ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jimmy Lin - Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early.

Why you should listen

C. Jimmy Lin, MD, PhD, MHS is the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Oncology at Natera and a TED Fellow. He comes from a long history as a pioneer in cancer genomics. Most recently, he led the clinical genomics program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previously, at Johns Hopkins and Washington University in St. Louis, Lin was part of one of the first clinical genomics labs in academia and led the computational analyses of the first ever exome sequencing studies in cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and melanoma.

Lin has published in top academic journals, such as Science, Nature and Cell, and he has been an expert in national and international media outlets, such as New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg BusinessweekThe Washington Post, and the Financial Times.

More profile about the speaker
Jimmy Lin | Speaker | TED.com
TED2017

Jimmy Lin: A simple new blood test that can catch cancer early

Jimmy Lin: Kipimo cha damu rahisi kinachoweza kugundua saratani mapema

Filmed:
1,471,238 views

Jimmy Lin anaendeleza teknolojia ya kugundua saratani miezi hadi miaka kabla ya njia zinazotumika sasa. Ametushirikisha mbinu za uvumbuzi huu ambazo huangalia viashiria vidogo vya saratani vinavyokuwepo kupitia kipimo rahisi cha damu, kugundua urudivu wa baadhi ya aina ya ugonjwa siku 100 mapema zaidi ya njia zilizo zoeleka. Unaweza kuwa mwali wa matumaini katika mapambano ambapo ugunduzi wa mapema huleta utofauti mkubwa.
- Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
CancerSaratani.
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Saratani.
00:15
ManyWengi of us have lostpotea familyfamilia,
friendsmarafiki or lovedkupendwa oneswale
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Wengi wetu tumepoteza ndugu wa familia
marafiki au wapendwa wetu
00:18
to this horriblekutisha diseaseugonjwa.
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kwa ugonjwa huu mbaya sana.
00:20
I know there are some of you
in the audiencewatazamaji
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Nafahamu kuna baadhi yenu
katika hadhira hii
00:22
who are cancerkansa survivorswaathirika,
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ni manusura wa saratani,
00:23
or who are fightingmapigano cancerkansa at this momentwakati.
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au ambao wanapambana na saratani kwa sasa.
00:25
My heartmoyo goeshuenda out to you.
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Moyo wangu unaguswa nanyi.
00:27
While this wordneno oftenmara nyingi conjureswala up
emotionshisia of sadnesshuzuni and angerhasira and fearhofu,
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Wakati neno hili linaleta hisia za
huzuni na hasira na hofu,
00:32
I bringkuleta you good newshabari
from the frontmbele linesmistari of cancerkansa researchutafiti.
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Ninakuletea habari njema
kutoka kwenye utafiti wa saratani
00:36
The factukweli is, we are startingkuanzia to winkushinda
the warvita on cancerkansa.
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Ukweli ni kwamba tunaanza kushinda
vita ya saratani.
00:41
In factukweli, we lieuongo at the intersectionushirikiano
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Kiukweli, tupo katikati
00:43
of the threetatu of the mostwengi excitingkusisimua
developmentsmaendeleo withinndani cancerkansa researchutafiti.
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kwenye mambo matatu endelevu ndani
utafiti wa Saratani wa kusisimua
00:47
The first is cancerkansa genomicsgenomics.
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Ya kwanza ni genome ya Saratani
00:49
The genomegenome is a compositionutungaji
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Genome ni uundwaji
00:51
of all the geneticmaumbile informationhabari
encodediliyosimbikwa by DNADNA
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wa taarifa za kijenetikia
zilizosimbwa na DNA
00:54
in an organismviumbe.
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ndani ya kiumbehai
00:55
In cancerskansa, changesmabadiliko
in the DNADNA calledaitwaye mutationsmabadiliko
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Kwenye saratani, mabadiliko ya
DNA yaitwayo ubadilikaji seli
00:58
are what drivekuendesha these cancerskansa
to go out of controlkudhibiti.
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ni kile kinachosukuma saratani hizi
kushindwa kudhibitiwa
01:02
Around 10 yearsmiaka agoiliyopita,
I was partsehemu of the teamtimu at JohnsJohns HopkinsHopkins
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Karibia miaka 10 iliyopita
nilikuwa sehemu ya timu ya John Hopkins
01:05
that first mappedRamani
the mutationsmabadiliko of cancerskansa.
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watu wa kwanza kuunda ramani
ya mabadiliko ya saratani
01:08
We did this first for colorectalwanaopata,
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Tulifanya kwanza kwa ya utumbo,
01:10
breastTiti, pancreaticpancreatic and brainubongo cancerskansa.
