TEDSalon London Spring 2012
Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages
Georgette Mulheir: 孤儿院的悲剧
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
862,164 views
孤儿院花销巨大并对孩子们的身体和精神都产生了不可恢复的伤害——为什么他们还还要这样的无处不在？Georgette Mulheir 严肃的描述了孤儿院的悲剧并且倡议我们通过找到一种对需求中的孩子们的吃吃来停止对孤儿院的支持。
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Across Europe and Central Asia,
0
1144
2726
在欧洲及亚洲中部
00:19
approximately one million children live in large
1
3870
2560
大约有一百万的孩子住在大型的
00:22
residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
2
6430
4098
住宿机构，也就是通常说的孤儿院
00:26
Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment
3
10528
3058
在很多人的想象中，孤儿院是是一个拥有良好的环境
00:29
that care for children.
4
13586
1671
在照顾孩子们的地方
00:31
Others know more about the living conditions there,
5
15257
3231
而另一些人更了解哪儿住宿环境的人，
00:34
but still think they're a necessary evil.
6
18488
2452
认为那是一个十分邪恶的地方，但是不可缺少。
00:36
After all, where else would we put all of those children
7
20940
3397
毕竟，还有哪个地方我们能接纳许许多多的孩子，
00:40
who don't have any parents?
8
24337
2151
却连一个家长都没有呢？
00:42
But 60 years of research has demonstrated
9
26488
3467
但是60年来的调查已经表明
00:45
that separating children from their families
10
29955
2256
把孩子从他们的家庭中分离
00:48
and placing them in large institutions
11
32211
2352
并将他们送到大型机构
00:50
seriously harms their health and development,
12
34563
2840
会严重的损害孩子们的健康及成长，
00:53
and this is particularly true for young babies.
13
37403
3482
尤其是对那些小婴儿。
00:56
As we know, babies are born
14
40885
2144
众所周知，孩子们刚刚出生的时候
00:58
without their full muscle development,
15
43029
2760
肌肉还没有完全成长，
01:01
and that includes the brain.
16
45789
1924
大脑也没有发育成熟。
01:03
During the first three years of life, the brain grows
17
47713
2660
在刚出生的三年里，大脑逐渐成长
01:06
to its full size, with most of that growth taking place
18
50373
2770
直到成熟，而其中的大部分成长发生在
01:09
in the first six months. The brain develops
19
53143
2620
刚出生的六个月。大脑逐渐的成长
01:11
in response to experience and to stimulation.
20
55763
3226
并开始对各种经验及刺激产生反应。
01:14
Every time a young baby learns something new --
21
58989
3814
每当孩子们学到一些新的东西——
01:18
to focus its eyes,
22
62803
1527
用眼睛关注它，
01:20
to mimic a movement or a facial expression,
23
64330
2993
去模仿一个动作或者一个表情，
01:23
to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --
24
67323
3990
起捡起某些东西，说话或是坐起——
01:27
new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.
25
71313
3577
大脑中就建立起了新的突触连接。
01:30
New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.
26
74890
4099
新生儿的父母对孩子们快速的学习感到震惊。
01:34
They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.
27
78989
4908
他们对孩子们的聪明感到惊奇而愉悦。
01:39
They communicate their delight to their children,
28
83897
2584
他们将自己的快乐传递给孩子们，
01:42
who respond with smiles,
29
86481
1721
而孩子们则回报一微笑，
01:44
and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.
30
88202
4402
并且产生一种想要学会更多更多的渴望。
01:48
This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent
31
92604
3742
这种父母子女之间的建立起的强大的联系
01:52
provides the building blocks for physical, social,
32
96346
3211
为身体的，社会的，语言的，认知的以及精神的成长
01:55
language, cognitive and psychomotor development.
33
99557
3510
添砖加瓦。
01:58
It is the model for all future relationships with friends,
34
103067
4214
也为未来的朋友关系，伙伴关系以及与他们自己的孩子
02:03
with partners and with their own children.
