TEDSalon London Spring 2012
Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages
Žoržet Muler (Georgette Mulheir): Tragedija sirotišta
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Sirotišta su skupa i mogu prouzrokovati nenadoknadivo oštećenje, kako mentalno tako i fizičko - zašto su onda toliko sveprisutna? Žoržet Muler ozbiljno opisuje tragediju sirotišta i urgira da se više ne oslanjamo na njih, već da se nađu alternativni načini pomoći onoj deci, kojoj je to potrebno.
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Across Europe and Central Asia,
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Širom Evrope i centralne Azije
00:19
approximately one million children live in large
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približno milion dece živi u velikim
00:22
residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
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ustanovama poznatim kao sirotišta.
00:26
Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment
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Većina ljudi zamišlja da su sirotišta
pogodna okruženja
pogodna okruženja
00:29
that care for children.
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koja brinu o deci.
00:31
Others know more about the living conditions there,
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Neki znaju više o uslovima
života u njima
života u njima
00:34
but still think they're a necessary evil.
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pa ipak misle da su
sirotišta nužno zlo.
sirotišta nužno zlo.
00:36
After all, where else would we put all of those children
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Na kraju krajeva, gde bi smestili
svu tu decu
svu tu decu
00:40
who don't have any parents?
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koja nemaju roditelje?
00:42
But 60 years of research has demonstrated
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Ali šezdesetogodišnje istraživanje pokazuje
00:45
that separating children from their families
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da odvajanje dece od njihovih porodica
00:48
and placing them in large institutions
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i njihov smeštaj u velike institucije
00:50
seriously harms their health and development,
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ozbiljno šteti njihovom zdravlju i razvoju,
00:53
and this is particularly true for young babies.
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ovo važi posebno za male bebe.
00:56
As we know, babies are born
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Kao što znamo, bebe se rađaju
00:58
without their full muscle development,
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bez potpune razvijenosti mišića
01:01
and that includes the brain.
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i mozga.
01:03
During the first three years of life, the brain grows
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Tokom prve tri godine života mozak
01:06
to its full size, with most of that growth taking place
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dostiže punu veličinu, a najviše raste
01:09
in the first six months. The brain develops
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u prvih šest meseci.
Mozak se razvija
Mozak se razvija
01:11
in response to experience and to stimulation.
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kao odgovor na iskustvo i podražaj.
01:14
Every time a young baby learns something new --
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Svaki put kada beba nauči nešto novo -
01:18
to focus its eyes,
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da fokusira oči,
01:20
to mimic a movement or a facial expression,
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da podražava pokret ili izraz lica,
01:23
to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --
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da podigne nešto, da oblikuje reč
ili da sedne -
ili da sedne -
01:27
new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.
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izgrađuju se nove sinaptičke veze u mozgu.
01:30
New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.
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Mladi roditelji su zapanjeni
brzinom ovog učenja.
brzinom ovog učenja.
01:34
They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.
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Sa pravom su zadivljeni i ushićeni
pameću svoje dece.
pameću svoje dece.
01:39
They communicate their delight to their children,
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Prenose svoju ushićenost na decu
01:42
who respond with smiles,
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koja im uzvraćaju osmesima
01:44
and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.
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i željom da postignu i nauče još više.
01:48
This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent
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Izgradnjom snažne povezanosti između
deteta i roditelja
deteta i roditelja
01:52
provides the building blocks for physical, social,
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sklapaju se kockice za fizički, društveni,
01:55
language, cognitive and psychomotor development.
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jezički, kognitivni i psihomotorni razvoj.
01:58
It is the model for all future relationships with friends,
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Ovo je model za sve buduće veze
sa prijateljima,
sa prijateljima,
02:03
with partners and with their own children.
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partnerima i svojom decom.
02:06
It happens so naturally in most families
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U većini porodica ovo se dešava
tako prirodno
tako prirodno
02:08
that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware
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da čak i ne primećujemo. Većina nas
nije ni svesna važnosti ove veze
nije ni svesna važnosti ove veze
02:11
of its importance to human development and, by extension,
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za ljudski razvoj i nadalje
02:15
to the development of a healthy society.
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za razvoj zdravog društva.
