TED2011
Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans
Isabel Behncke: Evolucijski dar igre, od bonobo majmuna do ljudi
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S nikada prije viđenim videom, primatologinja Isabel Behncke Izquierdo (TED suradnica) pokazuje kako društvo bonobo majmuna uči iz neprekidne igre – sami, s prijateljima, čak i kao predigra spolnom odnosu. Doista, čini se da je igra ključ rješavanja problema i izbjegavanja sukoba za bonobo majmune. Ako to funkcionira za naše bliske rođake, zašto ne bi i za nas?
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I just came back from a community
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Upravo sam došla iz društva
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that holds the secret to human survival.
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koje nosi tajnu ljudskog preživljavanja.
00:21
It's a place where women run the show,
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To je mjesto u kojemu žene drže glavnu riječ,
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have sex to say hello,
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imaju spolne odnose da bi se pozdravile
00:26
and play rules the day --
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i gdje igra vlada danima –
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where fun is serious business.
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gdje je zabava ozbiljna stvar.
00:31
And no, this isn't Burning Man
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I ne, ovo nije Burning Man
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or San Francisco.
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ni San Francisco.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:37
Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins.
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Dame i gospodo, upoznajte svoje rođake.
00:40
This is the world of wild bonobos
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Ovo je svijet divljih bonoboa
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in the jungles of Congo.
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u džunglama Konga.
00:45
Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees,
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Bonoboi su, zajedno s čimpanzama,
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your living closest relative.
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naši najbliži živući rođaci.
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That means we all share a common ancestor,
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To znači da svi imamo zajedničkog pretka,
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an evolutionary grandmother,
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evolucijsku baku
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who lived around six million years ago.
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koja je živjela prije otprilike šest milijuna godina.
01:00
Now, chimpanzees are well-known
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Čimpanze su dobro poznate
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for their aggression.
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po svojoj agresivnosti.
01:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:07
But unfortunately,
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Ali nažalost,
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we have made too much of an emphasis
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toliko smo naglasili ovaj
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of this aspect
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aspekt
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in our narratives of human evolution.
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u našim govorima o ljudskoj evoluciji.
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But bonobos show us
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Ali bonoboi nam pokazuju
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the other side of the coin.
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drugu stranu medalje.
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While chimpanzees
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Dok čimpanzama
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are dominated by big, scary guys,
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upravljaju veliki, strašni tipovi,
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bonobo society
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bonobovskim društvima
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is run by empowered females.
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upravljaju jake ženke.
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These guys have really worked something out,
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Ovi su tipovi zbilja nešto razradili,
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since this leads to a highly tolerant society
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budući da to vodi visoko tolerantnom društvu
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where fatal violence
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u kojemu još nije viđeno
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has not been observed yet.
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pogubno nasilje.
01:42
But unfortunately,
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Na nesreću,
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bonobos are the least understood
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bonoboi su najmanje shvaćeni
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of the great apes.
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veliki majmuni.
01:48
They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle,
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Žive u dubinama kongovske džungle
01:51
and it has been very difficult to study them.
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i vrlo je teško proučavati ih.
01:54
The Congo is a paradox --
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Kongo je paradoks
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a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty,
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– zemlja iznimne biološke raznolikosti i ljepote,
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but also the heart of darkness itself --
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ali ujedno i srce same tame –
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the scene of a violent conflict
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scena nasilnog sukoba
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that has raged for decades
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koji bijesni već desetljećima
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and claimed nearly as many lives
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i uzeo je života skoro
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as the First World War.
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kao Prvi svjetski rat.
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Not surprisingly,
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Ne iznenađuje
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this destruction also endangers bonobo survival.
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da ova destrukcija ugrožava i opstanak bonoboa.
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Bushmeat trades and forest loss
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Trgovina divljači i gubitak šuma
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means we couldn't fill a small stadium
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znači da ne možemo napuniti manji stadion
02:28
with all the bonobos that are left in the world --
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sa svim bonoboima koji su ostali na svijetu,
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and we're not even sure of that to be honest.
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a nismo sigurni ni u to, da budem iskrena.
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Yet, in this land of violence and chaos,
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Ipak, u ovoj zemlji nasilja i kaosa,
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you can hear hidden laughter
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možete čuti skriveni smijeh
02:41
swaying the trees.
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koji se njiše drvećem.
02:43
Who are these cousins?
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Tko su ti rođaci?
02:46
We know them as the "make love, not war" apes
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Znamo ih kao „vodite ljubav, a ne rat“ majmuni
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since they have frequent, promiscuous
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zato što imaju česte, promiskuitetne
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and bisexual sex
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i biseksualne spolne odnose
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to manage conflict
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kako bi se nosili sa sukobom
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and solve social issues.
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i rješavali društvena pitanja.
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Now, I'm not saying this is the solution
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Ne kažem da je to rješenje svih
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to all of humanity's problems --
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problema čovječanstva --
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since there's more to bonobo life
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jer se život bonobo majmuna
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than the Kama Sutra.
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ne svodi samo na Kama Sutru.
03:08
Bonobos, like humans,
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Bonoboi se, kao i ljudi,
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love to play throughout their entire lives.
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vole igrati cijeloga života.
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Play is not just child's games.
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Igranje nije samo dječja igra.
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For us and them,
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Za nas i za njih,
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play is foundational for bonding relationships
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igra je osnova za učvršćivanje odnosa
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and fostering tolerance.
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i gajenje tolerancije.
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It's where we learn to trust
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Tamo učimo vjerovati,
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and where we learn about the rules of the game.