35
107281
3241
之间的关系建立的模型。
02:06
It happens so naturally in most families
36
110522
2416
这在许多的家庭中自然的发生
02:08
that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware
37
112938
3104
我们甚至都不会注意这些。我们中的许多人并没有意识到
02:11
of its importance to human development and, by extension,
38
116042
3430
这对人的成长，或者放大来说，
02:15
to the development of a healthy society.
39
119472
2899
对于一个健康的社会的发展是多么的重要。
02:18
And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize
40
122371
2542
只有当这些走上歧途时，我们才会发现
02:20
the importance of families to children.
41
124913
3009
家庭对于孩子们的重要性。
02:23
In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness
42
127922
3936
在1993年的秋天，我有了第一个机会在较大尺度上亲眼目睹了
02:27
on a massive scale the impact on children
43
131858
4158
父母的缺失以及制度化
02:31
of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.
44
136016
4403
对于孩子们的影响。
02:36
Those of us who remember the newspaper reports
45
140419
2437
我们中或许还有人记得一则新闻
02:38
that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution
46
142856
3254
关于1989年革命之后的罗马尼亚
02:42
will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.
47
146110
4421
能想起一些关于这些机构的可怕情况。
02:46
I was asked to help the director of a large institution to
48
150531
2759
我被要求去帮助一个大型机构的主任
02:49
help prevent the separation of children from their families.
49
153290
3963
去帮助阻止孩子们离开他们的家庭。
02:53
Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,
50
157253
4185
容纳了550个婴儿，那是Ceausescu的展示孤儿院，
02:57
and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.
51
161438
2918
因而我被告诉了说条件比其他的要好多了。
03:00
Having worked with lots of young children, I expected
52
164356
2450
和许多的小孩一起工作，我猜想
03:02
the institution to be a riot of noise,
53
166806
2616
机构里一定十分的嘈杂，
03:05
but it was as silent as a convent.
54
169422
1863
但实际上那里和修道院一样安静。
03:07
It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,
55
171285
3446
很难相信哪儿有孩子，
03:10
yet the director showed me into room after room,
56
174731
2636
主任带着我一间一间房间参观，
03:13
each containing row upon row of cots,
57
177367
3015
每间房间有成列的小床，
03:16
in each of which lay a child staring into space.
58
180382
6016
每张床上躺着一个望着天的小孩。
03:22
In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.
59
186398
3650
在一间有40个新生儿的房间里，没有孩子在哭。
03:25
Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see
60
190048
2039
我可以看见脏了的尿布，我可以看见
03:27
that some of the children were distressed,
61
192087
1572
有些孩子的痛苦，
03:29
but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.
62
193659
3845
但唯一的噪音是一种低沉的，持续不断的呻吟。
03:33
The head nurse told me proudly,
63
197504
2100
护士长十分骄傲的告诉我，
03:35
"You see, our children are very well-behaved."
64
199604
3221
“你看，我们的孩子们表现的非常好。”
03:38
Over the next few days, I began to realize
65
202825
2743
在接下来的几天里，我开始认识到
03:41
that this quietness was not exceptional.
66
205568
2063
这种安静并不是例外的。
03:43
The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,
67
207631
3773
新来的孩子在最初的几个小时里也会哭泣，
03:47
but their demands were not met, and so eventually
68
211404
1989
但是他们的需求仍然没有达到，所以
03:49
they learned not to bother. Within a few days,
69
213393
2678
他们最终学会不在多此一举。在几天的时间里，
03:51
they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space
70
216071
3496
他们无精打采，毫无生气，对着天空发呆
03:55
like all the others.
71
219567
1826
就想其他的孩子一样。
03:57
Over the years, many people and news reports
72
221393
2917
一年又一年，许多的人和新闻
04:00
have blamed the personnel in the institutions
73
224310
2171
都指责机构里的工作人员
04:02
for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member
74
226481
2854
认为他们对孩子造成伤害，但是通常，一个
04:05
of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.
75
229335
4567
工作人员需要照顾10,20甚至40个孩子。
04:09
Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.
76
233902
4062
因此他们别无选择只能采用这种制度化的管理方式。
04:13
The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.
