ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon 2006

Steven Johnson: How the "ghost map" helped end a killer disease

Steven Johnson faz um tour pelo Mapa Fantasma

Filmed:
845,548 views

O autor Steven Johnson nos leva por um tour de 10 minutos ao Mapa Fantasma, seu livro sobre a epidemia da cólera em 1854 em Londres e seu impacto sobre a ciência, as cidades e a sociedade moderna.
- Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce
0
0
7000
Se você ainda não pediu, é mais apropriado pedir rigatoni com molho de tomate apimentado
00:32
goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
1
7000
3000
para combinar com as doenças do intestino delgado.
00:35
(Laughter)
2
10000
2000
(risos)
00:37
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting.
3
12000
4000
Minhas desculpas - mas este arranjo de palco me sugere comédia 'stand-up'.
00:41
No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854
4
16000
5000
Não - o que eu quero é levá-los de volta a 1854
00:46
in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story --
5
21000
4000
em Londres, pelos próximos minutos, e contar a história -
00:50
in brief -- of this outbreak,
6
25000
3000
resumidamente - da epidemia,
00:53
which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today,
7
28000
4000
que de várias maneiras, penso eu, ajudaram a criar o mundo em que vivemos hoje,
00:57
and particularly the kind of city that we live in today.
8
32000
2000
e em particular o tipo de cidade que vivemos hoje.
00:59
This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century,
9
34000
4000
Esse período em 1854, no meio do século 19,
01:03
in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons.
10
38000
4000
é surpreendentemente interessante para a história de Londres por uma série de razões.
01:07
But I think the most important one is that
11
42000
3000
Mas creio que a mais importante de todas é que
01:10
London was this city of 2.5 million people,
12
45000
3000
Londres era uma cidade de 2 e meio milhões de pessoas,
01:13
and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point.
13
48000
5000
e era a maior cidade na face do planeta em seu tempo.
01:18
But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
14
53000
2000
Mas também era a maior cidade que tinha sido construída.
01:20
And so the Victorians were trying to live through
15
55000
3000
Então os ingleses da era Vitoriana estavam tentando meio que viver
01:23
and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living:
16
58000
4000
e ao mesmo tempo inventar um nova maneira de se morar:
01:27
this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living."
17
62000
4000
numa escala de vida, que sabemos, hoje chama-se vida metropolitana.
01:32
And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster.
18
67000
6000
E que de várias maneiras foi para os anos 1850, um desastre completo.
01:38
They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis
19
73000
4000
Era basicamente uma mistura de viver na cidade com um tipo moderno de metrópole industrial
01:42
with an Elizabethan public infrastructure.
20
77000
3000
com a infraestrutura pública da era Elizabethiana.
01:45
So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second,
21
80000
5000
Então as pessoas, por exemplo, só para deixar vocês enojados por um segundo,
01:50
had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep.
22
85000
6000
tinham nos seus porões fossas de dejetos humanos, de 30 a 60 cm de profundidade.
01:56
And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there
23
91000
3000
E eles simplesmente despejavam os baldes nas fossas
01:59
and hope that it would somehow go away,
24
94000
2000
e esperavam que de algum jeito aquilo fosse embora,
02:01
and of course it never really would go away.
25
96000
3000
e é claro - isso nunca acontecia.
02:04
And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point
26
99000
3000
E toda essa 'coisa', basicamente, se acumulou a um ponto
02:07
where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
27
102000
4000
que era um escândalo incrível só de se andar pela cidade.
02:11
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools,
28
106000
4000
Era uma cidade exageradamente fedida. Não somente por causa das fossas,
02:15
but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people.
29
110000
3000
mas também o imenso rebanho de animais na cidade era um choque para as pessoas.
02:18
Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk,
30
113000
4000
Não somente os cavalos, mas os moradores tinham vacas no sotão para tirar leite,
02:22
that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic
31
117000
3000
que de uma certa forma eles conseguiam subi-las e mantê-las no sotão
02:25
until literally their milk ran out and they died,
32
120000
2000
até que literalmente tirassem todo o leite para depois elas morrerem,
02:27
and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street.
