ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages.

Why you should listen

We know that the early years of a person's life are critical for social and cognitive development, and that the adults present during that time have a strong influence on this growth -- so why is it so common for society to separate child and parent? Why are 1 million children across Europe and Central Asia living in large orphanages, which are harmful to their health and psyches? Georgette Mulheir wants to put an end to this practice. She works tirelessly as the CEO of Lumos, an NGO founded by JK Rowling dedicated to ending worldwide systematic institutionalization. For the past 20 years Mulheir has worked primarily in Central and Eastern Europe to shift resources away from orphanages and toward alternate family services, such as foster care and day support. Since she started working in Romania in 1993, the landscape there has improved dramatically -- from 200,000 children in orphanages to 20,000.

More profile about the speaker
Georgette Mulheir | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London Spring 2012

Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages

Georgette Mulheir: 孤儿院的悲剧

Filmed:
862,164 views

孤儿院花销巨大并对孩子们的身体和精神都产生了不可恢复的伤害——为什么他们还还要这样的无处不在?Georgette Mulheir 严肃的描述了孤儿院的悲剧并且倡议我们通过找到一种对需求中的孩子们的吃吃来停止对孤儿院的支持。
- CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
Across横过 Europe欧洲 and Central中央 Asia亚洲,
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在欧洲及亚洲中部
00:19
approximately one million百万 children孩子 live生活 in large
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大约有一百万的孩子住在大型的
00:22
residential住宅 institutions机构, usually平时 known已知 as orphanages孤儿.
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住宿机构,也就是通常说的孤儿院
00:26
Most people imagine想像 orphanages孤儿 as a benign良性 environment环境
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在很多人的想象中,孤儿院是是一个拥有良好的环境
00:29
that care关心 for children孩子.
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在照顾孩子们的地方
00:31
Others其他 know more about the living活的 conditions条件 there,
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而另一些人更了解哪儿住宿环境的人,
00:34
but still think they're a necessary必要 evil邪恶.
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认为那是一个十分邪恶的地方,但是不可缺少。
00:36
After all, where else其他 would we put all of those children孩子
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毕竟,还有哪个地方我们能接纳许许多多的孩子,
00:40
who don't have any parents父母?
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却连一个家长都没有呢?
00:42
But 60 years年份 of research研究 has demonstrated证明
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但是60年来的调查已经表明
00:45
that separating分离 children孩子 from their families家庭
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把孩子从他们的家庭中分离
00:48
and placing配售 them in large institutions机构
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并将他们送到大型机构
00:50
seriously认真地 harms危害 their health健康 and development发展,
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会严重的损害孩子们的健康及成长,
00:53
and this is particularly尤其 true真正 for young年轻 babies婴儿.
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尤其是对那些小婴儿。
00:56
As we know, babies婴儿 are born天生
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众所周知,孩子们刚刚出生的时候
00:58
without their full充分 muscle肌肉 development发展,
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肌肉还没有完全成长,
01:01
and that includes包括 the brain.
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大脑也没有发育成熟。
01:03
During the first three years年份 of life, the brain grows成长
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在刚出生的三年里,大脑逐渐成长
01:06
to its full充分 size尺寸, with most of that growth发展 taking服用 place地点
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直到成熟,而其中的大部分成长发生在
01:09
in the first six months个月. The brain develops发展
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刚出生的六个月。大脑逐渐的成长
01:11
in response响应 to experience经验 and to stimulation促进.
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并开始对各种经验及刺激产生反应。
01:14
Every一切 time a young年轻 baby宝宝 learns获悉 something new --
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每当孩子们学到一些新的东西——
01:18
to focus焦点 its eyes眼睛,
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用眼睛关注它,
01:20
to mimic模仿者 a movement运动 or a facial面部 expression表达,
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去模仿一个动作或者一个表情,
01:23
to pick something up, to form形成 a word or to sit up --
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起捡起某些东西,说话或是坐起——
01:27
new synaptic突触 connections连接 are being存在 built内置 in the brain.
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大脑中就建立起了新的突触连接。
01:30
New parents父母 are astonished惊讶 by the rapidity迅速 of this learning学习.
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新生儿的父母对孩子们快速的学习感到震惊。
01:34
They are quite相当 rightly正当地 amazed吃惊 and delighted欣喜的 by their children's儿童 cleverness聪明.