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matiti, kongosho na saratani ya ubongo
01:13
And sincetangu then, there have been
over 90 projectsmiradi in 70 countriesnchi
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Na kuanzia hapo,, kumekuwa na
zaidi ya miradi 90 kwenye nchi 70
01:16
all over the worldulimwengu,
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duniani kote
01:18
workingkufanya kazi to understandkuelewa
the geneticmaumbile basismsingi of these diseasesmagonjwa.
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inayofanyia kazi kuelewa
msingi wa jenetikia ya magonjwa haya.
01:21
TodayLeo, tensmakumi of thousandsmaelfu
of cancerskansa are understoodkueleweka
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Leo hii, maelfu ya magonjwa
ya saratani yanaeleweka
01:24
down to exquisitekuyavumilia molecularMasi detailmaelezo zaidi.
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hadi kipengele bora cha mwanzo cha
molekyuli
01:28
The secondpili revolutionmapinduzi
is precisionusahihi medicinedawa,
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Mapinduzi ya pili ni tiba mahsusi,
01:30
alsopia knowninayojulikana as "personalizedyaliyobinafsishwa medicinedawa."
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yajulikanayo pia kama "tiba kulingana
na ugonjwa".
01:32
InsteadBadala yake of one-size-fits-allOne-size-fits-All methodsnjia
to be ableinaweza to treatkutibu cancerskansa,
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badala ya njia ya tiba aina moja
kutumika kutibu saratani zote,
01:36
there is a wholeyote newmpya classdarasa of drugsmadawa
that are ableinaweza to targetlengo cancerskansa
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kuna madaraja mapya ya dawa
ambazo yanaweza kulenga saratani
01:40
basedmsingi on theirwao uniquekipekee geneticmaumbile profileMaelezo mafupi.
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kulingana na wasifu wake wa kipekee
kijenetikia
01:42
TodayLeo, there are a hostmwenyeji
of these tailor-madeTailor-Made drugsmadawa,
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Leo kuna makazi ya
hizi dawa zilizotengenezwa
01:45
calledaitwaye targetedwalengwa therapiesmatibabu,
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ziitwazo tiba za kulenga,
01:47
availableinapatikana to physiciansmadaktari even todayleo
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zinazopatikana kwa kila daktari hata leo
01:49
to be ableinaweza to personalizeCustomize
theirwao therapytiba for theirwao patientswagonjwa,
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kuweza kupanga tiba mahsusi
kwa wagonjwa wao,
01:52
and manywengi otherswengine are in developmentmaendeleo.
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na nyingine nyingi zinaendelezwa.
01:55
The thirdtatu excitingkusisimua revolutionmapinduzi
is immunotherapyimmunotherapy,
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mapinduzi ya tatu ya kusisimua
ni tiba ya kingamaradhi
01:58
and this is really excitingkusisimua.
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na hii inasisimua kweli.
02:01
ScientistsWanasayansi have been ableinaweza
to leverageupanuzi the immunekinga systemmfumo
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Wanasanyansi wameweza
kutumia vizuri mfumo wa kinga
02:03
in the fightkupigana againstdhidi cancerkansa.
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kupambana dhidi ya saratani.
02:05
For examplemfano, there have been waysnjia
where we find the off switchesswichi of cancerkansa,
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Kwa mfano, kumekuwa na njia ambazo
tunakuta huzima saratani,
02:10
and newmpya drugsmadawa have been ableinaweza
to turnkugeuka the immunekinga systemmfumo back on,
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na dawa mpya zimeweza
kugeuza mfumo wa kinga tena,
02:13
to be ableinaweza to fightkupigana cancerkansa.
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kuweza kupambana na saratani.
02:15
In additionkuongeza, there are waysnjia
where you can take away immunekinga cellsseli
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Kwa kuongezea, kuna njia ambazo
unaweza kuondoa seli za kinga
02:19
from the bodymwili,
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kutoka mwilini,
02:20
traintreni them, engineermhandisi them
and put them back into the bodymwili
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kuzifunza, kuziunda
na kuzirudisha tena mwilini
02:23
to fightkupigana cancerkansa.
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kupambana na saratani.
02:24
AlmostKaribu soundssauti like
sciencesayansi fictionfiction, doesn't it?
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Inaonekana kama
hadithi ya sayansi ya kutunga si ndio?
02:28
While I was a researchermtafiti
at the NationalTaifa CancerSaratani InstituteChuo,
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Wakati nilipokuwa mtafiti
kwenye Chuo cha Taifa cha Saratani,
02:31
I had the privilegeupendeleo of workingkufanya kazi
with some of the pioneerswaanzilishi of this fieldshamba
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Nilibahatika kufanyakazi na
baadhi ya waanzilishi wa idara hii
02:34
and watchedaliangalia the developmentmaendeleo firsthandmwenyewe.
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na kuangalia maendeleo ya awali.
02:36
It's been prettynzuri amazingajabu.