33
122000
6000
e daí eles iriam arrastá-las até o fim da rua para os caldeirões de fervura.
02:33
So, you would just walk around London at this point
34
128000
3000
Então, se você estivesse andando nas ruas em Londres à época
02:36
and just be overwhelmed with this stench.
35
131000
3000
você ficaria horrorizado com o mal cheiro.
02:39
And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system
36
134000
5000
E aconteceu de, em função do tipo de sistema de saúde pública que se formava
02:44
became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody,
37
139000
4000
se concluiu que era o cheiro que estava matando todo mundo,
02:48
that was creating these diseases
38
143000
2000
que estava criando essas doenças
02:50
that would wipe through the city every three or four years.
39
145000
3000
e que poderia se espalhar pela cidade a cada três ou quatro anos.
02:53
And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
40
148000
2000
E o cólera era o grande assassino da época.
02:55
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years
41
150000
5000
Chegou em Londres em 1832, e a cada quatro ou cinco anos
03:00
another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London
42
155000
4000
cada nova epidemia levava 10, 20 mil vidas dos moradores de Londres
03:04
and throughout the U.K.
43
159000
2000
e pelo Reino Unido.
03:06
And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem.
44
161000
4000
Então as autoridades se convenceram que o problema estava no mau cheiro.
03:10
We had to get rid of the smell.
45
165000
2000
Tínhamos que acabar com o fedor.
03:12
And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know,
46
167000
3000
Então, de fato, eles combinaram ações, imaginem,
03:15
founding public-health interventions in the system of the city,
47
170000
4000
como que inaugurando as intervenções de saúde pública no sistema da cidade,
03:19
one of which was called the "Nuisances Act,"
48
174000
2000
uma delas sendo o Ato de Intervenção,
03:21
which they got everybody as far as they could
49
176000
2000
no qual todas as pessoas teriam que ir o mais longe possível
03:23
to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river.
50
178000
5000
para esvaziar suas fossas, despejando todos os dejetos no rio.
03:28
Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better,
51
183000
4000
Pois se tirarmos das ruas, o cheiro será bem melhor,
03:32
and -- oh right, we drink from the river.
52
187000
4000
e - ah certo, nós bebemos do rio.
03:36
So what ended up happening, actually,
53
191000
2000
Então o que acabou acontencendo na verdade,
03:38
is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera
54
193000
2000
foi que simplesmente aumentou a erupção da cólera
03:40
because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water.
55
195000
4000
porque, como agora sabemos, o coléra de fato está na água.
03:44
It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air.
56
199000
3000
É uma doença que nasce na água, não algo que esteja no ar.
03:47
It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
57
202000
3000
Não é algo que você cheira ou inspira. E algo que você ingere.
03:50
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century
58
205000
4000
E então um dos momentos chaves que inaugura o que seria a saúde pública no século 19
03:54
effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively
59
209000
4000
efetivamente envenena o abastecimento de água de Londres muito mais eficientemente
03:58
than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing.
60
213000
3000
que qualquer bioterrorista dos tempos modernos pudesse sonhar.
04:01
So this was the state of London in 1854,
61
216000
4000
Então esse era o estado de Londres em 1854,
04:05
and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions,
62
220000
6000
e no meio dessa carnificina e condições repugnantes,
04:11
and in the midst of all this scientific confusion
63
226000
3000
e no meio de toda essa confusão científica
04:14
about what was actually killing people,
64
229000
3000
sobre o que de fato matava as pessoas.
04:17
it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow,
65
232000
6000
Foi John Snow uma pessoa multidisciplinar e talentosa, típica do século 19,
04:23
who was a local doctor in Soho in London,
66
238000
3000
um médico local de Soho em Londres,
04:26
who had been arguing for about four or five years
67
241000
2000
que argumentava já há uns quatro ou cinco anos
04:28
that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease,
68
243000
3000
que o cólera era na verdade uma doença que vinha da água,
04:31
and had basically convinced nobody of this.