77
237964
3875
孩子们必须7点起床，7:30喂食，
04:17
At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member
78
241839
2512
8点，他们需要换尿布，因此，每个工作人员
04:20
may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.
79
244351
3365
可能只有30分钟去喂10到20个孩子。
04:23
If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait
80
247716
3696
如果孩子在8:30弄脏了他的尿布，他必须等上
04:27
several hours before it can be changed again.
81
251412
2959
好几个小时才能再次换尿布。
04:30
The child's daily contact with another human being
82
254371
2649
孩子每天与其他人接触的时间限制在了
04:32
is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,
83
257020
4468
匆忙的几分钟的喂食及换尿布，
04:37
and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,
84
261488
2900
其他时间，他们唯一的刺激对象是天花板，
04:40
the walls or the bars of their cots.
85
264388
4132
墙面或是他们小床的栅栏。
04:44
Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,
86
268520
2899
自从我第一次去Ceausescu的机构，
04:47
I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,
87
271419
3133
我见过18个国家成百上千的地方，
04:50
from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
88
274552
2792
从捷克共和国到苏丹。
04:53
Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,
89
277344
2984
穿过这些不同的土地及文化，
04:56
the institutions, and the child's journey through them,
90
280328
3297
孤儿院，以及孩子们在其中的经历，
04:59
is depressingly similar.
91
283625
2593
是令人绝望的相似。
05:02
Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors
92
286218
3110
缺乏刺激通常会导致一种自我刺激的行为
05:05
like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,
93
289328
2941
像是拍手，前后摇晃，
05:08
or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs
94
292269
3811
或是具有侵略性，在某些机构里，精神药物
05:11
are used to control the behavior of these children,
95
296080
2831
用来控制这些孩子们的行为，
05:14
whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them
96
298911
2201
同时，孩子们被绑起来从而防止他们
05:17
from harming themselves or others.
97
301112
2888
伤害自己或他人。
05:19
These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities
98
304000
2492
这些孩子很快就被冠以残疾
05:22
and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.
99
306492
3435
并且被送到一些为残疾孩子们设立的机构去。
05:25
Most of these children will never leave the institution again.
100
309927
4343
其中大部分的孩子将永远不会再厉害这些机构。
05:30
For those without disabilities, at age three,
101
314270
2663
对于那些没有残疾的孩子，在3岁的时候，
05:32
they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,
102
316933
2548
他们被送到了其他的机构，在7岁时，
05:35
to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,
103
319481
3953
又送去另外一个。根据年龄和性别被隔离，
05:39
they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,
104
323434
2545
他们被专横的从他们的兄弟姐妹身边分离，
05:41
often without even a chance to say goodbye.
105
325979
3888
甚至常常连说再见的机会都没有。
05:45
There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.
106
329867
2778
他们很少能吃饱。他们常常感到饥饿。
05:48
The older children bully the little ones. They learn to
107
332645
2710
年长的孩子们欺负年幼的孩子们。他们学着
05:51
survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.
108
335355
3349
生存。他们学着保护他们自己，或者他们被欺压。
05:54
When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult
109
338704
3560
当他们离开这些机构的时候，他们会发现
05:58
to cope and to integrate into society.
110
342264
3295
融入社会十分困难。
06:01
In Moldova, young women raised in institutions
111
345559
3249
在摩尔多瓦，在这些机构里长大的年轻女人
06:04
are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,
112
348808
4008
比他们的同龄人更容易被拐卖，
06:08
and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,
113
352816
4156
而一项俄罗斯的研究发现，离开机构两年后，
06:12
young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,
114
356972
4359
20%的年轻人拥有犯罪记录，
06:17
14 percent were involved in prostitution,
115
361331
2856
14%参与卖淫，
06:20
and 10 percent had taken their own lives.
116
364187
4564
而10%选择了自杀。
06:24
But why are there so many orphans in Europe
117
368751
2881
但是为什么近些年在没有大型的战争及灾难的情况下
06:27
when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?