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imekuwa ya kustaajabisha sana.
02:38
TodayLeo, over 600 clinicalkliniki trialsmajaribio are openkufungua,
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Leo, kuna zaidi ya majaribio 600 ya
kikliniki,
02:41
activelykikamilifu recruitingkuajiri patientswagonjwa
to explorekuchunguza all aspectsmambo in immunotherapyimmunotherapy.
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yakuwafunza wagonjwa kuangalia vipengele
vyote vya tiba ya kingamaradhi
02:46
While these threetatu excitingkusisimua
revolutionsmapinduzi are ongoinginayoendelea,
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Wakati mapinduzi haya matatu ya kusisimua
yanaendelea,
02:49
unfortunatelykwa bahati mbaya, this is only the beginningmwanzo,
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bahati mbaya huu ni mwanzo tu,
02:51
and there are still manywengi, manywengi challengeschangamoto.
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na bado kuna changamoto nyingi.
02:55
Let me illustratekuonyesha with a patientsubira.
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Ngoja nitolee mfano kwa mgonjwa
02:58
Here is a patientsubira
with a skinngozi cancerkansa calledaitwaye melanomamelanoma.
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Hapa ni mgonjwa
mwenye saratani ya ngozi iitwayo melanoma.
03:01
It's horriblekutisha; the cancerkansa
has gonewamekwenda everywherekila mahali.
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ni mbaya sana; saratani
imeenea kila mahali.
03:05
HoweverHata hivyo, scientistswanasayansi were ableinaweza
to mapramani the mutationsmabadiliko of this cancerkansa
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Ingawa wanasayansi waliweza kuunda
ramani ya mabadiliko ya saratani hii
03:08
and give a specificz zara treatmentmatibabu
that targetsmalengo one of the mutationsmabadiliko.
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na kutoa tiba mahsusi kwa kulenga
mabadiliko
03:13
And the resultmatokeo is almostkaribu miraculousmiujiza.
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Na matokeo ni karibia muujiza.
03:16
TumorsUvimbe almostkaribu seemkuonekana to meltkuyeyuka away.
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Uvimbe ulionekana kuyeyuka kabisa.
03:19
UnfortunatelyKwa bahati mbaya, this is not
the endmwisho of the storyhadithi.
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Bahati mbaya huu sio mwisho
wa hadithi.
03:23
A fewwachache monthsmiezi laterbaadae, this picturepicha is takenkuchukuliwa.
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Miezi michache baadae, hii picha ilipigwa.
03:26
The tumortumor has come back.
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Uvimbe umerudi tena.
03:28
The questionswali is: Why?
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Swali ni: Kwanini?
03:30
The answerjibu is tumortumor heterogeneityheterogeneity.
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Jibu ni uvimbe mbalimbali
03:34
Let me explainkuelezea.
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Ngoja nifafanue zaidi.
03:37
Even a cancerkansa as smallndogo
as one centimetersentimita in diameterkipenyo
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Hata saratani ndogo kiasi cha
sentimita moja katika mduara
03:40
harborsbandari over a hundredmia millionmilioni
differenttofauti cellsseli.
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huhifadhi seli zaidi ya
milioni mia moja tofauti.
03:43
While geneticallykizazi similarsawa,
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Pamoja na kufanana kijenetikia,
03:45
there are smallndogo differencestofauti
in these differenttofauti cancerskansa
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kuna tofauti ndogo katika
saratani hizi tofauti
03:48
that make them differentlytofauti pronekuepuka
to differenttofauti drugsmadawa.
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inazozifanya zigeuke tofauti
kwa dawa tofauti.
03:51
So even if you have a drugdawa
that's highlysana effectiveufanisi,
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Hivyo hata kama una dawa yenye
kufanya kazi vizuri,
03:53
that killsunaua almostkaribu all the cellsseli,
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ambayo huua karibia seli zote,
03:55
there is a chancenafasi
that there's a smallndogo populationidadi ya watu
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kunauwezekano kwamba
kuna idadi ndogo ya seli
03:58
that's resistantsugu to the drugdawa.
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ambayo ni sugu kwa dawa.
04:00
This ultimatelyhatimaye is the populationidadi ya watu
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Hii hatimaye ni idadi ya seli
04:02
that comesinakuja back,
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ambazo hurudi,
04:03
and takes over the patientsubira.
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na kumchukua tena mgonjwa.
04:05
So then the questionswali is:
What do we do with this informationhabari?
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Sasa basi swali ni:
Tunafanyia nini taarifa hii?
04:08
Well, the keyufunguo, then,
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Chamsingi basi,
04:10
is to applytumia all these excitingkusisimua
advancementsphenomenal in cancerkansa therapytiba earliermapema,
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Ni kutumia maboresho yote haya
ya kusisimua kwa tiba ya saratani mapema,
04:14
as soonhivi karibuni as we can,
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mapema tunavyoweza,
04:16
before these resistanceupinzani cloneskloni emergekujitokeza.