69
246000
3000
mas sem sucesso de convencer alguém sobre isso.
04:34
The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say.
70
249000
4000
As autoridades de saúde pública haviam de longe ignorado o que ele dizia.
04:38
And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies,
71
253000
4000
E ele argumentava através de escritos, assim como concluia pesquisas,
04:42
but nothing had really stuck.
72
257000
2000
mas nada parecia convencer.
04:44
And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me
73
259000
2000
E em parte isso - o que me pareceu muito interessante nessa história
04:46
is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens,
74
261000
5000
é que de certa forma, é um grande caso de estudo de como a mudança cultural acontece.
04:51
how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas.
75
266000
5000
Como uma boa ideia eventualmente se torna vencedora sobre as piores ideias.
04:56
And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
76
271000
4000
E Snow trabalhou um bom tempo com essa grande sacada que tudo mundo ignorava.
05:00
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854,
77
275000
5000
E daí em um dia, 28 de agosto de 1854,
05:05
a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know,
78
280000
4000
um bebezinho, uma garota de 5 meses e cujo nome desconhecemos,
05:09
we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera,
79
284000
4000
sabemos tão somente que a chamavam de Bebê Lewis, contraiu o coléra.
05:13
came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street.
80
288000
3000
O coléra a pegou na Rua Broad, 40.
05:16
You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map
81
291000
3000
Não dá para ver no mapa, mas este é o mapa
05:19
that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book.
82
294000
5000
que se torna o foco central na segunda metade do meu livro.
05:24
It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood,
83
299000
2000
É bem no meio do Soho, nesse bairro de operários.
05:26
this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool,
84
301000
4000
Essa bebezinha contrai a doença e justamente porque a fossa,
05:30
that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act,
85
305000
3000
que eles ainda mantinham, apesar do Ato de Intervenção,
05:33
bordered on an extremely popular water pump,
86
308000
4000
ficava ao lado de uma bomba d'água muito popular,
05:37
local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho,
87
312000
4000
uma bica que vinha de um buraco, e que reconhecidamente era a melhor água de todo o Soho,
05:41
that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
88
316000
4000
que todos os moradores do Soho e os seus vizinhos próximos iam até lá.
05:45
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up
89
320000
3000
Então, sem ter noção, deram para a bebezinha
05:48
contaminating the water in this popular pump,
90
323000
2000
a água contaminada extraída dessa bomba popular,
05:50
and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England
91
325000
6000
e uma das erupções mais violentas da história da Inglaterra
05:56
erupted about two or three days later.
92
331000
2000
se explode cerca de dois a três dias depois.
05:58
Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days,
93
333000
4000
Literalmente, 10% do bairro morre em sete dias,
06:02
and much more would have died if people hadn't fled
94
337000
2000
e muitos outros morreriam se as pessoas não tivessem abandonado o bairro
06:04
after the initial outbreak kicked in.
95
339000
3000
após essa explosão inicial da epidemia.
06:07
So it was this incredibly terrifying event.
96
342000
2000
Foi um evento calamitoso e terrivel.
06:09
You had these scenes of entire families dying
97
344000
3000
Cenas de famílias inteiras morrendo
06:12
over the course of 48 hours of cholera,
98
347000
2000
em menos de 48 horas de cólera,
06:14
alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats.
99
349000
5000
sozinhos em seus apartamentos de um quarto, seus pequenos cubículos.
06:19
Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene.
100
354000
3000
Uma cena extraordinariamente terrível.
06:22
Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak,
101
357000
4000
Snow morava por ali, e ao saber da erupção,
06:26
and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast
102
361000
3000
e num ato fantástico de coragem foi diretamente para o núcleo da besta
06:29
because he thought an outbreak that concentrated
103
364000
3000
porque ele pensou que a erupção que se concentrava
06:32
could actually potentially end up convincing people that,
104
367000
4000
poderia potenciamente convencer as pessoas que
06:36
in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air.
105
371000
6000
de fato o verdadeiro vilão do cólera era o suprimento de água e não o ar.