02:18
And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize
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Samo kada krene po zlu,
počinjemo da shvatamo
počinjemo da shvatamo
02:20
the importance of families to children.
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važnost porodice za decu.
02:23
In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness
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U avgustu 1993. imala sam prvu priliku
da budem svedok
da budem svedok
02:27
on a massive scale the impact on children
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velikog uticaja institucionalizacije i
02:31
of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.
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odsustva roditeljstva na decu.
02:36
Those of us who remember the newspaper reports
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Oni koji se sećaju novinskih izveštaja
02:38
that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution
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koji su stizali iz Rumunije posle
revolucije 1989.,
revolucije 1989.,
02:42
will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.
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setiće se užasnih uslova u nekim
od tih institucija.
od tih institucija.
02:46
I was asked to help the director of a large institution to
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Zamolili su me da pomognem direktoru
jedne velike institucije
jedne velike institucije
02:49
help prevent the separation of children from their families.
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da se spreči odvajanje dece
od svojih porodica.
od svojih porodica.
02:53
Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,
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Ovo sirotište sa 550 dece je služilo
Čaušeskuu za pokazivanje,
Čaušeskuu za pokazivanje,
02:57
and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.
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pa su mi rekli da su uslovi bili mnogo bolji.
03:00
Having worked with lots of young children, I expected
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Pošto sam radila sa mnogo male dece,
03:02
the institution to be a riot of noise,
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očekivala sam da ovde
bude veoma bučno,
bude veoma bučno,
03:05
but it was as silent as a convent.
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ali bilo je tiho, kao u manastiru.
03:07
It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,
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Bilo je teško poverovati da je tamo
uopšte bilo dece,
uopšte bilo dece,
03:10
yet the director showed me into room after room,
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ipak me je direktor sproveo
iz sobe u sobu,
iz sobe u sobu,
03:13
each containing row upon row of cots,
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u svakoj su bili redovi krevetaca
03:16
in each of which lay a child staring into space.
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i u svakom je ležalo dete zureći u plafon.
03:22
In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.
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U prostoriji sa 40 novorođenih,
nijedno od njih nije plakalo.
nijedno od njih nije plakalo.
03:25
Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see
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Ipak, videla sam prljave pelene,
videla sam
videla sam
03:27
that some of the children were distressed,
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da su neka deca bila uznemirena,
03:29
but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.
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a jedino što se čulo, bilo je
tiho, konstantno jecanje.
tiho, konstantno jecanje.
03:33
The head nurse told me proudly,
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Glavna sestra mi je ponosno rekla:
03:35
"You see, our children are very well-behaved."
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"Vidite kako su naša deca dobra."
03:38
Over the next few days, I began to realize
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Tokom sledećih nekoliko dana počela
sam da shvatam
sam da shvatam
03:41
that this quietness was not exceptional.
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da ova tišina nije bila nešto neobično.
03:43
The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,
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Novoprimljene bebe bi plakale
prvih nekoliko sati,
prvih nekoliko sati,
03:47
but their demands were not met, and so eventually
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ali pošto nisu izašli u susret njihovim zahtevima
03:49
they learned not to bother. Within a few days,
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na kraju su naučile da ne smetaju,
03:51
they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space
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bile su bezvoljne, letargične
i gledale su u prazno
i gledale su u prazno
03:55
like all the others.
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kao i sve ostale.
03:57
Over the years, many people and news reports
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Tokom godina su mnogi ljudi
i novinski izveštaji
i novinski izveštaji
04:00
have blamed the personnel in the institutions
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optuživali osoblje u ovim ustanovama
04:02
for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member
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za zlo koje su naneli deci,
ali često samo je
ali često samo je
04:05
of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.
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jedna osoba brinula o 10, 20
ili čak četrdesetoro dece.
ili čak četrdesetoro dece.
04:09
Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.
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Zato nisu imali drugog izbora nego da
primenjuju disciplinovani program.
primenjuju disciplinovani program.
04:13
The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.
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Decu su budili u 7 i hranili u pola 8.
04:17
At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member
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U 8 sati pelene su morale biti promenjene,
pa je jedan član osoblja
pa je jedan član osoblja
04:20
may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.