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kabla ya seli sugu zinazojinakili kuibuka
04:19
The keyufunguo to cancerkansa and curingkutibu cancerkansa
is earlymapema detectionkutambua.
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Kitu muhimu kwa saratani na kuitibu
ni kuigundua mapema
04:24
And we intuitivelyintuitively know this.
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na wote tunaelewa haraka hili.
04:26
FindingKutafuta cancerkansa earlymapema
resultsmatokeo in better outcomesmatokeo,
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Kugundua saratani mapema
hupelekea matokeo mazuri,
04:29
and the numbersnambari showonyesha this as well.
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na takwimu zinaonyesha hili pia.
04:31
For examplemfano, in ovarianovari cancerkansa,
if you detectkuchunguza cancerkansa in stagehatua fournne,
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Mfano, katika saratani ya ovari,
ukiigundua ikiwa hatua ya nne,
04:35
only 17 percentasilimia of the womenwanawake
survivekuishi at fivetano yearsmiaka.
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ni asilimia 17 pekee ya wanawake
husalia kwa miaka mitano
04:39
HoweverHata hivyo, if you are ableinaweza to detectkuchunguza
this cancerkansa as earlymapema as stagehatua one,
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Ingawa, ikiwa utaweza kugundua
saratani hii mapema ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
04:43
over 92 percentasilimia of womenwanawake will survivekuishi.
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zaidi ya asilimia 92 watasalia.
04:46
But the sadhuzuni factukweli is, only 15 percentasilimia
of womenwanawake are detectedimetambua at stagehatua one,
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Kinachohuzuni sha ni, asilimia 15 tu ya
wanawake hugundua ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
04:51
whereaswakati the vastkubwa majoritywengi, 70 percentasilimia,
are detectedimetambua in stageshatua threetatu and fournne.
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ambapo wengi wao, asilimia 70
hugunduka katia hatua ya tatu au ya nne.
04:57
We desperatelykwa makusudi need
better detectionkutambua mechanismsutaratibu for cancerskansa.
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Tunahitaji bila kukata tamaa
njia bora za kugundua saratani.
05:02
The currentsasa bestbora waysnjia to screenskrini cancerkansa
fallkuanguka into one of threetatu categoriesmakundi.
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Njia bora za sasa za kupima saratani
ziko kwenye moja ya vipengele vitatu,
05:06
First is medicalmatibabu procedurestaratibu za,
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Kwanza ni vipimo vya kitabibu,
05:08
whichambayo is like colonoscopycolonoscopy
for colonnukta pacha cancerkansa.
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kama vile kolonoskopi kiangaza utumbo
kwa saratani ya utumbo.
05:11
SecondPili is proteinprotini biomarkersbiomarkers,
like PSANITADHIHIRISHA for prostateprostate cancerkansa.
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Pili ni vipimo vya protini,
kama PSA kwa saratani ya tezi dume.
05:16
Or thirdtatu, imagingTaswira techniquesmbinu,
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Au tatu vipimo vya picha,
05:19
suchvile as mammographymammography for breastTiti cancerkansa.
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kama mamografi kwa saratani ya matiti.
05:22
MedicalMatibabu procedurestaratibu za are the golddhahabu standardkiwango;
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Vipimo vya kitatibu ni viwango bora;
05:24
howeverhata hivyo, they are highlysana invasivevamizi
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ingawa, hutumia vifaa vyenye ncha
05:26
and requireinahitaji a largekubwa
infrastructuremiundombinu to implementkutekeleza.
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na huhitaji miundombinu itumiayo
eneo kubwa kwa upimaji.
05:30
ProteinProtini markersalama, while effectiveufanisi
in some populationswatu,
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Vipimo ya Protini, vikiwa na matokeo
mazuri kwa baadhi ya majaribio,
05:33
are not very specificz zara
in some circumstanceshali,
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havitoi majibu kamili kwa
hali nyingine za majaribio
05:36
resultingkusababisha in highjuu numbersnambari
of falseuongo positivesvyema,
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ambayo hupelekea matokeo
ya kiwango kisicho sahihi,
05:39
whichambayo then resultsmatokeo in unnecessaryhaifai work-upskazi-ups
and unnecessaryhaifai procedurestaratibu za.
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ambayo pia hupelekea utafiti zaidi usio
na lazima au upasuaji
05:45
ImagingTaswira methodsnjia,
while usefulmuhimu in some populationswatu,
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utafiti kwa njia ya picha waweza kuwa
na manufaa kwa baadhi
05:48
exposewazi patientswagonjwa to harmfulhatari radiationmionzi.
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huweka wagonjwa kwenye mionzi hatarishi.