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他们对孩子们的聪明感到惊奇而愉悦。
01:39
They communicate通信 their delight to their children孩子,
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他们将自己的快乐传递给孩子们,
01:42
who respond响应 with smiles笑容,
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而孩子们则回报一微笑,
01:44
and a desire欲望 to achieve实现 more and to learn学习 more.
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并且产生一种想要学会更多更多的渴望。
01:48
This forming成型 of the powerful强大 attachment附件 between之间 child儿童 and parent
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这种父母子女之间的建立起的强大的联系
01:52
provides提供 the building建造 blocks for physical物理, social社会,
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为身体的,社会的,语言的,认知的以及精神的成长
01:55
language语言, cognitive认知 and psychomotor精神运动 development发展.
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添砖加瓦。
01:58
It is the model模型 for all future未来 relationships关系 with friends朋友,
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也为未来的朋友关系,伙伴关系以及与他们自己的孩子
02:03
with partners伙伴 and with their own拥有 children孩子.
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之间的关系建立的模型。
02:06
It happens发生 so naturally自然 in most families家庭
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这在许多的家庭中自然的发生
02:08
that we don't even notice注意 it. Most of us are unaware不知道
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我们甚至都不会注意这些。我们中的许多人并没有意识到
02:11
of its importance重要性 to human人的 development发展 and, by extension延期,
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这对人的成长,或者放大来说,
02:15
to the development发展 of a healthy健康 society社会.
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对于一个健康的社会的发展是多么的重要。
02:18
And it's only when it goes wrong错误 that we start开始 to realize实现
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只有当这些走上歧途时,我们才会发现
02:20
the importance重要性 of families家庭 to children孩子.
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家庭对于孩子们的重要性。
02:23
In August八月, 1993, I had my first opportunity机会 to witness见证
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在1993年的秋天,我有了第一个机会在较大尺度上亲眼目睹了
02:27
on a massive大规模的 scale规模 the impact碰撞 on children孩子
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父母的缺失以及制度化
02:31
of institutionalization制度化 and the absence缺席 of parenting育儿.
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对于孩子们的影响。
02:36
Those of us who remember记得 the newspaper报纸 reports报告
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我们中或许还有人记得一则新闻
02:38
that came来了 out of Romania罗马尼亚 after the 1989 revolution革命
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关于1989年革命之后的罗马尼亚
02:42
will recall召回 the horrors恐怖 of the conditions条件 in some of those institutions机构.
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能想起一些关于这些机构的可怕情况。
02:46
I was asked to help the director导向器 of a large institution机构 to
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我被要求去帮助一个大型机构的主任
02:49
help prevent避免 the separation分割 of children孩子 from their families家庭.
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去帮助阻止孩子们离开他们的家庭。
02:53
Housing住房 550 babies婴儿, this was Ceausescu's齐奥塞斯库 show显示 orphanage孤儿院,
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容纳了550个婴儿,那是Ceausescu的展示孤儿院,
02:57
and so I'd been told the conditions条件 were much better.
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因而我被告诉了说条件比其他的要好多了。
03:00
Having worked工作 with lots of young年轻 children孩子, I expected预期
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和许多的小孩一起工作,我猜想
03:02
the institution机构 to be a riot暴动 of noise噪声,
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机构里一定十分的嘈杂,
03:05
but it was as silent无声 as a convent修道院.
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但实际上那里和修道院一样安静。
03:07
It was hard to believe there were any children孩子 there at all,
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很难相信哪儿有孩子,
03:10
yet然而 the director导向器 showed显示 me into room房间 after room房间,
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主任带着我一间一间房间参观,
03:13
each containing row upon row of cots婴儿床,
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每间房间有成列的小床,
03:16
in each of which哪一个 lay铺设 a child儿童 staring凝视 into space空间.
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每张床上躺着一个望着天的小孩。
03:22
In a room房间 of 40 newborns新生儿, not one of them was crying哭了.
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在一间有40个新生儿的房间里,没有孩子在哭。
03:25
Yet然而 I could see soiled nappies尿布, and I could see
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我可以看见脏了的尿布,我可以看见
03:27
that some of the children孩子 were distressed苦恼,
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有些孩子的痛苦,
03:29
but the only noise噪声 was a low, continuous连续 moan呻吟.
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但唯一的噪音是一种低沉的,持续不断的呻吟。
03:33
The head nurse护士 told me proudly傲然,
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护士长十分骄傲的告诉我,
03:35
"You see, our children孩子 are very well-behaved规矩."
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“你看,我们的孩子们表现的非常好。”
03:38
Over the next下一个 few少数 days, I began开始 to realize实现
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在接下来的几天里,我开始认识到
03:41
that this quietness寂静 was not exceptional优秀.
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这种安静并不是例外的。
03:43
The newly admitted承认 babies婴儿 would cry for the first few少数 hours小时,
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新来的孩子在最初的几个小时里也会哭泣,
03:47
but their demands需要 were not met会见, and so eventually终于
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但是他们的需求仍然没有达到,所以
03:49
they learned学到了 not to bother. Within a few少数 days,
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他们最终学会不在多此一举。在几天的时间里,
03:51
they were listless, lethargic昏睡的, and staring凝视 into space空间
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他们无精打采,毫无生气,对着天空发呆
03:55
like all the others其他.
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就想其他的孩子一样。
03:57
Over the years年份, many许多 people and news新闻 reports报告
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一年又一年,许多的人和新闻
04:00
have blamed指责 the personnel人员 in the institutions机构
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都指责机构里的工作人员
04:02
for the harm危害 caused造成 to the children孩子, but often经常, one member会员
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认为他们对孩子造成伤害,但是通常,一个
04:05
of staff员工 is caring爱心 for 10, 20, and even 40 children孩子.
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工作人员需要照顾10,20甚至40个孩子。
04:09
Hence于是 they have no option选项 but to implement实行 a regimented刻板 program程序.
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因此他们别无选择只能采用这种制度化的管理方式。
04:13
The children孩子 must必须 be woken唤醒 at 7 and fed美联储 at 7:30.
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孩子们必须7点起床,7:30喂食,
04:17
At 8, their nappies尿布 must必须 be changed, so a staff员工 member会员
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8点,他们需要换尿布,因此,每个工作人员
04:20
may可能 have only 30 minutes分钟 to feed饲料 10 or 20 children孩子.
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可能只有30分钟去喂10到20个孩子。
04:23
If a child儿童 soils土壤 its nappy尿布 at 8:30, he will have to wait
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如果孩子在8:30弄脏了他的尿布,他必须等上
04:27
several一些 hours小时 before it can be changed again.
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好几个小时才能再次换尿布。
04:30
The child's孩子的 daily日常 contact联系 with another另一个 human人的 being存在
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孩子每天与其他人接触的时间限制在了
04:32
is reduced减少 to a few少数 hurried慌忙 minutes分钟 of feeding馈送 and changing改变,
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匆忙的几分钟的喂食及换尿布,
04:37
and otherwise除此以外 their only stimulation促进 is the ceiling天花板,
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其他时间,他们唯一的刺激对象是天花板,
04:40
the walls墙壁 or the bars酒吧 of their cots婴儿床.
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墙面或是他们小床的栅栏。
04:44
Since以来 my first visit访问 to Ceausescu's齐奥塞斯库 institution机构,
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自从我第一次去Ceausescu的机构,
04:47
I've seen看到 hundreds数以百计 of such这样 places地方 across横过 18 countries国家,
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我见过18个国家成百上千的地方,
04:50
from the Czech捷克 Republic共和国 to Sudan苏丹.
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从捷克共和国到苏丹。
04:53
Across横过 all of these diverse多种 lands土地 and cultures文化,
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穿过这些不同的土地及文化,
04:56
the institutions机构, and the child's孩子的 journey旅程 through通过 them,
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孤儿院,以及孩子们在其中的经历,
04:59
is depressingly令人沮丧 similar类似.
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是令人绝望的相似。
05:02
Lack缺乏 of stimulation促进 often经常 leads引线 to self-stimulating自我刺激 behaviors行为
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缺乏刺激通常会导致一种自我刺激的行为
05:05
like hand-flapping用手拍打, rocking摇摆 back and forth向前,
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像是拍手,前后摇晃,
05:08
or aggression侵略, and in some institutions机构, psychiatric精神病 drugs毒品
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或是具有侵略性,在某些机构里,精神药物
05:11
are used to control控制 the behavior行为 of these children孩子,
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用来控制这些孩子们的行为,
05:14
whilst同时 in others其他, children孩子 are tied up to prevent避免 them
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同时,孩子们被绑起来从而防止他们
05:17
from harming汉宁波 themselves他们自己 or others其他.
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伤害自己或他人。
05:19
These children孩子 are quickly很快 labeled标记 as having disabilities残疾人
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这些孩子很快就被冠以残疾
05:22
and transferred转入 to another另一个 institution机构 for children孩子 with disabilities残疾人.
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并且被送到一些为残疾孩子们设立的机构去。
05:25
Most of these children孩子 will never leave离开 the institution机构 again.
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其中大部分的孩子将永远不会再厉害这些机构。
05:30
For those without disabilities残疾人, at age年龄 three,
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对于那些没有残疾的孩子,在3岁的时候,
05:32
they're transferred转入 to another另一个 institution机构, and at age年龄 seven,
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他们被送到了其他的机构,在7岁时,
05:35
to yet然而 another另一个. Segregated隔离 according根据 to age年龄 and gender性别,
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又送去另外一个。根据年龄和性别被隔离,
05:39
they are arbitrarily任意 separated分离 from their siblings兄弟姐妹,
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他们被专横的从他们的兄弟姐妹身边分离,
05:41
often经常 without even a chance机会 to say goodbye再见.
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甚至常常连说再见的机会都没有。
05:45
There's rarely很少 enough足够 to eat. They are often经常 hungry饥饿.
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他们很少能吃饱。他们常常感到饥饿。
05:48
The older旧的 children孩子 bully欺负 the little ones那些. They learn学习 to
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年长的孩子们欺负年幼的孩子们。他们学着
05:51
survive生存. They learn学习 to defend保卫 themselves他们自己, or they go under.
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生存。他们学着保护他们自己,或者他们被欺压。
05:54
When they leave离开 the institution机构, they find it really difficult
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当他们离开这些机构的时候,他们会发现
05:58
to cope应付 and to integrate整合 into society社会.
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融入社会十分困难。
06:01
In Moldova摩尔多瓦, young年轻 women妇女 raised上调 in institutions机构
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在摩尔多瓦,在这些机构里长大的年轻女人
06:04
are 10 times more likely容易 to be trafficked贩卖 than their peers同行,
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比他们的同龄人更容易被拐卖,
06:08
and a Russian俄语 study研究 found发现 that two years年份 after leaving离开 institutions机构,
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而一项俄罗斯的研究发现,离开机构两年后,
06:12
young年轻 adults成年人, 20 percent百分 of them had a criminal刑事 record记录,
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20%的年轻人拥有犯罪记录,
06:17
14 percent百分 were involved参与 in prostitution卖淫,
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14%参与卖淫,
06:20
and 10 percent百分 had taken采取 their own拥有 lives生活.
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而10%选择了自杀。
06:24
But why are there so many许多 orphans孤儿 in Europe欧洲
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但是为什么近些年在没有大型的战争及灾难的情况下
06:27
when there hasn't有没有 been a great deal合同 of war战争 or disaster灾害 in recent最近 years年份?
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欧洲仍然有众多的孤儿院?
06:31
In fact事实, more than 95 percent百分 of these children孩子 have living活的 parents父母,
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实际上,95%的孩子们父母仍然活着,
06:35
and societies社会 tend趋向 to blame these parents父母
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社会倾向于批判这些父母
06:37
for abandoning放弃 these children孩子, but research研究 shows节目 that
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抛弃了他们的孩子,但是调查显示
06:40
most parents父母 want their children孩子, and that the primary drivers司机
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大多数父母想要他们的孩子,而驱使这些机构化
06:43
behind背后 institutionalization制度化
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背后的原因
06:46
are poverty贫穷, disability失能 and ethnicity种族.
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是贫穷,残疾和种族划分。
06:50
Many许多 countries国家 have not developed发达 inclusive包括的 schools学校,
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很多国家并没有发展全纳性学校,
06:53
and so even children孩子 with a very mild温和 disability失能
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所以即使是只有十分轻微的残疾的孩子
06:56
are sent发送 away to a residential住宅 special特别 school学校,
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仍然被送到了特殊学校,
06:58
at age年龄 six or seven.
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在6或7岁的时候。
07:00
The institution机构 may可能 be hundreds数以百计 of miles英里 away from the family家庭 home.
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这些机构或许离他们的家乡上百公里。
07:04
If the family's家庭的 poor较差的, they find it difficult to visit访问,
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如果家庭贫穷,他们就会发现探视是十分困难的,
07:07
and gradually逐渐 the relationship关系 breaks休息 down.
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然后渐渐的联系就断掉了。
07:11
Behind背后 each of the million百万 children孩子 in institutions机构,
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在这些机构上百万孩子每一个的背后,
07:14
there is usually平时 a story故事 of parents父母 who are desperate殊死
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通常都有一对绝望的家长,
07:18
and feel they've他们已经 run out of options选项, like Natalia纳塔利娅 in Moldova摩尔多瓦,
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他们感到别无选择,就想摩尔多瓦的娜塔莉娅,
07:23
who only had enough足够 money to feed饲料 her baby宝宝,
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她的钱之后喂养她的婴儿,
07:26
and so had to send发送 her older旧的 son儿子 to the institution机构;
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因此她必须将她较年长的孩子送到这些机构去;
07:29
or Desi德西, in Bulgaria保加利亚, who looked看着 after her four children孩子
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或是Desi,在保加利亚,她在家照顾她的四个孩子
07:32
at home until直到 her husband丈夫 died死亡,
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直到她的丈夫去世,
07:34
but then she had to go out to work full充分 time,
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但是之后,她必须外出做一份全职工作,
07:37
and with no support支持, felt she had no option选项
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并且没有任何的支持,因此她感到别无选择
07:39
but to place地点 a child儿童 with disabilities残疾人 in an institution机构;
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只能将一个有残疾的孩子送到相关的机构;
07:43
or the countless无数 young年轻 girls女孩 too terrified to tell their parents父母
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或者有无法同的的女孩们十分害怕告诉她们的父母
07:46
they're pregnant, who leave离开 their babies婴儿 in a hospital醫院;
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她们怀孕的消息,只能将孩子留在医院,
07:49
or the new parents父母, the young年轻 couple一对 who have
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或者一些新生儿的父母,年轻的夫妇发现他们
07:52
just found发现 out that their firstborn长女 child儿童 has a disability失能,
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第一个孩子还有残疾,
07:57
and instead代替 of being存在 provided提供 with positive messages消息
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并没有被提供积极的
08:00
about their child's孩子的 potential潜在, are told by the doctors医生,
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关于他们孩子潜力的正面信息,而是被医生告诉,
08:03
"Forget忘记 her, leave离开 her in the institution机构,
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“忘了她吧,将她送到相关的机构去,
08:06
go home and make a healthy健康 one."
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回家并且再生一个健康的孩子。“
08:09
This state of affairs事务 is neither也不 necessary必要 nor也不 is it inevitable必然.
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这些状况并非必要或是不可避免的。
08:13
Every一切 child儿童 has the right to a family家庭, deserves值得
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每一个孩子都有权利去到一个家庭,值得
08:16
and needs需求 a family家庭, and children孩子 are amazingly令人惊讶 resilient弹性.
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并且需要一个家庭,而且孩子们是非常有恢复力的。
08:20
We find that if we get them out of institutions机构 and into loving爱心
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我们发现如果我们较早的将他们从机构中带出
08:22
families家庭 early on, they recover恢复 their developmental发展的 delays延迟,
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并且送到一个充满爱的家庭,他们将从他们的延迟成长中恢复,
08:26
and go on to lead normal正常, happy快乐 lives生活.
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并且拥有一个普通的,快乐的人生。
08:29
It's also much cheaper便宜 to provide提供 support支持 to families家庭
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而且,为家庭提供支持要比为机构提供支持
08:32
than it is to provide提供 institutions机构.
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便宜得多。
08:35
One study研究 suggests提示 that a family家庭 support支持 service服务
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一个调查标兵一个家庭支持服务的话费
08:38
costs成本 10 percent百分 of an institutional制度 placement放置,
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是机构的10%,
08:41
whilst同时 good quality质量 foster培育 care关心
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同时高品质的培养
08:43
costs成本 usually平时 about 30 percent百分.
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通常只会花到30%。
08:46
If we spend less on these children孩子 but on the right services服务,
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如果我们在这些孩子身上少花钱而把钱花在正确的服务商,
08:49
we can take the savings and reinvest再投资 them in high quality质量
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我们将能够拯救并对拥有复杂需要的孩子们
08:53
residential住宅 care关心 for those few少数 children孩子 with extremely非常 complex复杂 needs需求.
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进行高品质的再投资。
08:58
Across横过 Europe欧洲, a movement运动 is growing生长 to shift转移 the focus焦点
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整个欧洲,一个运动正在发展并且将
09:02
and transfer转让 the resources资源 from large institutions机构
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提供较差服务大型机构的资源转移到
09:05
that provide提供 poor较差的 quality质量 care关心 to community-based以社区为基础 services服务
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社区性质的保护
09:09
that protect保护 children孩子 from harm危害 and allow允许 them to develop发展
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并且让孩子们充分发挥自己天赋的服务中,
09:12
to their full充分 potential潜在. When I first started开始 to work in Romania罗马尼亚
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当在20年前我开始在罗马利亚工作时,
09:16
nearly几乎 20 years年份 ago, there were 200,000 children孩子 living活的
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那是约有200,000的孩子住在这些机构,
09:20
in institutions机构, and more entering进入 every一切 day.
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每天都有更多的孩子进来。
09:23
Now, there are less than 10,000, and
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现在,则少于10,000,并且
09:25
family家庭 support支持 services服务 are provided提供 across横过 the country国家.
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家庭支持服务在全国范围内开展。
09:29
In Moldova摩尔多瓦, despite尽管 extreme极端 poverty贫穷 and the terrible可怕 effects效果
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在摩尔多瓦,尽管极度的贫穷和可怕的
09:33
of the global全球 financial金融 crisis危机, the numbers数字 of children孩子
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全球经融危机造成影响,机构中的孩子仍然
09:36
in institutions机构 has reduced减少 by more than 50 percent百分
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在过去的5年里减少了超过50%
09:38
in the last five years年份, and the resources资源 are being存在
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而且资源被重新分配
09:42
redistributed再分配 to family家庭 support支持 services服务 and inclusive包括的 schools学校.
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给了家庭支持服务和全纳性学校。
09:46
Many许多 countries国家 have developed发达 national国民 action行动 plans计划 for change更改.
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很多国家正在发展国家性的行为来进行改变。
09:50
The European欧洲的 Commission佣金 and other major重大的 donors捐助者
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欧盟委员会和其他主要的捐助者
09:52
are finding发现 ways方法 to divert转移 money from institutions机构
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正在寻找方法更多的将钱从机构
09:56
towards family家庭 support支持, empowering授权 communities社区
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转向家庭支持,增强社区能力
09:59
to look after their own拥有 children孩子.
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来照顾他们自己的孩子。
10:01
But there is still much to be doneDONE to end结束 the systematic系统的
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但是仍然有许许多多的事需要去做来终结
10:04
institutionalization制度化 of children孩子.
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对孩子们系统化制度化的管理。
10:06
Awareness-raising提高认识 is required需要 at every一切 level水平 of society社会.
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认知的提升需要社会的每一个阶层。
10:10
People need to know the harm危害 that institutions机构 cause原因 to children孩子,
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人们需要知道机构对孩子们产生的伤害,
10:13
and the better alternatives备择方案 that exist存在.
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并且现在存在更好的选择。
10:16
If we know people who are planning规划 to support支持 orphanages孤儿,
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如果我们知道有谁计划支持孤儿院,
10:19
we should convince说服 them to support支持 family家庭 services服务 instead代替.
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我们需要劝说他们转而去支持家庭服务。
10:23
Together一起, this is the one form形成 of child儿童 abuse滥用
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行动起来,这是一种我们可以在有生之年
10:26
that we could eradicate根除 in our lifetime一生.
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消除的对孩子的虐待。
10:29
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢。(鼓掌)
10:32
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by zhuo cheng
Reviewed by peng shao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages.

Why you should listen

We know that the early years of a person's life are critical for social and cognitive development, and that the adults present during that time have a strong influence on this growth -- so why is it so common for society to separate child and parent? Why are 1 million children across Europe and Central Asia living in large orphanages, which are harmful to their health and psyches? Georgette Mulheir wants to put an end to this practice. She works tirelessly as the CEO of Lumos, an NGO founded by JK Rowling dedicated to ending worldwide systematic institutionalization. For the past 20 years Mulheir has worked primarily in Central and Eastern Europe to shift resources away from orphanages and toward alternate family services, such as foster care and day support. Since she started working in Romania in 1993, the landscape there has improved dramatically -- from 200,000 children in orphanages to 20,000.

More profile about the speaker
Georgette Mulheir | Speaker | TED.com