118
371632
3871
欧洲仍然有众多的孤儿院？
06:31
In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,
119
375503
4584
实际上，95%的孩子们父母仍然活着，
06:35
and societies tend to blame these parents
120
380087
1989
社会倾向于批判这些父母
06:37
for abandoning these children, but research shows that
121
382076
2763
抛弃了他们的孩子，但是调查显示
06:40
most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers
122
384839
3121
大多数父母想要他们的孩子，而驱使这些机构化
06:43
behind institutionalization
123
387960
2319
背后的原因
06:46
are poverty, disability and ethnicity.
124
390279
4197
是贫穷，残疾和种族划分。
06:50
Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,
125
394476
3099
很多国家并没有发展全纳性学校，
06:53
and so even children with a very mild disability
126
397575
2704
所以即使是只有十分轻微的残疾的孩子
06:56
are sent away to a residential special school,
127
400279
2576
仍然被送到了特殊学校，
06:58
at age six or seven.
128
402855
1808
在6或7岁的时候。
07:00
The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.
129
404663
4134
这些机构或许离他们的家乡上百公里。
07:04
If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,
130
408797
2724
如果家庭贫穷，他们就会发现探视是十分困难的，
07:07
and gradually the relationship breaks down.
131
411521
4118
然后渐渐的联系就断掉了。
07:11
Behind each of the million children in institutions,
132
415639
3303
在这些机构上百万孩子每一个的背后，
07:14
there is usually a story of parents who are desperate
133
418942
3754
通常都有一对绝望的家长，
07:18
and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,
134
422696
5110
他们感到别无选择，就想摩尔多瓦的娜塔莉娅，
07:23
who only had enough money to feed her baby,
135
427806
2393
她的钱之后喂养她的婴儿，
07:26
and so had to send her older son to the institution;
136
430199
3184
因此她必须将她较年长的孩子送到这些机构去；
07:29
or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children
137
433383
3040
或是Desi，在保加利亚，她在家照顾她的四个孩子
07:32
at home until her husband died,
138
436423
2629
直到她的丈夫去世，
07:34
but then she had to go out to work full time,
139
439052
2243
但是之后，她必须外出做一份全职工作，
07:37
and with no support, felt she had no option
140
441295
2147
并且没有任何的支持，因此她感到别无选择
07:39
but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;
141
443442
3832
只能将一个有残疾的孩子送到相关的机构；
07:43
or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents
142
447274
3154
或者有无法同的的女孩们十分害怕告诉她们的父母
07:46
they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;
143
450428
3586
她们怀孕的消息，只能将孩子留在医院，
07:49
or the new parents, the young couple who have
144
454014
2732
或者一些新生儿的父母，年轻的夫妇发现他们
07:52
just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,
145
456746
4506
第一个孩子还有残疾，
07:57
and instead of being provided with positive messages
146
461252
3055
并没有被提供积极的
08:00
about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,
147
464307
2847
关于他们孩子潜力的正面信息，而是被医生告诉，
08:03
"Forget her, leave her in the institution,
148
467154
3056
“忘了她吧，将她送到相关的机构去，
08:06
go home and make a healthy one."
149
470210
3520
回家并且再生一个健康的孩子。“
08:09
This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.
150
473730
3532
这些状况并非必要或是不可避免的。
08:13
Every child has the right to a family, deserves
151
477262
3127
每一个孩子都有权利去到一个家庭，值得
08:16
and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.
152
480389
3831
并且需要一个家庭，而且孩子们是非常有恢复力的。
08:20
We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving
153
484220
2682
我们发现如果我们较早的将他们从机构中带出
08:22
families early on, they recover their developmental delays,
154
486902
3521
并且送到一个充满爱的家庭，他们将从他们的延迟成长中恢复，
08:26
and go on to lead normal, happy lives.
155
490423
3043
并且拥有一个普通的，快乐的人生。
08:29
It's also much cheaper to provide support to families
156
493466
3561
而且，为家庭提供支持要比为机构提供支持
08:32
than it is to provide institutions.
157
497027
2519
便宜得多。
08:35
One study suggests that a family support service
158
499546
3196
一个调查标兵一个家庭支持服务的话费
08:38
costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,
159
502742
2908
是机构的10%，
08:41
whilst good quality foster care
160
505650
2264
同时高品质的培养
08:43
costs usually about 30 percent.