05:51
In additionkuongeza, it is not applicableinatumika
to all patientswagonjwa.
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kwa kuongezea, haitumiki
kwa wagonjwa wote.
05:54
For examplemfano, mammographymammography has problemsmatatizo
in womenwanawake with densenzito breastsmatiti.
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Mfano, kipimo cha mamografia kina matatizo
kwa wanawake wenye matiti yaliyojaa
05:59
So what we need is a methodnjia
that is noninvasivenoninvasive,
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Hivyo tunachohitaji ni njia
ambazo hazihitaji upasuaji
06:02
that is lightmwanga in infrastructuremiundombinu,
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huo ni mwanga kwa miundombinu,
06:04
that is highlysana specificz zara,
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na ni bayana kikamillifu
06:06
that alsopia does not have falseuongo positivesvyema,
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ambayo pia haina majibu yasiyo sahihi
06:09
does not use any radiationmionzi
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haitumii mionzi yoyote
06:11
and is applicableinatumika to largekubwa populationswatu.
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na inatumika kwa idadi kubwa
06:14
Even more importantlymuhimu,
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na cha muhimu zaidi
06:15
we need a methodnjia
to be ableinaweza to detectkuchunguza cancerskansa
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tunahitaji njia itakayoweza
kugundua saratani
06:17
before they're 100 millionmilioni cellsseli in sizeukubwa.
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kabla kufikia ukubwa wa seli milioni 100
06:21
Does suchvile a technologyteknolojia existzipo?
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Teknolojia ya aina hiyo ipo?
06:23
Well, I wouldn'thakutaka be up here
givingkutoa a talk if it didn't.
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Nisingkuwepo hapa kufanya
mjadala kama isingekuwepo.
06:26
I'm excitedmsisimko to tell you about
this latestkaribuni technologyteknolojia we'vetumekuwa developedmaendeleo.
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Nina shauku ya kuwaambia kuhusu
teknolojia mpya tuliyoendeleza
06:31
CentralKati to our technologyteknolojia
is a simplerahisi blooddamu testmtihani.
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Kiini cha teknolojia yetu
ni kipimo rahisi cha damu
06:34
The blooddamu circulatorymzunguko systemmfumo,
while seeminglyinaonekana mundaneya kawaida,
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Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu,
wakati unaonekana ni wa kawaida
06:38
is essentialmuhimu for you to survivekuishi,
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ni muhimu sana kwa wewe kuishi
06:40
providingkutoa oxygenoksijeni
and nutrientsvirutubisho to your cellsseli,
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kutoa hewa ya oksijeni
na virutubisho kwa seli zako,
06:43
and removingkuondoa wastetaka and carbonkaboni dioxidedioksidi.
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na kuondoa taka na kaboni daioksidi
06:45
Here'sHapa ni a keyufunguo biologicalbiolojia insightufahamu:
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Haya ni melezo ya msingi kibaolojia:
06:48
CancerSaratani cellsseli growkukua and diekufa
fasterharaka than normalkawaida cellsseli,
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Seli za saratani hukua na kufa
haraka kuliko seli za kawaida,
06:51
and when they diekufa,
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na zinapokufa,
06:52
DNADNA is shedkumwaga into the blooddamu systemmfumo.
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DNA hunyambuka kwenye mfumo wa damu,
06:55
SinceTangu we know the signaturessaini
of these cancerkansa cellsseli
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Kwakuwa tunajua alama ya
seli hizi za saratani
06:58
from all the differenttofauti cancerkansa
genomegenome sequencingsequencing projectsmiradi,
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kwenye saratani tofauti za
kazi za mfuatano wa genome
07:01
we can look for those signalsishara in the blooddamu
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tunaweza kuona hivyo viashiria kwenye damu
07:03
to be ableinaweza to detectkuchunguza these cancerskansa earlymapema.
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kuweza kugundua saratani hizi mapema.
07:06
So insteadbadala yake of waitingkusubiri for cancerskansa
to be largekubwa enoughkutosha to causekusababisha symptomsdalili,
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Hivyo badala ya kusubiri kwa saratani
kuwa kubwa kiasi cha kuonyesha dalili,
07:10
or for them to be densenzito enoughkutosha
to showonyesha up on imagingTaswira,
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au kwa zenyewe kujaa kiasi cha
kuonekana kwa vipimo vya picha
07:13
or for them to be prominentmaarufu enoughkutosha
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au kwa zenyewe kujitokeza vyakutosha
07:15
for you to be ableinaweza to visualizetaswira
on medicalmatibabu procedurestaratibu za,
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kwa wewe kuweza kuziona kwenye
mchakato wa kitabibu
07:18
we can startkuanza looking for cancerskansa
while they are relativelykiasi prettynzuri smallndogo,
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tunaweza kuanza kutafuta saratani
zingali bado ndogo sana,
07:22
by looking for these smallndogo amountskiasi
of DNADNA in the blooddamu.
