TED2011
Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans
Izabel Benke: Igra kao evolucioni dar od bonobo majmuna do ljudi
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Prikazujući video snimke koji nikada ranije nisu viđeni, primatolog Izabel Benke Iskjerdo pokazuje kako društvo bonobo majmuna uči kroz neprestanu igru - samostalnu, sa prijateljima, čak i kao uvod u seks. Zaista izgleda da je igra ključ za rešavanje problema i izbegavanje sukoba kod bonobo majmuna. Ako to uspeva našim bliskim rođacima, zašto ne bi i nama?
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I just came back from a community
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Upravo sam se vratila iz zajednice
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that holds the secret to human survival.
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koja čuva tajnu ljudskog opstanka.
00:21
It's a place where women run the show,
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To je mesto u kome žene vode glavnu reč,
00:24
have sex to say hello,
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seks je način da se kaže zdravo,
00:26
and play rules the day --
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a igra je glavna stvar –
00:28
where fun is serious business.
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mesto gde je zabava ozbiljan posao.
00:31
And no, this isn't Burning Man
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I ne, to nije spektakl "Zapaljeni čovek"
00:33
or San Francisco.
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niti San Francisko.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:37
Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins.
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Dame i gospodo, predstavljam vam vaše rođake.
00:40
This is the world of wild bonobos
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Ovo je svet divljih bonobo majmuna
00:43
in the jungles of Congo.
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u džunglama Konga.
00:45
Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees,
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Bonobo majmuni su, uz šimpanze,
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your living closest relative.
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vaši najbliži živi rođaci.
00:51
That means we all share a common ancestor,
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To znači da svi delimo zajedničkog pretka,
00:54
an evolutionary grandmother,
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evolucionu baku,
00:56
who lived around six million years ago.
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koja je živela pre oko šest miliona godina.
01:00
Now, chimpanzees are well-known
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Sad, šimpanze su dobro poznate
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for their aggression.
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po svojoj agresivnosti.
01:04
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:07
But unfortunately,
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Ali, nažalost,
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we have made too much of an emphasis
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mi smo previše naglasili
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of this aspect
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ovaj aspekat
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in our narratives of human evolution.
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u priči o ljudskoj evoluciji.
01:16
But bonobos show us
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Ali bonobo majmuni nam pokazuju
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the other side of the coin.
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drugu stranu novčića.
01:20
While chimpanzees
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Dok su među šimpanzama
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are dominated by big, scary guys,
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dominantni veliki, zastrašujući momci,
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bonobo society
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društvo bonobo majmuna
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is run by empowered females.
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vode snažne žene.
01:31
These guys have really worked something out,
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Ovo društvo je stvarno nešto otkrilo,
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since this leads to a highly tolerant society
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jer su time došli do veoma tolerantnog društva
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where fatal violence
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u kome nasilje sa fatalnim ishodom
01:39
has not been observed yet.
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do sada nije opaženo.
01:42
But unfortunately,
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Ali nažalost,
01:44
bonobos are the least understood
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bonobo majmune namanje poznajemo,
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of the great apes.
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od svih velikih majmuna.
01:48
They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle,
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Oni žive duboko u džungli Konga,
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and it has been very difficult to study them.
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i jako je teško proučavati ih.
01:54
The Congo is a paradox --
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Kongo je paradoks –
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a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty,
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zemlja koja poseduje neverovatno raznovrsnu floru i faunu i lepotu,
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but also the heart of darkness itself --
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ali istovremeno i samo srce tame –
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the scene of a violent conflict
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poprište nasilnog konflikta
02:07
that has raged for decades
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koji bukti decenijama
02:09
and claimed nearly as many lives
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i odneo je skoro isto toliko života
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as the First World War.
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koliko i Prvi svetski rat.
02:16
Not surprisingly,
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Nije iznenađujuće
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this destruction also endangers bonobo survival.
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da ovo razaranje ugrožava i opstanak bonobo majmuna.
