rješavaju ovaj problem
11:38
in different environments on Earth,
289
686647
2564
u različitim uvjetima na Zemlji,
11:41
and so we're setting up a program
290
689211
1266
stoga postavljamo program
11:42
to encourage kids around the world
291
690477
2160
kako bismo potaknuli djecu širom svijeta
11:44
to try this experiment with different species.
292
692637
2536
da isprobaju ovaj eksperiment s različitim vrstama.
11:47
It's very simple.
293
695173
1767
Vrlo je jednostavan.
11:48
It can be done with cheap materials.
294
696940
2090
Vrlo je jeftin.
11:51
And that way, we could make a global map
295
699030
2833
Na taj način mogli bismo napraviti globalnu kartu
11:53
of ant collective search algorithms.
296
701863
3347
algoritama koji koriste mravi za kolektivno pretraživanje.
11:57
And I think it's pretty likely that the invasive species,
297
705210
2483
Držim da je vrlo vjerojatno da će invazivne vrste,
11:59
the ones that come into our buildings,
298
707693
2149
one koje dolaze u naše zgrade,
12:01
are going to be really good at this,
299
709842
1742
biti vrlo uspješne u ovome,
12:03
because they're in your kitchen
300
711584
1848
jer su oni u vašoj kuhinji
12:05
because they're really good
at finding food and water.
at finding food and water.
301
713432
3907
stoga što su vrsni
u pronalasku hrane i vode.
u pronalasku hrane i vode.
12:09
So the most familiar resource for ants
302
717339
3265
Resurs s kojim su mravi najbolje upoznati
12:12
is a picnic,
303
720604
1315
jest piknik,
12:13
and this is a clustered resource.
304
721919
2145
i to je grupirani resurs.
12:16
When there's one piece of fruit,
305
724064
999
Gdje postoji jedan komad voća,
12:17
there's likely to be another piece of fruit nearby,
306
725063
2515
velike su šanse da će postojati i drugi komad blizu,
12:19
and the ants that specialize on clustered resources
307
727578
3432
i mravi koji su specijalizirani za grupirane resurse
12:23
use interactions for recruitment.
308
731010
1942
koriste interakciju za regrutaciju.
12:24
So when one ant meets another,
309
732952
1277
Kad jedan mrav sretne drugoga,
12:26
or when it meets a chemical deposited
310
734229
1625
ili kad naiđe na kemikaliju na tlu
12:27
on the ground by another,
311
735854
1736
koju je nanio drugi mrav,
12:29
then it changes direction to follow
312
737590
1833
mijenja smjer kako bi pratio
12:31
in the direction of the interaction,
313
739423
1573
smjer interakcije,
12:32
and that's how you get the trail of ants
314
740996
1977
i tako se dobiva trag mravi
12:34
sharing your picnic.
315
742973
1413
koji dijele hranu s vašeg izleta.
12:36
Now this is a place where I think we might be able
316
744386
1695
Mislim da je ovo mjesto gdje bismo mogli
12:38
to learn something from ants about cancer.
317
746081
3741
naučiti nešto od mravi u vezi s rakom.
12:41
I mean, first, it's obvious that we could do a lot
318
749822
1981
Mislim, očigledno je da bismo mogli učiniti mnogo
12:43
to prevent cancer
319
751803
1610
da spriječimo rak
12:45
by not allowing people to spread around
320
753413
2577
ne dopuštajući ljudima da šire uokolo
12:47
or sell the toxins that promote
321
755990
1944
ili prodaju toksine koji promiču
12:49
the evolution of cancer in our bodies,
322
757934
2780
evoluciju raka u našim tijelima,
12:52
but I don't think the ants can help us much with this
323
760714
2346
ali ne vjerujem da nam tu mravi mogu puno pomoći
12:55
because ants never poison their own colonies.
324
763060
3358
jer mravi nikad ne truju svoju vlastitu koloniju.
12:58
But we might be able to learn something from ants
325
766418
1332
Ali mogli bismo naučiti nešto od mrava
12:59
about treating cancer.
326
767750
1763
u vezi liječenja raka.
13:01
There are many different kinds of cancer.
327
769513
2225
Postoji mnogo vrsta raka.
13:03
Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
328
771738
2978
Svaki potječe iz posebnog dijela našeg tijela,
13:06
and then some kinds of cancer will spread
329
774716
2966
pa će se neki dijelovi raka raširiti
13:09
or metastasize to particular other tissues
330
777682
2830
ili metastazirati na određeno drugo tkivo
13:12
where they must be getting
resources that they need.
resources that they need.
331
780512
2880
gdje će moći skupiti
resurse koji su im potrebni.
resurse koji su im potrebni.
13:15
So if you think from the perspective
332
783392
1808
Stoga ako razmislite iz perspektive
13:17
of early metastatic cancer cells
333
785200
1950
stanice raka u ranoj fazi metastaze
13:19
as they're out searching around
334
787150
1623
dok uokolo tragaju
13:20
for the resources that they need,
335
788773
2317
za resursima koji su im potrebni,
13:23
if those resources are clustered,
336
791090
1983
ako su ti resursi grupirani,
13:25
they're likely to use interactions for recruitment,
337
793073
3013
vjerojatnije je da će koristiti interakcije za regrutaciju,
13:28
and if we can figure out how
cancer cells are recruiting,
cancer cells are recruiting,
338
796086
3093
i ako uspijemo shvatiti kako
se ćelije raka regrutiraju,
se ćelije raka regrutiraju,
13:31
then maybe we could set traps
339
799179
2347
možda bismo im mogli postaviti zamke
13:33
to catch them before they become established.
340
801526
4049
kako bismo ih ulovili prije nego se smjeste.
13:37
So ants are using interactions in different ways
341
805575
3235
Mravi koriste interakciju na različite načine
13:40
in a huge variety of environments,
342
808810
2602
u ogromnoj raznolikosti okoliša,
13:43
and we could learn from this
343
811412
1821
a mi bismo mogli učiti iz toga
13:45
about other systems that operate
344
813233
1777
o ostalim sustavima koji rade
13:47
without central control.
345
815010
2337
bez središnje kontrole.
13:49
Using only simple interactions,
346
817347
1979
Koristeći se jednostavnim interakcijama,
13:51
ant colonies have been performing
347
819326
1795
kolonije mrava izvode
13:53
amazing feats for more than 130 million years.
348
821121
3633
zapanjujuće podvige već više od 130 milijuna godina.
13:56
We have a lot to learn from them.
349
824754
2140
Možemo mnogo naučiti od njih.
13:58
Thank you.
350
826894
2738
Hvala.
14:01
(Applause)
351
829632
2733
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Deborah Gordon - EcologistBy studying how ant colonies work without any one leader, Deborah Gordon has identified striking similarities in how ant colonies, brains, cells and computer networks regulate themselves.
Why you should listen
Ecologist Deborah M. Gordon has learned that ant colonies can work without central control by using simple interactions like how often the insects touch antennae. Contrary to the notion that colonies are organized by efficient ants, she has instead discovered that evolution has produced “noisy” systems that tolerate accident and respond flexibly to the environment. When conditions are tough, natural selection favors colonies that conserve resources.
Her studies of ant colonies have led her and her Stanford colleagues to the discovery of the “Anternet,” which regulates foraging in ants in the same way the internet regulates data traffic. But as she said to Wired in 2013, "Insect behavior mimicking human networks ... is actually not what’s most interesting about ant networks. What’s far more interesting are the parallels in the other direction: What have the ants worked out that we humans haven’t thought of yet?" Her latest exploration: How do ants behave in space?
Deborah Gordon | Speaker | TED.com