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kwa kuangalia hiki kiasi kidogo cha
DNA kwenye damu.
07:27
So let me tell you how we do this.
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Hivyo ngoja niwaambie tunavyofanya
07:29
First, like I said, we startkuanza off
with a simplerahisi blooddamu testmtihani --
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Kwanza kama nilivyosema, tunaanza
na kipimo rahisi cha damu--
07:32
no radiationmionzi, no complicatedngumu equipmentvifaa --
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bila mionzi, bila vifaa vya kutatanisha--
07:35
a simplerahisi blooddamu testmtihani.
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kipimo rahisi cha damu.
07:36
Then the blooddamu is shippedkusafirishwa to us,
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Kisha damu huletwa kwetu,
07:38
and what we do
is extractDondoa the DNADNA out of it.
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na tunachofanya
tunatoa DNA kutoka kwenye damu
07:41
While your bodymwili is mostlyzaidi healthyafya cellsseli,
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Wwakati mwili wako una seli zenye afya
07:43
mostwengi of the DNADNA that's detectedimetambua
will be from healthyafya cellsseli.
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DNA nyingi zinazogundulika
zinakuwa kutoka kwenye seli zenye afya.
07:47
HoweverHata hivyo, there will be a smallndogo amountkiasi,
lesschini than one percentasilimia,
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Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na kiasi kidogo,
pungufu ya asilimia moja,
07:50
that comesinakuja from the cancerkansa cellsseli.
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zinazotoka kwenye seli za saratani
07:53
Then we use molecularMasi biologybiolojia methodsnjia
to be ableinaweza to enrichkuimarisha this DNADNA
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Kisha hutumia njia za molekyuli kibaolojia
kurutubisha hii DNA
07:57
for areasmaeneo of the genomegenome whichambayo are knowninayojulikana
to be associatedkuhusishwa with cancerkansa,
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kwa maeneo ya genome ambayo hufahamika
kuhusishwa na saratani.
08:02
basedmsingi on the informationhabari
from the cancerkansa genomicsgenomics projectsmiradi.
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kutokana na taarifa kutoka kwenye
kazi za genome za saratani
08:05
We're ableinaweza to then put this DNADNA
into DNA-sequencingDNA-index machinesmashine
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Tunaweza kuweka hii DNA kwenye
mashine za mfuatano wa DNA
08:09
and are ableinaweza to digitizedigitize the DNADNA
into A'sYa A, C'sWa C, T'sYa T and G'sWa G
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na zinaweza kuweka DNA kidigitali
kuwa A,C,T na G
08:14
and have this finalmwisho readoutreadout.
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na kufikia tamati kuzisoma
08:16
UltimatelyHatimaye, we have informationhabari
of billionsmabilioni of lettersbarua
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Hatimaye , tuna taarifa ya
mabilioni ya herufi
08:22
that outputpato from this runkukimbia.
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matokeo hayo kwa majaribio haya,
08:26
We then applytumia statisticaltakwimu
and computationalcomputational methodsnjia
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Tunayatumia njia za kitakwimu
na za ukokotoaji
08:29
to be ableinaweza to find
the smallndogo signalishara that's presentsasa,
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kuweza kupata viashiria vidogo
vilivyopo
08:32
indicativeunaonyesha of the smallndogo amountkiasi
of cancerkansa DNADNA in the blooddamu.
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vinavyoonyesha kiasi kidogo
cha DNA za saratani kwenye damu.
08:37
So does this actuallykwa kweli work in patientswagonjwa?
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Kwahiyo hii inafanya kazi kwa wagonjwa?
08:39
Well, because there's no way
of really predictingkutabiri right now
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Hivyo, kwakuwa hakuna njia ya
kutegemea kutabiri sasa hivi
08:43
whichambayo patientswagonjwa will get cancerkansa,
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wagonjwa wapi watapata saratani
08:44
we use the nextijayo bestbora populationidadi ya watu:
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tunatumia idadi bora inayofuata:
08:47
cancerskansa in remissionondoleo;
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saratani zilizotulia:
08:49
specificallyhasa, lungmapafu cancerkansa.
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hususan, saratani ya mapafu
08:52
The sadhuzuni factukweli is, even with the bestbora drugsmadawa
that we have todayleo,
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kinachosikitisha, pamoja na dawa bora
tulizonazo hivi leo,
08:55
mostwengi lungmapafu cancerskansa come back.
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saratani nyingi za mapafu hurudi.
08:57
The keyufunguo, then, is to see
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kitu muhimu basi ni kuona
08:59
whetherkama we're ableinaweza to detectkuchunguza
these recurrencesrecurrences of cancerskansa
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ikiwa tunaweza kugundua
kujirudia huku kwa saratani
09:02
earliermapema than with standardkiwango methodsnjia.