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Bushmeat trades and forest loss
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Trgovina mesom divljih životinja i gubitak šuma
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means we couldn't fill a small stadium
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znači da ne bismo mogli da napunimo manji stadijum
02:28
with all the bonobos that are left in the world --
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svim bonobo majmunima preostalim na svetu –
02:30
and we're not even sure of that to be honest.
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a nismo sigurni ni da je to realno.
02:34
Yet, in this land of violence and chaos,
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Ipak, u ovoj zemlji nasilja i haosa,
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you can hear hidden laughter
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čuje se skriveni smeh,
02:41
swaying the trees.
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koji se pronosi kroz drveće.
02:43
Who are these cousins?
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Ko su ovi rođaci?
02:46
We know them as the "make love, not war" apes
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Znamo ih kao „vodi ljubav, a ne rat“ velike majmune,
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since they have frequent, promiscuous
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jer često imaju promiskuitetne
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and bisexual sex
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i biseksualne seksualne odnose
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to manage conflict
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kojima upravljaju sukobima
02:56
and solve social issues.
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i rešavaju socijalna pitanja.
02:58
Now, I'm not saying this is the solution
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Sad, ne kažem da je ovo rešenje
03:00
to all of humanity's problems --
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za sve probleme čovečanstva –
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since there's more to bonobo life
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budući da se život bonoboa ne sastoji
03:06
than the Kama Sutra.
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samo od Kama Sutre.
03:08
Bonobos, like humans,
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Bonobo majmuni, kao i ljudi,
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love to play throughout their entire lives.
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vole da se igraju tokom čitavog života.
03:12
Play is not just child's games.
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Igra nije samo dečija zanimacija.
03:14
For us and them,
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I za nas i za njih
03:16
play is foundational for bonding relationships
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igra je osnova za izgradnju odnosa
03:19
and fostering tolerance.
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i negovanje tolerancije.
03:21
It's where we learn to trust
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Kroz nju se učimo poverenju,
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and where we learn about the rules of the game.
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i učimo pravila igre.
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Play increases creativity
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Igra uvećava kreativnost
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and resilience,
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i otpornost,
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and it's all about the generation of diversity --
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i skroz je usmerena na stvaranje raznolikosti -
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diversity of interactions,
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raznolikih odnosa,
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diversity of behaviors,
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raznolikih ponašanja,
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diversity of connections.
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raznolikih uspostavljenih veza.
03:41
And when you watch bonobo play,
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I dok posmatrate igru bonobo majmuna,
03:43
you're seeing the very evolutionary roots
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ono što vidite su upravo evolucioni koreni
03:46
of human laughter, dance
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ljudskog smeha, plesa
03:48
and ritual.
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i rituala.
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Play is the glue
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Igra je lepak
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that binds us together.
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koji nas spaja.
03:54
Now, I don't know how you play,
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Sad, ne znam kako se vi igrate,
03:57
but I want to show you a couple of unique clips
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ali želim da vam pokažem nekoliko jedinstvenih snimaka
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fresh from the wild.
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upravo dostavljenih iz divljine.
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First, it's a ball game bonobo-style --
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Najpre, imamo igru sa lopticama u bonobo stilu –
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and I do not mean football.
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pri tom ne mislim na tenis.
04:07
So here,
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Tako ovde
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we have a young female and a male
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vidimo mladu ženku i mužjaka
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engaged in a chase game.
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koji se igraju šuge.
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Have a look what she's doing.
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Pogledajte šta ona radi.
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It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase,
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Moguće da je ovo evolutivni izvor fraze
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"she's got him by the balls."
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„drži ga za jaja“.
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(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:23
Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right?
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Mada mi se čini da se njemu to prilično sviđa, zar ne?
04:27
Yeah.
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Aha.
04:29
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:31
So sex play is common
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Dakle seksualne igre su uobičajene
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in both bonobos and humans.
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i kod bonobo majmuna i kod ljudi.
