TEDGlobal 2012
Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami
Manu Prakash: 只要 50 美分，就能擁有如摺紙般的顯微鏡
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也許你以前曾經買過那些那些摺紙玩具，他們能夠做出洋娃娃或天鵝？TED 的研究會員 Manu Prakash 和他的團隊成功做出像折紙一樣簡單的顯微鏡。講者在這段影片中提供了讓人驚奇的示範，並告訴我們這個裝置將如何對開發中國家的健康問題造成影響。另外，這項技術也能夠讓所有事情都變成有趣的手作科學實驗。
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventor
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The year is 1800.
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就在西元1800年
00:15
A curious little invention is being talked about.
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有一個神奇的小裝置引起了眾人的關注
00:18
It's called a microscope.
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它就是顯微鏡
00:21
What it allows you to do
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它的功用是
00:22
is see tiny little lifeforms
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讓你看見那些
00:25
that are invisible to the naked eye.
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肉眼看不到的生命形式
00:28
Soon comes the medical discovery
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很快在醫學上也發現
00:30
that many of these lifeforms are actually causes
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這些微小的生命形式也是造成
00:33
of terrible human diseases.
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許多可怕疾病的成因
00:35
Imagine what happened to the society
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想像當時的社會發生什麼事
00:38
when they realized
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當他們了解到
00:40
that an English mom in her teacup
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一位拿著茶杯的英國婦女
00:43
actually was drinking a monster soup,
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實事上正在啜飲一杯致病怪獸湯
00:46
not very far from here. This is from London.
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這是在離這裡不遠的倫敦
00:49
Fast forward 200 years.
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兩百年過後的現在
00:52
We still have this monster soup around,
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世界上依舊存在這些致病怪獸湯
00:54
and it's taken hold in the developing countries
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只不過喝著他們的人大部分在開發中國家
00:57
around the tropical belt.
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還有赤道地區
00:59
Just for malaria itself,
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就拿瘧疾來說
01:02
there are a million deaths a year,
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它一年造成了一百萬人死亡
01:04
and more than a billion people
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而這世界上有十億人
01:06
that need to be tested because they are at risk
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因為高風險而需要被檢測
01:08
for different species of malarial infections.
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以應付不同種的瘧疾感染
01:12
Now it's actually very simple to put a face
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現在要辨認這些怪獸的身分
01:14
to many of these monsters.
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其實非常簡單
01:16
You take a stain, like acridine orange
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只要拿一個染劑，例如說吖啶橙
01:19
or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,
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螢光染劑或吉姆薩染液
01:21
and a microscope, and you look at them.
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再搭配顯微鏡的話，你就會發現
01:24
They all have faces.
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它們全都有自己特殊的面貌
01:27
Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,
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如果真是這樣的話
那為什麼住在肯亞的Alex
那為什麼住在肯亞的Alex
01:29
Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,
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住在孟加拉的Fatima、來自孟買的Navjoot
01:32
and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months
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還有烏干達的Julie跟Mary
仍舊需要等上幾個月
仍舊需要等上幾個月
01:36
to be able to diagnose why they are sick?
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才能夠被診斷出他們染上了這個疾病？
01:39
And that's primarily because scalability
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這主要是因為對他們來說
01:42
of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.
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以顯微鏡作為診斷工具是完全不可能的
01:45
And remember that number: one billion.
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然後請記住這個數字：十億人
01:49
The problem lies with the microscope itself.
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這個問題主要是出自顯微鏡本身
01:53
Even though the pinnacle of modern science,
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即使現在科學十分發達
01:56
research microscopes are
not designed for field testing.
not designed for field testing.
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研究用顯微鏡並不是針對田野測試設計的
01:59
Neither were they first designed
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它們一開始也不是被設計
02:00
for diagnostics at all.
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拿來作為臨床診斷的工具
02:03
They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,
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它們很重、占空間、難以維護
02:06
and cost a lot of money.
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而且需要很多錢才能擁有一台
02:08
This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s
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這張照片是40年代，甘地正在他的聚會所
02:12
using the exact same setup
that we actually use today
that we actually use today
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用與現在完全相同的方式
02:15
for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram
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在印度的塞瓦格蘭姆
02:18
in Sevagram in India.
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診斷結核桿菌的存在
02:20
Two of my students, Jim and James,
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我的兩個學生Jim和James
02:23
traveled around India and Thailand,
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他們遊歷了印度和泰國
02:26
starting to think about this problem a lot.