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mapema zaidi ya kutumia njia za kawaida
09:05
We just finishedkumalizika a majorkubwa trialjaribio
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Hivi karibuni tumemaliza jaribio kubwa
09:07
with ProfessorProfesa CharlesCharles SwantonSwanton
at UniversityChuo Kikuu cha CollegeChuo cha LondonLondon,
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pamoja na Profesa Charles Swaton
kwenye Chuo kikuu London,
09:11
examiningkuchunguza this.
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kuchunguza hili.
09:12
Let me walktembea you throughkupitia
an examplemfano of one patientsubira.
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Ngoja niwaelekeze kupitia
mfano wa mgonjwa mmoja.
09:16
Here'sHapa ni an examplemfano of one patientsubira
who undergoeshuwa surgeryupasuaji
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Hapa ni mfano wa mgonjwa mmoja
anayefanyiwa upasuaji
09:19
at time pointuhakika zerosufuri,
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kwa wakati nukta sifuri,
09:20
and then undergoeshuwa chemotherapychemotherapy.
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na kisha anapitia tibakemo inayotumia
kemikali
09:23
Then the patientsubira is underchini remissionondoleo.
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Kisha mgonjwa huingia kipindi cha
ugonjwa kutulia
09:26
He is monitoredkufuatiliwa usingkutumia clinicalkliniki examsmitihani
and imagingTaswira methodsnjia.
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Hufuatiliwa kwa kutumia njia za uchunguzi
na picha
09:31
Around day 450, unfortunatelykwa bahati mbaya,
the cancerkansa comesinakuja back.
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ikifika siku ya 450, bahati mbaya
saratani inarudi.
09:37
The questionswali is:
Are we ableinaweza to catchcatch this earliermapema?
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Swali ni:
tunaweza kuigundua mapema?
09:39
DuringWakati this wholeyote time,
we'vetumekuwa been collectingKusanya blooddamu seriallyserially
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Kwa kipindi chote hiki tumekuwa
tukikusanya damu kwa mfululizo
09:43
to be ableinaweza to measurekupima
the amountkiasi of ctDNActDNA in the blooddamu.
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kuweza kupima kiasi
cha ctDNA kwenye damu.
09:47
So at the initialawali time pointuhakika, as expectedinatarajiwa,
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Kwa muda cha awali , kama ilivyotegemewa
09:50
there's a highjuu levelngazi
of cancerkansa DNADNA in the blooddamu.
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kuna kiwango kikubwa cha
DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
09:54
HoweverHata hivyo, this goeshuenda away to zerosufuri
in subsequentbaadae time pointspointi
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Ingawa hii huenda kuwa sifuri
katika pointi za muda unaofuata
09:58
and remainsbado negligiblekihisabati kidogo
after subsequentbaadae pointspointi.
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na kubakia isiyo na umuhimu
baada ya pointi zinazofuata
10:02
HoweverHata hivyo, around day 340, we see the risekupanda
of cancerkansa DNADNA in the blooddamu,
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Ingawa, karibia siku ya 340, tunaona
ongezeko la DNA kwenye damu,
10:08
and eventuallyhatimaye, it goeshuenda up higherjuu
for dayssiku 400 and 450.
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na hatimaye inaongezeka
kwa siku ya 400 na 450,
10:13
Here'sHapa ni the keyufunguo, if you've missedamekosa it:
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Hiki ni muhimu, kama ilikupita:
10:15
At day 340, we see the risekupanda
in the cancerkansa DNADNA in the blooddamu.
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kwenye siku ya 340 tunaona ongezeko
la DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
10:20
That meansina maana we are catchingkuambukizwa this cancerkansa
over a hundredmia dayssiku earliermapema
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Hii inamaanisha tunaikamata hii saratani
zaidi ya siku mia moja mapema
10:25
than traditionaljadi methodsnjia.
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kuliko njia zilizo zoeleka.
10:27
This is a hundredmia dayssiku earliermapema
where we can give therapiesmatibabu,
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Hii ni siku mia moja mapema
ambapo tunaweza kutoa tiba,
10:29
a hundredmia dayssiku earliermapema
where we can do surgicalupasuaji interventionshatua,
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siku mia moja mapema tunaweza
kuzuia kwa kufanya upasuaji
10:33
or even a hundredmia dayssiku lesschini
for the cancerkansa to growkukua
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au hata pungufu ya siku mia moja
kwa saratani kukua
10:36
or a hundredmia dayssiku lesschini
for resistanceupinzani to occurkutokea.
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au pungufu ya siku mia moja
kwa usugu wa ugonjwa. kutokea
10:40
For some patientswagonjwa, this hundredmia dayssiku
meansina maana the matterjambo of life and deathkifo.