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imao možda 30 minuta da nahrani
desetoro ili dvadesetoro dece,
desetoro ili dvadesetoro dece,
04:23
If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait
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a ako bi neko dete isprljalo pelenu u pola devet,
moralo bi da čeka
moralo bi da čeka
04:27
several hours before it can be changed again.
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nekoliko sati do sledećeg presvlačenja.
04:30
The child's daily contact with another human being
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Dnevni kontakt deteta sa
drugim ljudskim bićem
drugim ljudskim bićem
04:32
is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,
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svodio se na nekoliko užurbanih minuta
tokom hranjenja i presvlačenja
tokom hranjenja i presvlačenja
04:37
and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,
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i jedina njihova stimulacija se svela na plafon,
04:40
the walls or the bars of their cots.
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na zidove i rešetke njihovih krevetaca.
04:44
Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,
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Od moje prve posete Čaušeskuovoj instituciji
04:47
I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,
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videla sam na stotine takvih mesta u 18 zemalja,
04:50
from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
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od Češke Republike do Sudana.
04:53
Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,
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U svim ovim udaljenim zemljama i kulturama
04:56
the institutions, and the child's journey through them,
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ove institucije i prolazak dece kroz njih,
04:59
is depressingly similar.
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bile su poražavajući iste.
05:02
Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors
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Nedostatak stimulacije često vodi do
postupaka samo-stimulacije
postupaka samo-stimulacije
05:05
like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,
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kao što je pljeskanje rukama,
klaćenje napred-nazad
klaćenje napred-nazad
05:08
or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs
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ili do agresije i u nekim ustanovama
se koriste psihijatrijski lekovi
se koriste psihijatrijski lekovi
05:11
are used to control the behavior of these children,
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za kontrolu ponašanja ove dece,
05:14
whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them
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dok se u nekim drugim ustanovama
deca vezuju da bi se sprečilo
deca vezuju da bi se sprečilo
05:17
from harming themselves or others.
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da povrede sebe ili druge.
05:19
These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities
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Ova deca su ubrzo obeležena kao ometena
05:22
and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.
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i prebacuju se u drugu instituciju
za decu ometenu u razvoju.
za decu ometenu u razvoju.
05:25
Most of these children will never leave the institution again.
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Mnoga deca više nikad neće napustiti instituciju.
05:30
For those without disabilities, at age three,
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Ona, koja nisu ometena, sa tri godine
05:32
they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,
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se prebacuju u drugu ustanovu,
a sa sedam godina,
a sa sedam godina,
05:35
to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,
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opet u neku drugu. Odvojena su
po godištu i polu,
po godištu i polu,
05:39
they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,
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proizvoljno su odvojena
od svoje braće i sestara
od svoje braće i sestara
05:41
often without even a chance to say goodbye.
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često i bez mogućnosti
da se oproste jedni od drugih.
da se oproste jedni od drugih.
05:45
There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.
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Retko ima dovoljno hrane.
Ona su često gladna.
Ona su često gladna.
05:48
The older children bully the little ones. They learn to
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Starija deca zlostavljaju mlađu.
Ona uče da prežive.
Ona uče da prežive.
05:51
survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.
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Uče da se brane, inače propadaju.
05:54
When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult
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Kad napuste instituciju, zaista im je teško
05:58
to cope and to integrate into society.
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da se snađu i integrišu u društvo.
06:01
In Moldova, young women raised in institutions
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U Moldaviji, mlade žene koje su
odrasle u institucijama
odrasle u institucijama
06:04
are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,
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deset puta su više žrtve trgovine ljudima
nego njihove vršnjakinje
nego njihove vršnjakinje
06:08
and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,
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i jedno rusko istraživanje je otkrilo da je,
dve godine nakon napuštanja ustanove,
dve godine nakon napuštanja ustanove,
06:12
young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,
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20 posto tih mladih ljudi imalo kriminalni dosije,
06:17
14 percent were involved in prostitution,
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njih 14 posto je bilo umešano u prostituciju
06:20
and 10 percent had taken their own lives.
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i 10 posto je oduzelo sebi život.
06:24
But why are there so many orphans in Europe
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Zašto ima toliko siročadi u Evropi
06:27
when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?
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kad u skorije vreme nije bilo ratova
ili nekih katastrofa?
ili nekih katastrofa?