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並開始思考了這個問題
02:28
We saw all kinds of donated equipment.
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我們看了各式各項被捐贈去的器材
02:30
We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.
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還有已經長出真菌的顯微鏡片
02:33
And we saw people who had a functional microscope
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我們也看見那些有一些人雖然有良好的顯微鏡
02:36
but just didn't know how to even turn it on.
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卻不知道該怎麼使用它
02:39
What grew out of that work and that trip
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我們從那次旅途中滋生出一些想法
02:41
was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.
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我們把其命名為摺紙式顯微鏡
02:45
So what is a Foldscope?
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什麼是摺紙式顯微鏡？
02:47
A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,
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一個摺紙式顯微鏡
具有完整的功能的顯微鏡
具有完整的功能的顯微鏡
02:50
a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,
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它是一個能夠把光學及螢光顯微技術
02:53
polarization, projection,
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或是偏光顯微技術以及投影顯微法
02:55
all kinds of advanced microscopy
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還有其他所有先進的顯微技術
02:58
built purely by folding paper.
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用摺紙完全實現的平台
03:01
So, now you think, how is that possible?
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你一定在想，這怎麼可能呢？
03:04
I'm going to show you some examples here,
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我要給你們看幾個例子
03:06
and we will run through some of them.
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我們也會在這裡做一些示範
03:07
It starts with a single sheet of paper.
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從一張簡單的紙開始
03:11
What you see here is all the possible components
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你可以看到上面有各種可能的零件
03:15
to build a functional bright-field
and fluorescence microscope.
and fluorescence microscope.
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可以用來做出具功能的
亮視野顯微鏡以及螢光顯微鏡
亮視野顯微鏡以及螢光顯微鏡
03:19
So, there are three stages:
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它有三個層級
03:21
There is the optical stage, the illumination stage
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鏡片、光源
03:24
and the mask-holding stage.
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還有固定樣本的地方
03:26
And there are micro optics at the bottom
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而在底部有微型的鏡片
03:28
that's actually embedded in the paper itself.
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它們就直接嵌在紙裡頭
03:31
What you do is, you take it on,
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你唯一需要做的是，把零件取下來
03:33
and just like you are playing like a toy,
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就像你在玩玩具那樣
03:36
which it is,
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其實還真的蠻像的啦
03:40
I tab it off,
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我沿著標示好的邊緣
03:47
and I break it off.
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把它取下來
03:49
This paper has no instructions and no languages.
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這張紙上沒有任何說明和語言
03:51
There is a code, a color code embedded,
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取而代之的是一種附在上面的顏色密碼
03:54
that tells you exactly how to
fold that specific microscope.
fold that specific microscope.
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它會精準地告訴你
該如何組裝出一台顯微鏡
該如何組裝出一台顯微鏡
03:58
When it's done, it looks something like this,
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完成之後，你會拿到像這樣的東西
04:01
has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,
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它具有標準的顯微鏡所有的功能
04:04
just like an XY stage,
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像是一個XY平台，
04:06
a place where a sample slide could go,
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一個可以放上玻片樣本的地方
04:10
for example right here.
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像我手上這個
04:13
We didn't want to change this,
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我們不想改變製造樣本的方法
04:14
because this is the standard
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因為這方法是個很多年來
04:15
that's been optimized for over the years,
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已經被最佳化的標準
04:17
and many health workers are actually used to this.
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很多健康相關工作者
也已經習慣這種樣本
也已經習慣這種樣本
04:20
So this is what changes,
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所以我們改變的是顯微鏡
04:21
but the standard stains all remain the same
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不過所有染劑使用的方法還是一樣
04:24
for many different diseases.
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視是哪種疾病而定
04:25
You pop this in.
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你把它放進來
04:28
There is an XY stage,
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固定在XY平台上，
04:32
and then there is a focusing stage,
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之後有一個可以讓你聚焦的功能
04:34
which is a flexure mechanism
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它是內建在紙本身的彎曲機制
04:36
that's built in paper itself that allows us to move
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能夠讓我們以微米的等級
04:39
and focus the lenses by micron steps.
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去移動鏡片並讓鏡片聚焦
04:42
So what's really interesting about this object,
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這個產品最有趣的地方就在於
04:44
and my students hate when I do this,
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我的學生討厭我這樣
04:46
but I'm going to do this anyway,
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不過我還是要做
04:47
is these are rugged devices.