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Kwa baadhi ya wagonjwa siku hizi mia moja
ni suala la kufa au kupona
10:45
We're really excitedmsisimko
about this informationhabari.
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Tuna shauku kubwa kuhusu
taarifa hii.
10:48
Because of this assignmentkazi,
we'vetumekuwa donekufanyika additionalziada studiestafiti now
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Kwa sababu ya kazi hii
tumefanya utafiti wa ziada sasa
10:51
in other cancerskansa,
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katika saratani nyingine
10:52
includingikiwa ni pamoja na breastTiti cancerkansa, lungmapafu cancerkansa
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ikijumuisha saratani ya matiti, mapafu
10:56
and ovarianovari cancerkansa,
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na saratani ya ovari,
10:58
and I can't wait to see how much earliermapema
we can find these cancerskansa.
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nina hamu kubwa kuona ni mapema
kiasi gani tutagundua saratani hizi.
11:04
UltimatelyHatimaye, I have a dreamndoto,
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Hatimaye, nina ndoto,
11:06
a dreamndoto of two vialsvikombe of blooddamu,
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ndoto ya vichupa viwili vya damu,
11:09
and that, in the futurebaadaye, as partsehemu of all
of our standardkiwango physicalkimwili examsmitihani,
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na hiyo, mbeleni, kama sehemu ya
uchunguzi wetu wa kawaida wa mwili,
11:13
we'llvizuri have two vialsvikombe of blooddamu drawninayotolewa.
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tutakuwa na vichupa 2
vilivyotolewa damu
11:15
And from these two vialsvikombe of blooddamu
we will be ableinaweza to comparekulinganisha
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na kwenye vichupa hivi vya damu
tutaweza kulinganisha
11:19
the DNADNA from all knowninayojulikana
signaturessaini of cancerkansa,
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DNA kutoka kwenye alama
zote za saratani
11:22
and hopefullykwa matumaini then detectkuchunguza cancerskansa
monthsmiezi to even yearsmiaka earliermapema.
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kwa matumaini ya kugundua saratani
miezi au hata miaka mapema
11:27
Even with the therapiesmatibabu we have currentlysasa,
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Hata pamoja na tiba tulizonazo sasa,
11:29
this could mean that millionsmamilioni
of livesanaishi could be savedimehifadhiwa.
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hii inamaanisha mamilioni ya
maisha yanaweza kuokolewa.
11:32
And if you addongeza on to that
recenthivi karibuni advancementsphenomenal in immunotherapyimmunotherapy
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na ukiongezea maendeleo hivi
karibuni ya tiba ya kingamaradhi
11:36
and targetedwalengwa therapiesmatibabu,
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na tiba za kulenga
11:37
the endmwisho of cancerkansa is in sightkuona.
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mwisho wa saratani unaonekana.
11:40
The nextijayo time you hearkusikia the wordneno "cancerkansa,"
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Utakapo sikia tena neno "saratani"
11:43
I want you to addongeza to the emotionshisia: hopetumaini.
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Nataka uongeze kwenye hisia: matumaini.
11:46
HoldKushikilia on.
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Subiri kwanza.
11:48
CancerSaratani researcherswatafiti all around the worldulimwengu
are workingkufanya kazi feverishlyfeverishly
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Watafiti wa saratani duniani
wanafanya kazi kwa msisimko mkubwa
11:51
to beatpiga this diseaseugonjwa,
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kuushinda ugonjwa huu
11:53
and tremendouskubwa progressmaendeleo is beingkuwa madealifanya.
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na maendeleo makubwa yanafanywa.
11:55
This is the beginningmwanzo of the endmwisho.
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Huu ni mwanzo wa mwisho wake.
11:58
We will winkushinda the warvita on cancerkansa.
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Tutashinda vita dhidi ya saratani.
12:00
And to me, this is amazingajabu newshabari.
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Na kwangu, hizi ni habari za kustaajabu
12:03
Thank you.
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Ahsanteni.
12:04
(ApplauseMakofi)
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(Makofi)
Translated by Leah Ligate
Reviewed by Nelson Simfukwe

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jimmy Lin - Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early.

Why you should listen

C. Jimmy Lin, MD, PhD, MHS is the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Oncology at Natera and a TED Fellow. He comes from a long history as a pioneer in cancer genomics. Most recently, he led the clinical genomics program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previously, at Johns Hopkins and Washington University in St. Louis, Lin was part of one of the first clinical genomics labs in academia and led the computational analyses of the first ever exome sequencing studies in cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and melanoma.

Lin has published in top academic journals, such as Science, Nature and Cell, and he has been an expert in national and international media outlets, such as New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg BusinessweekThe Washington Post, and the Financial Times.

More profile about the speaker
Jimmy Lin | Speaker | TED.com