06:31
In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,
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U stvari, više od 95 posto ove dece
ima žive roditelje,
ima žive roditelje,
06:35
and societies tend to blame these parents
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ali društvo je sklono da okrivi ove roditelje
06:37
for abandoning these children, but research shows that
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za zapostavljanje dece,
ali istraživanja pokazuju
ali istraživanja pokazuju
06:40
most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers
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da većina roditelja želi svoju decu
i da su primarni pokretači
i da su primarni pokretači
06:43
behind institutionalization
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institucionalizacije
06:46
are poverty, disability and ethnicity.
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siromaštvo, invalidnost i etnička pripadnost.
06:50
Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,
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Mnoge države nisu razvile inkluzivne škole,
06:53
and so even children with a very mild disability
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pa se deca sa blagom ometenošću
06:56
are sent away to a residential special school,
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šalju u specijalne škole
06:58
at age six or seven.
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kada imaju šest ili sedam godina.
07:00
The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.
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Te ustanove mogu biti udaljene na
stotine kilometara od porodičnog doma.
stotine kilometara od porodičnog doma.
07:04
If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,
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Ako je porodica siromašna,
teško će posećivati decu
teško će posećivati decu
07:07
and gradually the relationship breaks down.
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i međusobna veza se postepeno gasi.
07:11
Behind each of the million children in institutions,
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Iza svakog od miliona dece u ustanovama
07:14
there is usually a story of parents who are desperate
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postoji priča o roditeljima koji su očajni
07:18
and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,
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i koji osećaju da nemaju više izbora,
kao što je i Natalija iz Moldavije,
kao što je i Natalija iz Moldavije,
07:23
who only had enough money to feed her baby,
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koja je imala dovoljno novca
samo za ishranu svoje bebe,
samo za ishranu svoje bebe,
07:26
and so had to send her older son to the institution;
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pa je morala da pošalje starijeg sina u ustanovu;
07:29
or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children
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ili Desi, u Bugarskoj, koja je
pazila svoje četvoro dece
pazila svoje četvoro dece
07:32
at home until her husband died,
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dok joj muž nije umro,
07:34
but then she had to go out to work full time,
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a zatim je morala da radi puno radno vreme,
07:37
and with no support, felt she had no option
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bez pomoći, nije imala drugog izbora,
07:39
but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;
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nego da smesti ometeno dete u ustanovu;
07:43
or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents
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ili stotine mladih devojaka koje se užasavaju
da kažu svojim roditeljima
da kažu svojim roditeljima
07:46
they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;
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da su trudne, pa ostavljaju svoje bebe u bolnici;
07:49
or the new parents, the young couple who have
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ili mladi roditelji, jedan mladi par
07:52
just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,
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koji je upravo otkrio da je njihovo
prvorođeno dete ometeno u razvoju
prvorođeno dete ometeno u razvoju
07:57
and instead of being provided with positive messages
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i umesto da ih posavetuju pozitivnim porukama
08:00
about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,
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o potencijalima deteta, doktori su im rekli:
08:03
"Forget her, leave her in the institution,
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"Zaboravite na nju, ostavite je u ustanovi,
08:06
go home and make a healthy one."
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idite kući i napravite jedno zdravo dete."
08:09
This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.
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Ovakvo stanje stvari nije ni nužno ni neizbežno.
08:13
Every child has the right to a family, deserves
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Svako dete ima pravo na porodicu, zaslužuje
08:16
and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.
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i treba da ima porodicu i deca su neverovatno otporna.
08:20
We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving
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Ako ih rano izvadimo iz ustanova i smestimo u brižne
08:22
families early on, they recover their developmental delays,
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porodice, ona nadoknade svoje gubitke u razvoju
08:26
and go on to lead normal, happy lives.
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i nastavljaju normalan, srećan život.
08:29
It's also much cheaper to provide support to families
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Takođe, mnogo je jeftinije pružiti pomoć
hraniteljskim porodicama,
hraniteljskim porodicama,
08:32
than it is to provide institutions.
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nego obezbediti institucije.
08:35
One study suggests that a family support service
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Jedno istraživanje navodi da
podrška hraniteljskim porodicama
podrška hraniteljskim porodicama
08:38
costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,
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košta 10 posto od smeštaja u ustanovu,
08:41
whilst good quality foster care
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dok kvaliteno hraniteljstvo
08:43
costs usually about 30 percent.