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i tamo učimo pravila igre.
03:26
Play increases creativity
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Igra povećava kreativnost
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and resilience,
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i otpornost,
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and it's all about the generation of diversity --
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a sve je u stvaranju različitosti,
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diversity of interactions,
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različitosti interakcija,
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diversity of behaviors,
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različitosti ponašanja,
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diversity of connections.
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različitosti veza.
03:41
And when you watch bonobo play,
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I kada gledate bonoboe kako se igraju,
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you're seeing the very evolutionary roots
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vidite evolucijske korake
03:46
of human laughter, dance
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ljudskog smijeha, plesa
03:48
and ritual.
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i rituala.
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Play is the glue
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Igra je ta nit
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that binds us together.
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koja nas povezuje.
03:54
Now, I don't know how you play,
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Ne znam kako se vi igrate,
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but I want to show you a couple of unique clips
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ali želim vam pokazati nekoliko jedinstvenih isječaka
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fresh from the wild.
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ravno iz divljine.
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First, it's a ball game bonobo-style --
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Prvo, igra loptama na bonobovski način,
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and I do not mean football.
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i pritom ne mislim na nogomet.
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So here,
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Ovdje imamo
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we have a young female and a male
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mladu ženku i mužjaka
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engaged in a chase game.
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koji su uključeni u igru lovice.
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Have a look what she's doing.
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Pogledajte što ona radi.
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It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase,
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To je možda evolucijsko podrijetlo izraza:
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"she's got him by the balls."
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„uhvatila ga je za testise.“
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(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:23
Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right?
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Samo što mislim da on uživa.
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Yeah.
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Da.
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(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:31
So sex play is common
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Seksualne igre su česte
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in both bonobos and humans.
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i kod bonoboa i kod ljudi.
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And this video is really interesting
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I ovaj je video zanimljiv
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because it shows --
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jer pokazuje --
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this video's really interesting
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I ovaj je video zanimljiv
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because it shows the inventiveness
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jer pokazuje domišljatost
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of bringing unusual elements into play --
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uvođenja neobičnog elementa u igru --
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such as testicles --
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poput testisa –
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and also how play both requires trust
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i također kako igra zahtjeva povjerenje
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and fosters trust --
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i gradi povjerenje,
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while at the same time being tremendous fun.
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a u isto vrijeme je vrlo zabavna.
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But play's a shapeshifter.
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Ali igra mijenja svoj oblik.
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(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:02
Play's a shapeshifter,
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Igra mijenja svoj oblik
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and it can take many forms,
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i može uzeti razne forme,
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some of which are more quiet,
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od kojih su neke tiše,
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imaginative, curious --
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maštovitije, znatiželjnije –
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maybe where wonder is discovered anew.
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možda se ondje čuda iznova otkrivaju.
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And I want you to see,
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I želim da vidite,
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this is Fuku, a young female,
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ovo je Fuku, mlada ženka
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and she is quietly playing with water.
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i tiho se igra s vodom.
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I think, like her,
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Mislim, da se kao i ona i
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we sometimes play alone,
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mi ponekad igramo sami
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and we explore the boundaries
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i istražujemo granice
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of our inner and our outer worlds.
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svog unutarnjeg i vanjskog svijeta.
05:28
And it's that playful curiosity
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I ta nas zaigrana znatiželja
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that drives us to explore, drives us to interact,
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vodi istraživanju, vodi nas interakciji.
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and then the unexpected connections we form
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I onda su neočekivane veze koje stvaramo
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are the real hotbed for creativity.
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pravi izvor kreativnosti.
05:41
So these are just small tasters
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Ovo su samo mali pokazatelji
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into the insights that bonobo give us
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spoznaja koje nam bonoboi daju
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to our past and present.
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o našoj prošlosti i sadašnjosti.
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But they also hold a secret for our future,
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Ali oni također nose i tajnu za našu budućnost,
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a future where we need to adapt
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budućnost u kojoj se moramo prilagođavati
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to an increasingly challenging world
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sve izazovnijem svijetu
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through greater creativity
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preko veće kreativnosti
05:59
and greater cooperation.
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i bolje suradnje.
06:01
The secret is that play is the key
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Tajna je da je igra ključ
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to these capacities.
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ovih kapaciteta.
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In other words,
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Drugim riječima,
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play is our adaptive wildcard.
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igra je naš prilagodbeni džoker.
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In order to adapt successfully
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Da bismo se uspješno prilagodili
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to a changing world,
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promjenjivom svijetu,
06:14
we need to play.
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moramo se igrati.
06:18
But will we make the most of our playfulness?
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Ali hoćemo li iskoristiti svoju razigranost najbolje što možemo?
06:21
Play is not frivolous.
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Igra nije neozbiljna,
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Play's essential.
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igra je nužna.
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For bonobos and humans alike,
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Za bonoboe i ljude,
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life is not just red in tooth and claw.
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život nije samo okrutna divljina.
06:31
In times when it seems least appropriate to play,
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U vremenima kad se čini najmanje prikladno igrati se,
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it might be the times when it is most urgent.
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moglo bi biti da su to vremena u kojima je to najnužnije.
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And so, my fellow primates,
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I tako, moji kolege primati,
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let us embrace this gift from evolution
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prigrlimo ovaj dar evolucije
06:44
and play together,
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i igrajmo se zajedno,
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as we rediscover creativity,
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i tako otkrivajmo kreativnost,
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fellowship and wonder.
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suradnju i čuđenje.
06:51
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - PrimatologistIsabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?
Why you should listen
Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.
After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?
She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com