Moshe Szyf: How early life experience is written into DNA
モシェ・シーフ: DNAへ人生初期の経験が刻まれる
Moshe Szyf's research is focused on understanding the broad implications of epigenetic mechanisms in human behavior, health and disease. Full bio
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from McGill, Michael Meaney.
ばったり出会いました
in how mother rats lick their pups
生まれたばかりの子供を舐める
dollars are wasted --
私の税金は浪費されてるんだな
と説明し始めました
when they become adults --
long after their mother died.
人間なら何年も後に相当する頃に
and groomed heavily,
身繕いされた個体は
as intensively by their mothers.
個体とは違っていました
the "bad mother" gene
持っていれば
from generation to generation;
と説明するかも知れません
else is going on here?
起きている可能性は?
this question and answer it.
探し出すことができます
a cross-fostering experiment.
the babies of this rat, at birth,
but mothers that will take care of them:
哺育をさせます
and low-licking mothers.
あまり舐めない母親です
with the low-licking pups.
よく舐める母親を充てがいました
what gene you got from your mother.
問題ではありませんでした
that defined this property of these rats.
産みの母親では無く
took care of the pups.
つまり我々が母親の胎内にいる間に
we're in the womb of our mothers,
than in the liver and the eye.
reprogramming the gene of her offspring
行動を通じて 子どもの遺伝子を
of biochemical events
影響することを発見しました
of the mother, the care of the mother,
子供を舐めるという行為が
変化させていたのです
itself for life:
その一生に向けて準備をするわけです
and snakes around,
in an upper-class neighborhood
is behave well and proper,
のんきな生活だろうか?
how important that process can be
我々の人生に重要かを
if you are going to be born in Stockholm,
ストックホルムで
and short in the winter,
for day and night all year round.
生まれるのかなど予測してくれません
on our physiology.
与えるとしてもです
perhaps what happens early in life,
おそらく生まれてすぐに
through the mother,
you're going to be living in.
教えているというものです
be anxious and be stressful,
気持ちを尖らせてストレスを持ち
and you have to be different.
それとは違った感じになるのは当然です
with a lot of light or little light?
あるいは薄暗い環境でしょうか?
with a lot of food or little food?
または少ない環境でしょうか?
whenever you see a meal,
たらふく食べることを脳は学び
that you have as fat.
脂肪として蓄えるようになります
to function in a dynamic way
様々な新たな環境でダイナミックに
to a poor family
you're going to encounter."
と言うでしょう
and our brain have evolved,
1ドルで買えます
that we had by our mothers
to protect us from hunger and famine
守ってくれるはずの遺伝情報は
and metabolic disease.
引き起こしてしまいます
could be marked by our experience,
遺伝子に対して 経験の刻印が
起こる現象でしょうか?
test this in humans,
人間にはできないことです
child adversity in a random way.
無作為に苦しめてはいけません
a certain property,
ある特質が発現したとしても
this is caused by poverty
はっきりしません
that poor people are poor
貧しい人々が貧しくなった―
挙げるでしょうが
or an impoverished environment
悪い環境や困窮した環境に住み
that property.
発現すると言うでしょう
into our cousins, the monkeys.
has been rearing monkeys
2種類の方法で
from the mother
a mother; they had a nurse.
母親ではなく乳母に育てられ
with their normal, natural mothers.
自分の母親たちに育てられます
they were completely different animals.
彼らは全く違っていました
did not care about alcohol,
アルコールに興味を示さず
were aggressive, were stressed
攻撃的で常に落ち着きがなく
early after birth, to see:
彼らのDNAを観察しました
in the DNA of the offspring?
by which we study epigenetics.
エピジェネティクスを研究します
which we call methylation marks,
メチル化マークと呼びますが
DNAにマッピングして
that had a mother or not.
そうでないサルを比較できます
チャートにしたものです
that got more methylated are red.
less methylated are green.
緑色で表されています
変化がおきている様子がわかります
is not just one thing --
your world is going to look
人生がどうなるかに
didn't see their mothers,
even at the moment of birth?
社会的地位の感覚はあるのか?
we took placentas of monkeys
is that across all living beings,
あらゆる生物の社会的構造に
themselves by hierarchy.
and always be a peon.
is that the monkey number one
それほど餌を食べず
たくさん食べます
in this methylation mapping,
現れているのは
a high social status
that did not have a high status.
the social information,
持って生まれて来るということです
is not bad or good,
そう言うものではなく
our biology differently
準備できるようにするものです
or the low social status.
低い地位にいるか
we can't administer adversity to humans.
困難な状況に陥れることはできません
in Canadian history
because of an ice storm
停まってしまいました
were, in the dead of winter in Quebec,
-30℃ から -35℃ 程度まで
mothers during that time.
母親たちがいましたが
followed the children of these mothers
その子供たちの成長を
that as the stress increased --
何が起きたか
measures of stress:
Where did you spend your time?
その間をどこで過ごしたか?
or in some posh country home?
郊外の立派なお屋敷か?
to a social stress scale,
社会的ストレススケールに反映した上で
高かったのです
becoming red as stress increases,
増大と共に赤くなり
as stress increases,
緑色に変化していきます
of the genome in response to stress.
反応して起こっています
of the history of our genes,
歴史の奴隷とならず
消去できるとしたらどうでしょう?
can we deprogram them?
can cause diseases like cancer,
誘因は
and to loss of human life.
of what happened the first time,
最初の快感を思い出し
and your life has changed.
人生は変わってしまいます
to get used to cocaine,
when they saw the cocaine the first time
when they saw cocaine.
死ぬまで
between these animals
これらのラットの変化は
when nothing happens,
何も起こっていない期間に
in a different way,
ある方法で修飾され
their genome is ready
発現するようになります
that either increase DNA methylation,
対象のエピジェネティックマーカーの
marker to look at,
減少させる薬を投与しました
if we increased methylation,
DNAメチル化を促進させると
between an epigenetic drug
the signs of experience,
unless you have the same experience.
その状態に戻ることはありません
30 days, 60 days later,
動物を再度見てみると
many years of life,
何年も後ということですが
by a single epigenetic treatment.
中毒症状が見られませんでした
何が分かったのでしょう
into this movie, which is interactive.
映画に書き込まれていくのです
of your life, with the DNA,
あなたの人生を物語る映画を
退場させたりできて
of the deterministic nature of genetics,
持っているにもかかわらず
your genes look,
コントロールできます
optimistic message
some of the deadly diseases
新たなアプローチで取り組めるという
新たなアプローチで取り組めるという
by removing an actor
of two components,
構成されているということでした
of years of evolution.
変わるのは難しく
is the epigenetic layer,
エピジェネティック層で
that is interactive,
to a large extent, our destiny,
コントロールさせてくれ
for a long time.
to a life of responsibility.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Moshe Szyf - EpigeneticistMoshe Szyf's research is focused on understanding the broad implications of epigenetic mechanisms in human behavior, health and disease.
Why you should listen
Moshe Szyf is one of the pioneers in the field of epigenetics. Szyf's lab has proposed three decades ago that DNA methylation is a prime therapeutic target in cancer and other diseases and has postulated and provided the first set of evidence that the "social environment" early in life can alter DNA methylation launching the emerging field of "social epigenetics."
Szyf received his PhD from the Hebrew University and did his postdoctoral fellowship in Genetics at Harvard Medical School, joined the department in 1989 and currently holds a James McGill Professorship and GlaxoSmithKline-CIHR Chair in Pharmacology. He is the founding co-director of the Sackler Institute for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill and is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Experience-based Brain and Biological Development program.
Moshe Szyf | Speaker | TED.com