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這些顯微鏡十分耐用
04:49
I can turn it on and throw it on the floor
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我可以啟動它並把它扔在地上
04:54
and really try to stomp on it.
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然後狠狠的踩
04:57
And they last, even though they're designed
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即使他們是用像紙一般
有彈性的材料做成
有彈性的材料做成
04:59
from a very flexible material, like paper.
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在我踩完之後，它們的功能還是能夠完好如初
05:03
Another fun fact is, this is what we actually
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另一個有趣的事實是，我手上的是
05:06
send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,
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我們送出去用來診斷的標準工具
05:10
but here in this envelope
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但是單單在這個資料夾裡
05:11
I have 30 different foldscopes
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我就有30種不同的摺紙式顯微鏡
05:14
of different configurations all in a single folder.
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每一個都有自己獨特的設計
05:20
And I'm going to pick one randomly.
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讓我隨機挑一個
05:21
This one, it turns out, is actually designed
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這個，事實上
05:23
specifically for malaria,
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就是專門為了瘧疾設計的
05:25
because it has the fluorescent filters built
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因為它有特殊的螢光濾鏡
05:27
specifically for diagnosing malaria.
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可以用來診斷瘧疾
05:29
So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes
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針對不同疾病設計顯微鏡的點子
05:33
comes out of this.
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就是來自這裡
05:35
So up till now, you didn't actually see
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直到現在，你們都還沒機會看到
05:38
what I would see from one of these setups.
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我用已經組裝好的顯微鏡看到的東西
05:41
So what I would like to do is,
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所以接下來我要示範一下
05:43
if we could dim the lights, please,
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請把燈光調暗
05:44
it turns out foldscopes are
also projection microscopes.
also projection microscopes.
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這些摺紙式顯微鏡
也具有投影顯微鏡的功能
也具有投影顯微鏡的功能
05:48
I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --
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我手上有兩副顯微鏡，我要把它們
05:50
go to the back of the wall --
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面對後面的牆壁
05:52
and just project, and this way you will see
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然後把我能夠看到的東西投影出來
05:54
exactly what I would see.
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這樣你們就知道它的功能
05:56
What you're looking at --
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你們現在看著的是
05:58
(Applause) —
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（掌聲）
06:00
This is a cross-section of a compound eye,
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這是一個複眼的的剖面
06:03
and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,
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而當我要讓成像放大的時候
06:05
I am going through the z-axis.
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我可以通過Z軸來調整
06:07
You actually see how the lenses are cut together
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你完全可以從這剖面
06:10
in the cross-section pattern.
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看見這些水晶體是如何被切下來的
06:12
Another example, one of my favorite insects,
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另一個例子來自我最喜歡的昆蟲
06:15
I love to hate this one,
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我最喜歡咒罵的昆蟲
06:17
is a mosquito,
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也就是蚊子
06:18
and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.
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你現在看到的是尖音庫蚊的觸角
06:22
Right there.
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就在那邊
06:26
All from the simple setup that I actually described.
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你能夠用我剛剛講的
簡單裝置看到所有的細節
簡單裝置看到所有的細節
06:30
So my wife has been field testing
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對了，經過我妻子的實地測試
06:31
some of our microscopes
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也就是把我忘在衣服口袋的摺疊顯微鏡
06:33
by washing my clothes whenever I forget them
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連同髒衣服一起拿去洗
06:36
in the dryer.
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烘乾完之後
06:38
So it turns out they're waterproof, and --
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我們發現它們可以防水
06:41
(Laughter) —
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（笑聲）
06:43
right here is just fluorescent water,
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這裡有一杯單純的螢光水
06:45
and I don't know if you can actually see this.
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我不知道你們看不看的見
06:47
This also shows you how
the projection scope works.
the projection scope works.
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不過你可以從這看出投影鏡片是如何運作的
06:49
You get to see the beam the
way it's projected and bent.
way it's projected and bent.
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你可以看光束被投射以及彎曲的情形
06:56
Can we get the lights back on again?
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可以再把燈打開嗎？
06:59
So I'm quickly going to show you,
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因為時間快用完了
07:00
since I'm running out of time,
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接著我要很快的讓你們看看
07:02
in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,
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我們需要花多少成本來製造這些
07:05
the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,
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我們最大的想法是採用連續捲軸式製造
07:08
so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.
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所以可以用50美分就製造出了這個
07:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:14
And what this allows us to do
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而這樣的成本讓我們可以
07:16
is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,
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想出顯微鏡的新應用範例
07:18
which we call use-and-throw microscopy.