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And this video is really interesting
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A ovaj video snimak je vrlo zanimljiv
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because it shows --
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jer pokazuje –
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this video's really interesting
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Ovaj video snimak je vrlo zanimljiv
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because it shows the inventiveness
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jer pokazuje inventivnost
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of bringing unusual elements into play --
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unošenja neobičnih elemenata u igru –
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such as testicles --
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kao što su testisi –
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and also how play both requires trust
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a pokazuje i kako igra ujedno zahteva poverenje
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and fosters trust --
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i podstiče poverenje –
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while at the same time being tremendous fun.
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a uz to je i izuzetno zabavna.
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But play's a shapeshifter.
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Ali igra je promenljiva.
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(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:02
Play's a shapeshifter,
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Igra je promenljiva,
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and it can take many forms,
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i može imati različite oblike,
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some of which are more quiet,
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nekada je tiha,
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imaginative, curious --
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puna mašte, ili radoznalosti -
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maybe where wonder is discovered anew.
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možda kada se nanovo otkrije začuđenost.
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And I want you to see,
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Želim da pogledate,
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this is Fuku, a young female,
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ovo je Fuku, mlada ženka,
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and she is quietly playing with water.
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i ona se u tišini igra sa vodom.
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I think, like her,
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Mislim da se, poput nje,
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we sometimes play alone,
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i mi ponekad igramo sami,
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and we explore the boundaries
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i istražujemo granice
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of our inner and our outer worlds.
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svojih unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih svetova.
05:28
And it's that playful curiosity
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I upravo to radoznalo poigravanje
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that drives us to explore, drives us to interact,
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nagoni nas da istražujemo, nagoni nas da se razmenjujemo.
05:34
and then the unexpected connections we form
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A neočekivane veze koje tako uspostavljamo
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are the real hotbed for creativity.
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zapravo su pravi rasadnik kreativnosti.
05:41
So these are just small tasters
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Dakle ovde ste dobili na kašičici
05:44
into the insights that bonobo give us
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deo uvida koji nam bonobo majmuni pružaju
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to our past and present.
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u našu prošlost i sadašnjost.
05:49
But they also hold a secret for our future,
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Ali oni takođe poseduju tajnu naše budućnosti,
05:52
a future where we need to adapt
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budućnosti u kojoj treba da se prilagodimo
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to an increasingly challenging world
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sve izazovnijem svetu
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through greater creativity
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koristeći više kreativnosti
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and greater cooperation.
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i više saradnje.
06:01
The secret is that play is the key
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Tajna je u tome da igra predstavlja ključ
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to these capacities.
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za ove kapacitete.
06:06
In other words,
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Drugim rečima, igra je karta
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play is our adaptive wildcard.
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na koju treba da igramo da bi se prilagodili.
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In order to adapt successfully
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Za uspešno prilagođavanje
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to a changing world,
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svetu koji se menja,
06:14
we need to play.
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moramo se igrati.
06:18
But will we make the most of our playfulness?
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Ali, da li ćemo iskoristiti našu razigranost na najbolji način?
06:21
Play is not frivolous.
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Igra nije frivolna,
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Play's essential.
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igra je ključna.
06:25
For bonobos and humans alike,
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Za bonobo majmune i za ljude,
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life is not just red in tooth and claw.
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život je više od borbe za opstanak.
06:31
In times when it seems least appropriate to play,
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Upravo u trenucima kada igrati se izgleda neprilično,
06:34
it might be the times when it is most urgent.
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može biti da nam je baš tada to preko potrebno.
06:38
And so, my fellow primates,
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Dakle, moji dragi primati,
06:41
let us embrace this gift from evolution
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hajde da prihvatimo ovaj evolutivni dar
06:44
and play together,
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i igramo se zajedno,
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as we rediscover creativity,
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dok ponovo otkrivamo kreativnost,
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fellowship and wonder.
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zajedništvo i zadivljenost.
06:51
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:53
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - PrimatologistIsabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?
Why you should listen
Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.
After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?
She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com