06:42
He suspected an outbreak that concentrated
106
377000
2000
Ele suspeitava que tendo a erupção se concentrado
06:44
would probably involve a single point source.
107
379000
4000
que ela deveria estar vindo de uma fonte única.
06:48
One single thing that everybody was going to
108
383000
2000
Uma coisa só - que todos tivessem buscando
06:50
because it didn't have the traditional slower path
109
385000
3000
porque não tinha aquela lentidão costumeira de contaminação
06:53
of infections that you might expect.
110
388000
3000
que voce esperaria de infecções.
06:56
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people.
111
391000
3000
Então ele foi no meio do bairro e começou a entrevistar pessoas.
06:59
He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure,
112
394000
4000
Ele eventualmente recrutou a ajuda dessa figura notável,
07:03
who's kind of the other protagonist of the book --
113
398000
2000
que é um outro protagonista do livro,
07:05
this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister,
114
400000
3000
Esse sujeito é Henry Whitehead, que foi um clérico local,
07:08
who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected;
115
403000
3000
que não era nem um pouco um homem da ciência, mas tinha uma conexão social fantástica.
07:11
he knew everybody in the neighborhood.
116
406000
2000
Ele conhecia todas as pessoas do bairro,
07:13
And he managed to track down, Whitehead did,
117
408000
2000
e ele deu um jeito de rastrear - Whitehead fez -
07:15
many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump,
118
410000
3000
muitos dos casos de pessoas que haviam bebido da água da bomba,
07:18
or who hadn't drunk water from the pump.
119
413000
2000
ou que não haviam bebido da água da bomba.
07:20
And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak.
120
415000
5000
E aconteceu do Snow fazer um mapa da erupção.
07:25
He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick.
121
420000
3000
Ele descobriu que a maioria das pessoas que bebiam da bomba contraíam a doença.
07:28
People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick.
122
423000
3000
E pessoas que não bebiam da bomba, não estavam ficando doentes.
07:31
And he thought about representing that
123
426000
2000
Ele então imaginou em apresentar
07:33
as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods,
124
428000
3000
como um tipo de tabela estatística das pessoas que moravam nos diferentes bairros,
07:36
people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't,
125
431000
2000
pessoas que não tinham contraindo o cólera e seus percentuais,
07:38
but eventually he hit upon the idea
126
433000
2000
mas daí um ideia luminosa lhe veio à mente
07:40
that what he needed was something that you could see.
127
435000
2000
que ele precisava de algo que as pessoas pudessem ver.
07:42
Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view
128
437000
2000
Algo que daria sentido num nível mais alto da visão
07:44
of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
129
439000
3000
de todos esses acontecimentos nos bairros.
07:47
And so he created this map,
130
442000
3000
E então ele criou esse mapa,
07:50
which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods
131
445000
4000
que ao final veio representar todas as mortes nos bairros
07:54
as black bars at each address.
132
449000
3000
com as barras pretas em cada endereço.
07:57
And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it
133
452000
3000
E você pode ver nesse mapa, que a bomba se localiza bem no centro dele
08:00
and you can see that one of the residences down the way
134
455000
2000
e você pode ver que uma das casas por aqui
08:02
had about 15 people dead.
135
457000
2000
tinha 15 pessoas mortas.
08:04
And the map is actually a little bit bigger.
136
459000
2000
E o mapa na verdade é um pouco maior.
08:06
As you get further and further away from the pump,
137
461000
2000
E quanto mais se distanciava da bomba,
08:08
the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent.
138
463000
3000
as mortes aconteciam com menor e menor freqüência.
08:11
And so you can see this something poisonous
139
466000
3000
E voce pode ver algo de venenoso
08:14
emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance.
140
469000
4000
que emana da bomba - só de olhar de relance.