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也就是可拋式顯微鏡
07:20
I'm going to give you a quick snapshot
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我要給你一個快速的寫照
07:22
of some of the parts that go in.
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讓你們知道上面的零件有哪些
07:24
Here is a sheet of paper.
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這裡有一張紙
07:26
This is when we were thinking about the idea.
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這是我們在思考這個想法的時候畫的
07:28
This is an A4 sheet of paper.
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這是一張A4大小的紙
07:29
These are the three stages that you actually see.
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你可以親眼看到三個層級
07:31
And the optical components, if you
look at the inset up on the right,
look at the inset up on the right,
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如果你把注意力放在右上中間
可以看到光學元件
可以看到光學元件
07:35
we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses
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我們不得不想出辦法
07:37
in paper itself at really high throughputs,
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在紙上以高產率來製造鏡片
07:39
so it uses a process of self-assembly
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因此，它利用一個自動組裝的製程
07:41
and surface tension
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和表面張力
07:42
to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.
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在紙上生產出無色的鏡片
07:46
So that's where the lenses go.
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那就是鏡片在的地方
07:47
There are some light sources.
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還有光源
07:49
And essentially, in the end,
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最後這些零件不得不排列整齊
07:50
all the parts line up because of origami,
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這樣才能符合摺紙的形式
07:53
because of the fact that origami allows us
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因為摺紙能夠讓我們
07:57
micron-scale precision of optical alignment.
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以微米的精準度來做光學校正
08:00
So even though this looks like a simple toy,
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所以即使這看起來像一個簡單的玩具
08:02
the aspects of engineering that go in
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在裡面蘊含的工程技術
08:04
something like this are fairly sophisticated.
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也是相當複雜的
08:07
So here is another obvious thing that we would do,
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另外還有一件我們不得不做的事情
08:10
typically, if I was going to show
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基本上，如果我要告訴你們
08:12
that these microscopes are robust,
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這些顯微鏡十分耐用
08:13
is go to the third floor and
drop it from the floor itself.
drop it from the floor itself.
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我們要從三樓把它們丟下去
08:17
There it is, and it survives.
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就像這樣，而且它還完好如初
08:20
So for us, the next step actually
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所以對我們來說，下一步行動
08:23
is really finishing our field trials.
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就是完成田野的實地測試
08:24
We are starting at the end of the summer.
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我們將從今年夏末開始
08:27
We are at a stage where we'll be
making thousands of microscopes.
making thousands of microscopes.
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我們正在製造上千個顯微鏡
08:29
That would be the first time where we would be
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這將會是我們第一次
08:32
doing field trials with the highest density
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讓一個地方擁有最高的顯微鏡普及率
08:34
of microscopes ever at a given place.
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並做實際測試
08:36
We've started collecting data for malaria,
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我們已經開始從病患那收集有關瘧疾
08:38
Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.
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美洲錐蟲症和梨形鞭毛蟲症的數據
08:42
And I want to leave you with this picture.
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而我希望能夠讓你們看見
08:44
I had not anticipated this before,
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雖然我以前從沒想過
08:46
but a really interesting link
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那就是動手作的科學教育
08:48
between hands-on science education
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以及全球健康問題
08:50
and global health.
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之間的有趣聯繫
08:51
What are the tools that we're actually providing
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在未來，我們該給那些
08:54
the kids who are going to fight
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正在對抗致病怪獸湯的孩子們
08:56
this monster soup for tomorrow?
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什麼樣的工具呢?
08:58
I would love for them to be able to just print out
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我希望他們能夠
直接列印出一個摺紙式顯微鏡
直接列印出一個摺紙式顯微鏡
09:00
a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.
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並放在口袋中隨身攜帶
09:02
Thank you.
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謝謝
09:05
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventorTED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health.
Why you should listen
An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu Prakash is a physicist working at the molecular scale to try and understand no less than how the world really works. As he told BusinessWeek in 2010, he is humbled and inspired by nature’s own solutions to the world's biggest problems. "I build and design tools to uncover how and why biological systems so often outsmart us. I believe one day we will be able to understand the physical design principles of life on Earth, leading to a new way to look at the world we live in."
Born in Meerut, India, Prakash earned a BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States. He did his master’s and PhD in applied physics at MIT before founding the Prakash Lab at Stanford.
Prakash's ultra-low-cost, "print-and-fold" paper microscope won a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundaton in 2012.
Manu Prakash | Speaker | TED.com