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košta obično oko 30 posto.
08:46
If we spend less on these children but on the right services,
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Ako potrošimo manje na decu,
a više na prave usluge,
a više na prave usluge,
08:49
we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality
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uštedu možemo reinvestirati
u visoko kvalitetnu brigu
u visoko kvalitetnu brigu
08:53
residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.
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za decu sa izuzetno kompleksnim potrebama.
08:58
Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus
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Širom Evrope se razvija pokret
da bi se pomerio fokus
da bi se pomerio fokus
09:02
and transfer the resources from large institutions
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i preneli resursi sa velikih institucija,
09:05
that provide poor quality care to community-based services
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koje pružaju oskudnu brigu,
na usluge koje pruža
na usluge koje pruža
09:09
that protect children from harm and allow them to develop
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lokalna zajednica, koja štiti decu
od nepravde i omogućava razvijanje
od nepravde i omogućava razvijanje
09:12
to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania
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njihovog punog potencijala. Kada sam počela
da radim u Rumuniji
da radim u Rumuniji
09:16
nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
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pre skoro 20 godina, 200 000 dece je živelo
09:20
in institutions, and more entering every day.
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u ustanovama i broj im se povećavao svakog dana.
09:23
Now, there are less than 10,000, and
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Sada ih ima manje od 10 000
09:25
family support services are provided across the country.
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i širom zemlje se podržavaju hraniteljske porodice.
09:29
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects
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U Moldaviji, uprkos ekstremnom siromaštvu
i užasnim posledicama
i užasnim posledicama
09:33
of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children
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svetske ekonomske krize, broj dece u
09:36
in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent
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institucijama se smanjio za više od 50 posto
09:38
in the last five years, and the resources are being
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u poslednjih pet godina, a resursi su
09:42
redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.
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usmereni na hraniteljske porodice i inkluzivne škole.
09:46
Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
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Mnoge zemlje su razvile nacionalne akcione planove.
09:50
The European Commission and other major donors
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Evropska komisija i drugi značajni donatori
09:52
are finding ways to divert money from institutions
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pronalaze načine da usmere novac iz institucija
09:56
towards family support, empowering communities
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ka hraniteljskim porodicama, osnažuju zajednice
09:59
to look after their own children.
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da brinu o svojoj deci.
10:01
But there is still much to be done to end the systematic
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Ali još uvek ima mnogo toga da se uradi da bi se
10:04
institutionalization of children.
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okončala institucionalizacija dece.
10:06
Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.
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Potrebno je podizanje svesti
na svim društvenim nivoima.
na svim društvenim nivoima.
10:10
People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,
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Potrebno je upoznati ljude sa nepravdom
koju te institucije nanose deci
koju te institucije nanose deci
10:13
and the better alternatives that exist.
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i da postoje bolje alternative.
10:16
If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,
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Ako poznajemo ljude koji
planiraju da pomažu sirotišta,
planiraju da pomažu sirotišta,
10:19
we should convince them to support family services instead.
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trebalo bi da ih ubedimo da umesto toga
pomognu hraniteljske porodice.
pomognu hraniteljske porodice.
10:23
Together, this is the one form of child abuse
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Ovo je jedan od oblika zlostavljanja dece
10:26
that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
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koji bismo mogli da iskorenimo zajedno.
10:29
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
10:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, LumosGeorgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages.
Why you should listen
We know that the early years of a person's life are critical for social and cognitive development, and that the adults present during that time have a strong influence on this growth -- so why is it so common for society to separate child and parent? Why are 1 million children across Europe and Central Asia living in large orphanages, which are harmful to their health and psyches? Georgette Mulheir wants to put an end to this practice. She works tirelessly as the CEO of Lumos, an NGO founded by JK Rowling dedicated to ending worldwide systematic institutionalization. For the past 20 years Mulheir has worked primarily in Central and Eastern Europe to shift resources away from orphanages and toward alternate family services, such as foster care and day support. Since she started working in Romania in 1993, the landscape there has improved dramatically -- from 200,000 children in orphanages to 20,000.
Georgette Mulheir | Speaker | TED.com