161
507914
2992
通常只会花到30%。
08:46
If we spend less on these children but on the right services,
162
510906
3048
如果我们在这些孩子身上少花钱而把钱花在正确的服务商，
08:49
we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality
163
513954
3952
我们将能够拯救并对拥有复杂需要的孩子们
08:53
residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.
164
517906
4649
进行高品质的再投资。
08:58
Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus
165
522555
4537
整个欧洲，一个运动正在发展并且将
09:02
and transfer the resources from large institutions
166
527092
2836
提供较差服务大型机构的资源转移到
09:05
that provide poor quality care to community-based services
167
529928
3960
社区性质的保护
09:09
that protect children from harm and allow them to develop
168
533888
2725
并且让孩子们充分发挥自己天赋的服务中，
09:12
to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania
169
536613
3827
当在20年前我开始在罗马利亚工作时，
09:16
nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
170
540440
3776
那是约有200，000的孩子住在这些机构，
09:20
in institutions, and more entering every day.
171
544216
3561
每天都有更多的孩子进来。
09:23
Now, there are less than 10,000, and
172
547777
2311
现在，则少于10,000，并且
09:25
family support services are provided across the country.
173
550088
3448
家庭支持服务在全国范围内开展。
09:29
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects
174
553536
3786
在摩尔多瓦，尽管极度的贫穷和可怕的
09:33
of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children
175
557322
2992
全球经融危机造成影响，机构中的孩子仍然
09:36
in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent
176
560314
2784
在过去的5年里减少了超过50%
09:38
in the last five years, and the resources are being
177
563098
3216
而且资源被重新分配
09:42
redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.
178
566314
4653
给了家庭支持服务和全纳性学校。
09:46
Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
179
570967
3230
很多国家正在发展国家性的行为来进行改变。
09:50
The European Commission and other major donors
180
574197
2521
欧盟委员会和其他主要的捐助者
09:52
are finding ways to divert money from institutions
181
576718
3480
正在寻找方法更多的将钱从机构
09:56
towards family support, empowering communities
182
580198
2996
转向家庭支持，增强社区能力
09:59
to look after their own children.
183
583194
2729
来照顾他们自己的孩子。
10:01
But there is still much to be done to end the systematic
184
585923
2803
但是仍然有许许多多的事需要去做来终结
10:04
institutionalization of children.
185
588726
2368
对孩子们系统化制度化的管理。
10:06
Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.
186
591094
3069
认知的提升需要社会的每一个阶层。
10:10
People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,
187
594163
3524
人们需要知道机构对孩子们产生的伤害，
10:13
and the better alternatives that exist.
188
597687
2960
并且现在存在更好的选择。
10:16
If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,
189
600647
2964
如果我们知道有谁计划支持孤儿院，
10:19
we should convince them to support family services instead.
190
603611
4042
我们需要劝说他们转而去支持家庭服务。
10:23
Together, this is the one form of child abuse
191
607653
3262
行动起来，这是一种我们可以在有生之年
10:26
that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
192
610915
2864
消除的对孩子的虐待。
10:29
Thank you. (Applause)
193
613779
2592
谢谢。（鼓掌）
10:32
(Applause)
194
616371
4000
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, LumosGeorgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages.
Why you should listen
We know that the early years of a person's life are critical for social and cognitive development, and that the adults present during that time have a strong influence on this growth -- so why is it so common for society to separate child and parent? Why are 1 million children across Europe and Central Asia living in large orphanages, which are harmful to their health and psyches? Georgette Mulheir wants to put an end to this practice. She works tirelessly as the CEO of Lumos, an NGO founded by JK Rowling dedicated to ending worldwide systematic institutionalization. For the past 20 years Mulheir has worked primarily in Central and Eastern Europe to shift resources away from orphanages and toward alternate family services, such as foster care and day support. Since she started working in Romania in 1993, the landscape there has improved dramatically -- from 200,000 children in orphanages to 20,000.
Georgette Mulheir | Speaker | TED.com