Small Thing Big Idea
Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything
Mārgareta Gulda Stjuarte: Kā hipersaite visu mainīja
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Hipersaite ir interneta LEGO klucītis. Lietotāja pieredzes meistare Mārgareta Gulda Stjuarte atklāj neparasto tās rašanās vēsturi.
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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Atceros, kā pie sevis nodomāju:
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
about how we communicate."
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"Šis pilnībā mainīs to,
kā mēs sazināmies."
kā mēs sazināmies."
00:17
[Small thing.]
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[Maza lieta.]
00:18
[Big idea.]
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[Liela ideja.]
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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[Mārgareta Gulda Stjuarte par hipersaiti]
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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Hipersaite ir saskarnes elements,
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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un ar to es domāju,
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
on your phone or your computer,
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ka, lietojot telefona
vai datora programmatūru,
vai datora programmatūru,
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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aiz saskarnes ir ļoti daudz koda,
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
for the computer on how to manage it,
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kas instruē datoru, kā ar to rīkoties,
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
that humans interact with:
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taču šī saskarne ir tas,
ar ko cilvēki mijiedarbojas.
ar ko cilvēki mijiedarbojas.
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
then something happens.
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Ja nospiežam uz šo, kaut kas notiek.
00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
they were pretty simple
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Sākotnēji tās bija visai vienkāršas
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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un ne visai pievilcīgas.
00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
a huge range of options.
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Mūsdienās dizaineriem
ir ārkārtīgi daudz iespēju.
ir ārkārtīgi daudz iespēju.
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
a markup language -- HTML.
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Hipersaite izmanto iezīmēšanas valodu,
sauktu par HTML.
sauktu par HTML.
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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Tur ir koda rindiņa,
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
of where you want to send the person.
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un tad tajā ievieto adresi,
uz kurieni cilvēku vēlas nosūtīt.
uz kurieni cilvēku vēlas nosūtīt.
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
to learn how to do.
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Iemācīties to veidot
patiesībā ir pavisam viegli.
patiesībā ir pavisam viegli.
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
to information elsewhere on the internet
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Un tā visdažādākā veida atsauces
uz informāciju kaut kur internetā
uz informāciju kaut kur internetā
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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ir hipersaites domēns.
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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Manos skolas laikos –
01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
wide access to the internet --
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tas bija, vēl pirms internets
kļuva plaši pieejams –
kļuva plaši pieejams –
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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lai sagatavotu pētījumu,
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
to the library,
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man bija kājām jāiet uz bibliotēku.
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
that you needed, great.
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Ja vajadzīgā grāmata tur bija, lieliski.
Reizēm tā bija jāpasūta
no citas nodaļas,
no citas nodaļas,
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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tā ka šis process
varēja prasīt nedēļas.
varēja prasīt nedēļas.
01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
to think about that now,
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Tagad ir jocīgi par to domāt,
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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jo, kā mēdz notikt ar izcilām inovācijām,
01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
we get access to something
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drīz vien pēc to apgūšanas
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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mēs sākam tās uztvert par pašsaprotamām.
01:39
Back in 1945,
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1945. gadā
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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bija kāds puisis, vārdā Vanīvars Bušs.
01:43
He was working for the US government,
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Viņš strādāja ASV valdības labā,
01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
that he put forth was,
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un viena no viņa paustajām domām bija:
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
so much information,
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"Paskat, cilvēki rada
tik daudz informācijas,
tik daudz informācijas,
01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
of all the books that we've read
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un mēs nespējam paturēt prātā
visas izlasītās grāmatas
visas izlasītās grāmatas
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
between important ideas."
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un saiknes starp svarīgām idejām."
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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Un viņam bija ideja par memeksu –
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
a personal library
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personīgo bibliotēku,
02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
that you have access to.
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kurā būtu visas grāmatas
un raksti, kas jums pieejami.
un raksti, kas jums pieejami.
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
captured people's imaginations.
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Un šī ideja par avotu sasaisti
rosināja cilvēku iztēli.
rosināja cilvēku iztēli.
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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Vēlāk, 1960. gados,
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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Teds Nelsons palaida Xanadu projektu
02:14
and he said,
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un teica:
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
to the things that I have?
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"Kā būtu, ja tas ietvertu
ne tikai man vajadzīgo?
ne tikai man vajadzīgo?
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
across a larger body of work?"
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Ja nu es spētu savienot idejas
plašākā darbu lokā?"
plašākā darbu lokā?"
02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
at the University of Maryland
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1982. gadā
Merilendas Universitātes pētnieki
izveidoja HyperTIES sistēmu.
izveidoja HyperTIES sistēmu.
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
to use text itself as a link marker.
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Viņi bija pirmie, kas saišu iezīmēšanai
izmantoja pašu tekstu.
izmantoja pašu tekstu.
02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
on a gray background
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Viņi izdomāja, ka zilā saite
uz pelēcīgā fona
uz pelēcīgā fona
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
in terms of contrast,
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būs ļoti labs risinājums kontrasta ziņā
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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un cilvēki to ieraudzīs.
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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Apple izgudroja HyperCard 1987. gadā.
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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Tās bija tādas kā kāršu kavas,
02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
in between the cards.
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un starp kartiņām varēja izveidot saites.
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
to jump around in a story.
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HyperCard patiesībā radīja iespēju
pārlēkt stāstā no vienas vietas uz otru.
pārlēkt stāstā no vienas vietas uz otru.
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
of nonlinear storytelling
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Šādas idejas par nelineāriem stāstiem
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
when the hyperlink came along,
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piedzīvoja uzplaukumu,
kad parādījās hipersaite,
kad parādījās hipersaite,
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
to influence the narrative.
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jo tā bija iespēja piedalīties
stāstījuma veidošanā.
stāstījuma veidošanā.
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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Šīs idejas un izgudrojumi bija starp tām,
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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kas iedvesmoja Timu Bērnersu-Lī,
vispasaules tīmekļa izgudrotāju.
vispasaules tīmekļa izgudrotāju.
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
like a LEGO block,
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Hipersaite šķiet gandrīz kā LEGO klucītis,
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
to a very complex web of connections
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pats pamata klucītis
ļoti sarežģītam savienojumu tīklam,
ļoti sarežģītam savienojumu tīklam,
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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kas pastāv visapkārt pasaulei.
Pateicoties vienkāršajam
hipersaites veidošanas principam,
hipersaites veidošanas principam,
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
to be not only used by many people,
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bija paredzams,
ka daudzi ne vien tās lietos,
ka daudzi ne vien tās lietos,
03:24
but created by many people.
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bet daudzi arī tās radīs.
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
designs ever created.
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Man hipersaite ir viens no
visdemokrātiskākajiem dizainiem,
visdemokrātiskākajiem dizainiem,
kāds jelkad radīts.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience masterAt Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.
Why you should listen
Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.
Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com