08:18
And so, with the help of this map,
141
473000
2000
E então, com a ajuda desse mapa,
08:20
and with the help of more evangelizing
142
475000
2000
e com a ajuda de um tipo diferente de evangelização
08:22
that he did over the next few years
143
477000
2000
que ele fez nos anos seguintes
08:24
and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually,
144
479000
2000
e que o Whitehead eventualmente fez, na verdade
08:26
the authorities slowly started to come around.
145
481000
2000
as autoridades aos poucos começaram a se aproximar.
08:28
It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story,
146
483000
3000
Levou mais tempo do que achamos às vezes, que deveria ser nessa história,
08:31
but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London,
147
486000
5000
mas por 1866, quando a erupção seguinte de cólera chega a Londres
08:36
the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story,
148
491000
4000
as autoridades já haviam se convencido - em parte por causa dessa história,
08:40
in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
149
495000
4000
e em parte por causa desse mapa - que de fato o problema estava na água.
08:44
And they had already started building the sewers in London,
150
499000
2000
E eles já haviam iniciado a construção de esgotos em Londres,
08:46
and they immediately went to this outbreak
151
501000
2000
e imediatamente eles acompanharam a erupção
08:48
and they told everybody to start boiling their water.
152
503000
2000
e fizeram a população ferver a água.
08:50
And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since.
153
505000
5000
E assim foi a última vez que Londres teve uma erupção de coléra.
08:55
So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story,
154
510000
3000
Então parte da história , penso eu - bem é uma história terrivel,
08:58
it's a very dark story and it's a story
155
513000
2000
que é uma história escura e é uma história
09:00
that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world.
156
515000
4000
que continua em muitas das cidades de países em crescimento.
09:04
It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic,
157
519000
3000
E é na verdade uma história fundamentalmente otimista,
09:07
which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems
158
522000
3000
na qual podemos dizer que é possível resolver esses problemas
09:10
if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps,
159
525000
4000
se ouvirmos a razão, se ouvirmos o tipo de sabedoria desses mapas,
09:14
if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead,
160
529000
2000
se ouvirmos de pessoas como Snow e Whitehead,
09:16
if we listen to the locals who understand
161
531000
2000
se ouvirmos dos que são locais, que entendem
09:18
what's going on in these kinds of situations.
162
533000
3000
o que se passa nesses tipos de situações.
09:21
And what it ended up doing is making the idea
163
536000
3000
E a grande lição ao final, foi criar a ideia
09:24
of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
164
539000
4000
de que o viver em larga escala na metrópole deve ser sustentável.
09:28
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying
165
543000
3000
Quando as pessoas vêem 10% dos moradores de seus bairros morrendo
09:31
in the space of seven days,
166
546000
2000
num prazo de sete dias,
09:33
there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on,
167
548000
3000
o consenso geral era de que isso não podia continuar,
09:36
that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people.
168
551000
4000
que pessoas não poderiam morar em cidades de 2,5 milhões de habitantes.
09:40
But because of what Snow did, because of this map,
169
555000
2000
Mas por causa do que Snow fez em função desse mapa,
09:42
because of the whole series of reforms
170
557000
2000
por causa da série de reformas
09:44
that happened in the wake of this map,
171
559000
2000
que aconteceram na mesma época desse mapa,
09:46
we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people,
172
561000
4000
agora achamos natural ter cidades de 10 milhões de pessoas.
09:50
cities like this one are in fact sustainable things.
173
565000
2000
Cidades como esta são de fato sustentáveis.
09:52
We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself
174
567000
3000
Não nos preocupamos se Nova York vai ter um colapso por sua conta
09:55
quite the way that, you know, Rome did,
175
570000
2000
como na verdade, você sabe, aconteceu com Roma,
09:57
and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years.
176
572000
3000
e ficar 10 porcento do seu tamanho em 100 ou 200 anos.
10:00
And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map.
177
575000
3000
Então este é o ultimo legado deste mapa.
10:03
It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life,
178
578000
5000
Um mapa de mortes que ao final criou uma nova maneira de vida,
10:08
the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
179
583000
3000
a vida que usufruimos hoje aqui. Muito obrigado.
Translated by Volney Faustini
Reviewed by Leandro Cianconi

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee