TEDGlobal 2012
Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami
Manu Prakaš (Manu Prakash): Mikroskop od 50 centi koji se savija kao origami
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Readability: 4.1
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Da li ste nekada napravili papirnu lutku ili origami labuda? Član programa TED Fellows, Manu Prakaš i njegov tim su osmislili mikroskop od papira, lagan za savijanje i korišćenje. Brilijantan prikaz koji pokazuje način na koji ovaj pronalazak pravi zdravstveni preokret u zemljama u razvoju... i pretvara bilo šta u zabavan, primenjeni naučni eksperiment.
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventor
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The year is 1800.
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Godina 1800.
00:15
A curious little invention is being talked about.
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Priča se o zanimljivom malom pronalasku.
00:18
It's called a microscope.
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Zove se mikroskop.
00:21
What it allows you to do
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Dopušta vam
00:22
is see tiny little lifeforms
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da vidite sitne oblike života
00:25
that are invisible to the naked eye.
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koji su nevidljivi golom oku.
Uskoro dolazimo do medicinskog otkrića
00:28
Soon comes the medical discovery
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00:30
that many of these lifeforms are actually causes
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da su ovi oblici života zapravo uzrok
00:33
of terrible human diseases.
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užasnih bolesti.
00:35
Imagine what happened to the society
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Zamislite šta se dešava sa društvom
00:38
when they realized
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kada shvate
00:40
that an English mom in her teacup
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da engleska mama u svojoj šolji čaja
00:43
actually was drinking a monster soup,
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zapravo pije čudovišnu supu,
00:46
not very far from here. This is from London.
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nedaleko odavde.
Ovo je iz Londona.
Ovo je iz Londona.
00:49
Fast forward 200 years.
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Ubrzajmo za 200 godina.
00:52
We still have this monster soup around,
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Još uvek imamo ovu čudovišnu supu,
00:54
and it's taken hold in the developing countries
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i uzela je maha u zemljama u razvoju
00:57
around the tropical belt.
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oko tropskog pojasa.
00:59
Just for malaria itself,
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Samo od malarije
01:02
there are a million deaths a year,
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umre milion ljudi godišnje,
01:04
and more than a billion people
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i više od milijarde ljudi
potrebno je da se testira
jer su izloženi riziku
jer su izloženi riziku
01:06
that need to be tested because they are at risk
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01:08
for different species of malarial infections.
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različitih vrsta malarijskih infekcija.
01:12
Now it's actually very simple to put a face
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Zapravo je vrlo jednostavno
dati lice različitim čudovištima.
01:14
to many of these monsters.
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01:16
You take a stain, like acridine orange
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Uzmimo mrlju, poput Akridin-oranža
01:19
or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,
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ili flurescentnu mrlju ili Giemsa mrlju,
01:21
and a microscope, and you look at them.
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i mikroskop, i gledate kroz njega.
01:24
They all have faces.
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Sve mrlje imaju lica.
01:27
Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,
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Zašto onda Aleks u Keniji,
01:29
Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,
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Fatima u Bangladešu,
Navdžut u Mumbaiju,
Navdžut u Mumbaiju,
01:32
and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months
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i Džuli i Meri u Ugandi čekaju mesecima
01:36
to be able to diagnose why they are sick?
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da bi im se dijagnostikovao
razlog bolesti?
razlog bolesti?
01:39
And that's primarily because scalability
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Pre svega jer je skalabilnost
01:42
of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.
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dijagnoze van domašaja.
01:45
And remember that number: one billion.
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I zapamtite taj broj: jedna milijarda.
01:49
The problem lies with the microscope itself.
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Problem leži u samom mikroskopu.
01:53
Even though the pinnacle of modern science,
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Iako su vrhunac moderne nauke,
01:56
research microscopes are
not designed for field testing.
not designed for field testing.
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istraživački mikroskopi nisu dizajnirani
za terensko testiranje.
za terensko testiranje.
01:59
Neither were they first designed
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Niti su prvobitno dizajnirani
02:00
for diagnostics at all.
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za dijagnozu uopšte.
02:03
They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,
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Teški su, glomazni,
komplikovani za održavanje,
komplikovani za održavanje,
02:06
and cost a lot of money.
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i mnogo skupi.
02:08
This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s
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Na slici je Mahatma Gandi u 40-ima
02:12
using the exact same setup
that we actually use today
that we actually use today
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kako koristi istu postavku
koju koristimo i mi danas
koju koristimo i mi danas
02:15
for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram
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za dijagnostikovanje tuberkuloze
u svom ašramu
u svom ašramu
02:18
in Sevagram in India.
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u Sevegramu u Indiji.
02:20
Two of my students, Jim and James,
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Moja dva studenta, Džim i Džejms,
02:23
traveled around India and Thailand,
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putovali su Indijom i Tajlandom,
02:26
starting to think about this problem a lot.
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razmišljajući mnogo o ovom problemu.
02:28
We saw all kinds of donated equipment.
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Videli smo sve vrste donirane opreme.
02:30
We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.
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Videli smo gljivice da se razvijaju
na mikroskopskim sočivima.
na mikroskopskim sočivima.
02:33
And we saw people who had a functional microscope
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A videli smo i ljude
koji imaju upotrebljiv mikroskop,
koji imaju upotrebljiv mikroskop,
02:36
but just didn't know how to even turn it on.
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a ne znaju kako da ga koriste.
02:39
What grew out of that work and that trip
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Iz tog posla i tog putovanja
02:41
was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.
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izrodila se ideja o takozvanom Foldskopu.
02:45
So what is a Foldscope?
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Pa šta je zapravo Foldskop?
02:47
A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,
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Foldskop je potpuno upotrebljiv mikroskop,
02:50
a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,
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platforma za fluorescentost, svetlo polje,
02:53
polarization, projection,
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polarizacijsku, projekcijsku,
02:55
all kinds of advanced microscopy
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sve vrste napredne mikroskopije
02:58
built purely by folding paper.
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i napravljen je
samo od savijenog papira.
samo od savijenog papira.
03:01
So, now you think, how is that possible?
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I sada, vi mislite, kako je to moguće?
03:04
I'm going to show you some examples here,
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Pokazaću vam neke primere ovde,
03:06
and we will run through some of them.
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i proći ćemo kroz njih nekoliko.
03:07
It starts with a single sheet of paper.
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Započinjemo sa jednim listom papira.
03:11
What you see here is all the possible components
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Ovde vidite sve potrebne komponente
03:15
to build a functional bright-field
and fluorescence microscope.
and fluorescence microscope.
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da bi se izgradio upotrebljiv
fluorescentni mikroskop sa svetlim poljem.
fluorescentni mikroskop sa svetlim poljem.
03:19
So, there are three stages:
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Dakle, postoje tri dela:
03:21
There is the optical stage, the illumination stage
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optički deo, illuminacijski deo
03:24
and the mask-holding stage.
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i držač maske.
03:26
And there are micro optics at the bottom
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I na dnu se nalazi mikrooptika,
03:28
that's actually embedded in the paper itself.
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koja je zapravo ugrađena u papir.
03:31
What you do is, you take it on,
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Prvo ga rascepate,
03:33
and just like you are playing like a toy,
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kao da se igrate sa igračkom,
03:36
which it is,
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što i jeste,
03:40
I tab it off,
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rastavite,
03:47
and I break it off.
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i prelomite.
03:49
This paper has no instructions and no languages.
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Ovaj papir nema uputstva ni jezik.
03:51
There is a code, a color code embedded,
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Samo kod, ugrađeni kod boja,
03:54
that tells you exactly how to
fold that specific microscope.
fold that specific microscope.
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koji vam govori kako tačno
da presavijete mikroskop.
da presavijete mikroskop.
03:58
When it's done, it looks something like this,
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Kad je završen, izgleda otprilike ovako,
04:01
has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,
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ima sve funkcije standardnog mikroskopa,
04:04
just like an XY stage,
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poput stolića mikroskopa,
04:06
a place where a sample slide could go,
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mesto gde postavljamo uzorak,
04:10
for example right here.
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na primer ovde.
04:13
We didn't want to change this,
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Nismo hteli da menjamo ovo,
04:14
because this is the standard
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jer je ovo standard
04:15
that's been optimized for over the years,
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koji se koristi godinama
04:17
and many health workers are actually used to this.
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i mnogi zdravstveni radnici
su navikli na ovo.
su navikli na ovo.
04:20
So this is what changes,
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Ovo je promenjeno,
04:21
but the standard stains all remain the same
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ali standardna stakalca ostaju ista,
04:24
for many different diseases.
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za različita oboljenja.
04:25
You pop this in.
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Ugurate uzorak unutra.
04:28
There is an XY stage,
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Ugrađen je stolić za stakalca,
04:32
and then there is a focusing stage,
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i fokusni deo,
04:34
which is a flexure mechanism
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koji je savitljivi mehanizam
04:36
that's built in paper itself that allows us to move
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ugrađen u papir i dozvoljava nam
da fokusiramo sočiva mikro koracima.
04:39
and focus the lenses by micron steps.
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04:42
So what's really interesting about this object,
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Dakle kod ovog projekta
je zapravo interesantno to,
je zapravo interesantno to,
04:44
and my students hate when I do this,
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i moji studenti mrze kad ovo učinim,
04:46
but I'm going to do this anyway,
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ali svejedno ću to uraditi,
04:47
is these are rugged devices.
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to da su ovo robusni uređaji.
04:49
I can turn it on and throw it on the floor
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Mogu da ga uključim i bacim na pod
04:54
and really try to stomp on it.
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i da nagazim na njega.
04:57
And they last, even though they're designed
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I potrajaće, iako su dizajnirani
04:59
from a very flexible material, like paper.
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od veoma fleksibilnog materijala,
poput papira.
poput papira.
05:03
Another fun fact is, this is what we actually
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Još jedna zanimljiva činjenica,
ovo zapravo šaljemo
ovo zapravo šaljemo
05:06
send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,
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kao standardni merni uređaj.
05:10
but here in this envelope
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Ali ovde u ovoj koverti
05:11
I have 30 different foldscopes
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imam 30 različitih foldskopa
05:14
of different configurations all in a single folder.
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različitih konfiguracija,
svi u jednoj koverti.
svi u jednoj koverti.
05:20
And I'm going to pick one randomly.
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I izabraću jedan nasumično.
05:21
This one, it turns out, is actually designed
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Ispostavlja se da je
ovaj zapravo dizajniran
ovaj zapravo dizajniran
05:23
specifically for malaria,
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samo za malariju,
05:25
because it has the fluorescent filters built
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jer ima posebno
ugrađene fluorescentne filtere
ugrađene fluorescentne filtere
05:27
specifically for diagnosing malaria.
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za dijagnostikovanje malarije.
05:29
So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes
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Dakle, ideja o konkretnim
dijagonstičkim mikroskopima
dijagonstičkim mikroskopima
05:33
comes out of this.
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dolazi od ovoga.
05:35
So up till now, you didn't actually see
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Do sada, niste zapravo ni videli
05:38
what I would see from one of these setups.
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šta ja vidim iz ovih postavki.
05:41
So what I would like to do is,
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Dakle, hteo bih ovo da uradim,
05:43
if we could dim the lights, please,
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ako možete da prigušite svetla, molim vas.
05:44
it turns out foldscopes are
also projection microscopes.
also projection microscopes.
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Ispostavlja se da su foldskopi
ujedno i projekcijski mikroskopi.
ujedno i projekcijski mikroskopi.
05:48
I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --
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Uključiću ova dva mikroskopa -
05:50
go to the back of the wall --
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idi do zida -
05:52
and just project, and this way you will see
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i projektovati, na ovaj način ćete videti
05:54
exactly what I would see.
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isto što i ja vidim.
05:56
What you're looking at --
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Trenutno gledate u -
05:58
(Applause) —
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(Aplauz)
06:00
This is a cross-section of a compound eye,
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Ovo je presek složenog oka,
06:03
and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,
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i kada približim, tačno ovde,
06:05
I am going through the z-axis.
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prolazim kroz z-ose.
06:07
You actually see how the lenses are cut together
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Zapravo vidite kako su
sočiva isečena zajedno
sočiva isečena zajedno
06:10
in the cross-section pattern.
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u presečenom šablonu.
06:12
Another example, one of my favorite insects,
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Sledeći primer,
jedan od mojih omiljenih insekata,
jedan od mojih omiljenih insekata,
06:15
I love to hate this one,
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uživam da ga mrzim,
06:17
is a mosquito,
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je komarac,
06:18
and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.
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i vidite antenu culex pipiens-a.
06:22
Right there.
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Tačno ovde.
06:26
All from the simple setup that I actually described.
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Sve to od jednostavne postavke
koju sam prethodno opisao.
koju sam prethodno opisao.
06:30
So my wife has been field testing
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U poslednje vreme moja žena testira
06:31
some of our microscopes
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neke od ovih mikroskopa
06:33
by washing my clothes whenever I forget them
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perući ih sa mojom odećom
kad god ih zaboravim
kad god ih zaboravim
06:36
in the dryer.
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u sušilici.
06:38
So it turns out they're waterproof, and --
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Ispostavilo se da su vodootporni
06:41
(Laughter) —
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06:43
right here is just fluorescent water,
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i ovo je samo fluorescentna voda.
06:45
and I don't know if you can actually see this.
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i ne znam da li zapravo vidite ovo.
06:47
This also shows you how
the projection scope works.
the projection scope works.
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Ovo takođe objašnjava kako
projekcija funkcioniše.
projekcija funkcioniše.
06:49
You get to see the beam the
way it's projected and bent.
way it's projected and bent.
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Vidite snop svetlosti
kako se projektuje i savija.
kako se projektuje i savija.
06:56
Can we get the lights back on again?
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Uključite svetla ponovo, molim vas.
06:59
So I'm quickly going to show you,
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Pokazaću vam na brzinu,
07:00
since I'm running out of time,
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jer mi ponestaje vremena,
07:02
in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,
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koliko nas zapravo košta proizvodnja.
07:05
the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,
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Najbolja ideja je bila
proizvodnja preko rolni,
proizvodnja preko rolni,
07:08
so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.
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tako da smo sagradili ovo od
delova u vrednosti od 50 centi.
delova u vrednosti od 50 centi.
07:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:14
And what this allows us to do
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I ovo nam dozvoljava da
07:16
is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,
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razmišljamo o novim
paradigmama u mikroskopiji,
paradigmama u mikroskopiji,
07:18
which we call use-and-throw microscopy.
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takozvanim iskoristivim mikroskopima.
07:20
I'm going to give you a quick snapshot
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Daću vam kratak pregled
07:22
of some of the parts that go in.
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delova koji idu u njega.
07:24
Here is a sheet of paper.
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Ovo je list papira.
07:26
This is when we were thinking about the idea.
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Dok smo još razmišljali o ideji.
07:28
This is an A4 sheet of paper.
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Ovo je A4 list papira.
07:29
These are the three stages that you actually see.
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Ovo su tri nivoa koja zapravo vidite.
07:31
And the optical components, if you
look at the inset up on the right,
look at the inset up on the right,
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I optičke komponente, ako pogledate
umetke u desnom gornjem delu.
umetke u desnom gornjem delu.
07:35
we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses
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Morali smo da smislimo način
da proizvedemo sočiva
da proizvedemo sočiva
07:37
in paper itself at really high throughputs,
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u samom papiru na visokim obrtajima
07:39
so it uses a process of self-assembly
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tako da koristi proces samo-montaže
07:41
and surface tension
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i površinskog napona
07:42
to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.
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za izgradnju ahromatskih sočiva
u samom papiru.
u samom papiru.
07:46
So that's where the lenses go.
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Dakle, ovde idu sočiva.
07:47
There are some light sources.
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Takođe postoje svetlosni izvori.
07:49
And essentially, in the end,
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I u suštini, na kraju,
07:50
all the parts line up because of origami,
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svi delovi se slože
zahvaljujući origamiju,
zahvaljujući origamiju,
07:53
because of the fact that origami allows us
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zbog činjenice da origami dozvoljava
07:57
micron-scale precision of optical alignment.
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mikroskopsku preciznost
optičkog poravnanja.
optičkog poravnanja.
08:00
So even though this looks like a simple toy,
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Iako ovo izgleda kao jednostavna igračka,
08:02
the aspects of engineering that go in
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inženjerski aspekti
potrebni za ovako nešto
potrebni za ovako nešto
08:04
something like this are fairly sophisticated.
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su prilično sofisticirani.
08:07
So here is another obvious thing that we would do,
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Sledeći očigledan primer koji ću dati,
08:10
typically, if I was going to show
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da bih pokazao
08:12
that these microscopes are robust,
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da su ovi mikroskopi izdržljivi,
08:13
is go to the third floor and
drop it from the floor itself.
drop it from the floor itself.
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popeću se na treći sprat
i baciti ga na zemlju.
i baciti ga na zemlju.
08:17
There it is, and it survives.
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I preživeo je.
08:20
So for us, the next step actually
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Dakle, za nas, sledeći korak je
08:23
is really finishing our field trials.
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završetak terenskih ogleda.
08:24
We are starting at the end of the summer.
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Počinjemo pred kraj leta.
08:27
We are at a stage where we'll be
making thousands of microscopes.
making thousands of microscopes.
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Trenutno smo u fazi
proizvodnje hiljade mikroskopa.
proizvodnje hiljade mikroskopa.
08:29
That would be the first time where we would be
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To bi bio prvi put
da radimo terenske oglede
sa najvećom gustinom
sa najvećom gustinom
08:32
doing field trials with the highest density
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08:34
of microscopes ever at a given place.
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mikroskopa ikada na datom mestu.
08:36
We've started collecting data for malaria,
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Počeli smo sa prikupljanjem
informacija o malariji,
informacija o malariji,
08:38
Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.
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Čagas oboljenju i Giardia
od samih pacijenata.
od samih pacijenata.
08:42
And I want to leave you with this picture.
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Želim da vas ostavim
sa ovom zamisli.
sa ovom zamisli.
Nisam ovo naslućivao do sada,
08:44
I had not anticipated this before,
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08:46
but a really interesting link
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ali ovo je jako zanimljiva veza
08:48
between hands-on science education
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između primenjenog obrazovanja
08:50
and global health.
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i globalnog zdravlja.
Koja su to sredstva koja obezbeđujemo
08:51
What are the tools that we're actually providing
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08:54
the kids who are going to fight
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deci koja će se boriti
08:56
this monster soup for tomorrow?
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sa ovom čudovišnom supom sutra?
08:58
I would love for them to be able to just print out
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Voleo bih da imaju mogućnost
da jednostavno odštampaju
da jednostavno odštampaju
09:00
a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.
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foldskop i nose ga sa sobom u džepu.
09:02
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
09:05
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventorTED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health.
Why you should listen
An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu Prakash is a physicist working at the molecular scale to try and understand no less than how the world really works. As he told BusinessWeek in 2010, he is humbled and inspired by nature’s own solutions to the world's biggest problems. "I build and design tools to uncover how and why biological systems so often outsmart us. I believe one day we will be able to understand the physical design principles of life on Earth, leading to a new way to look at the world we live in."
Born in Meerut, India, Prakash earned a BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States. He did his master’s and PhD in applied physics at MIT before founding the Prakash Lab at Stanford.
Prakash's ultra-low-cost, "print-and-fold" paper microscope won a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundaton in 2012.
Manu Prakash | Speaker | TED.com