TED2017
Jimmy Lin: A simple new blood test that can catch cancer early
林吉米: 簡易的血液檢驗能及早發現癌症
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林吉米正在發展一種技術：它比起現有的方法，能提前幾個月甚至幾年檢測出癌症。他與大家分享研究的重大突破，如何從簡易的血液檢驗找出癌細胞存在的細微跡象，比傳統技術提早百日偵測到癌細胞的復發。能及早發現癌細胞，也許能為抗癌戰役帶來一線曙光。
Jimmy Lin - Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Cancer.
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癌症，
00:15
Many of us have lost family,
friends or loved ones
friends or loved ones
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這可怕的疾病，
00:18
to this horrible disease.
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讓許多人失去親友摯愛。
00:20
I know there are some of you
in the audience
in the audience
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我知道在座的你們，
00:22
who are cancer survivors,
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有人是癌症的倖存者，
00:23
or who are fighting cancer at this moment.
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有人則正在對抗癌症，
00:25
My heart goes out to you.
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我的心與你們同在。
00:27
While this word often conjures up
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
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癌症常讓人聯想到
悲傷、憤怒與恐懼。
悲傷、憤怒與恐懼。
00:32
I bring you good news
from the front lines of cancer research.
from the front lines of cancer research.
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讓我由癌症研究前線的角度
向各位報告一個好消息。
向各位報告一個好消息。
00:36
The fact is, we are starting to win
the war on cancer.
the war on cancer.
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我們在抗癌的戰爭中
正開始顯現出勝勢。
正開始顯現出勝勢。
00:41
In fact, we lie at the intersection
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我們正處於數個研究的交叉點之中，
00:43
of the three of the most exciting
developments within cancer research.
developments within cancer research.
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也就是在癌症研究中
三項最令人興奮的發展。
三項最令人興奮的發展。
00:47
The first is cancer genomics.
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首先是癌症基因組。
00:49
The genome is a composition
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基因組是
00:51
of all the genetic information
encoded by DNA
encoded by DNA
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包含在生物 DNA 內，
00:54
in an organism.
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所有的基因訊息。
00:55
In cancers, changes
in the DNA called mutations
in the DNA called mutations
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癌細胞裡面的
DNA 變化稱作突變，
DNA 變化稱作突變，
00:58
are what drive these cancers
to go out of control.
to go out of control.
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是造成癌細胞失控的主因。
01:02
Around 10 years ago,
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
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十年前我是約翰霍普金斯
醫學院的團隊之一。
醫學院的團隊之一。
01:05
that first mapped
the mutations of cancers.
the mutations of cancers.
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此團隊率先探測到癌細胞突變。
01:08
We did this first for colorectal,
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我們最開始是在直腸癌、
01:10
breast, pancreatic and brain cancers.
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乳癌、胰腺癌和腦癌細胞中進行。
01:13
And since then, there have been
over 90 projects in 70 countries
over 90 projects in 70 countries
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自此之後全球有 70 個國家，
01:16
all over the world,
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超過 90 個研究計畫，
01:18
working to understand
the genetic basis of these diseases.
the genetic basis of these diseases.
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著手了解癌症的遺傳基礎。
01:21
Today, tens of thousands
of cancers are understood
of cancers are understood
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如今上萬種癌症
01:24
down to exquisite molecular detail.
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能透過精微的分子細節加以了解。
01:28
The second revolution
is precision medicine,
is precision medicine,
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第二項變革是精準醫療，
01:30
also known as "personalized medicine."
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也稱「個人化醫療」。
01:32
Instead of one-size-fits-all methods
to be able to treat cancers,
to be able to treat cancers,
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相較於一藥治萬病的癌症治療方式，
01:36
there is a whole new class of drugs
that are able to target cancers
that are able to target cancers
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現在有一種全新等級的藥物
能依照癌症的基因檔案，
能依照癌症的基因檔案，
01:40
based on their unique genetic profile.
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以標靶方式進行治療。
01:42
Today, there are a host
of these tailor-made drugs,
of these tailor-made drugs,
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現在對這樣量身訂做的藥物
有一個專有名詞，
有一個專有名詞，
01:45
called targeted therapies,
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即「標靶治療」。
01:47
available to physicians even today
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這種藥讓當今的醫生
01:49
to be able to personalize
their therapy for their patients,
their therapy for their patients,
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能為病人量身訂做適合的治療，
01:52
and many others are in development.
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還有許多藥物正在研發中。
01:55
The third exciting revolution
is immunotherapy,
is immunotherapy,
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第三項的革新是免疫療法，
01:58
and this is really exciting.
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這著實振奮人心。
02:01
Scientists have been able
to leverage the immune system
to leverage the immune system
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科學家能夠讓免疫系統發揮作用，
02:03
in the fight against cancer.
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對抗癌症。
02:05
For example, there have been ways
where we find the off switches of cancer,
where we find the off switches of cancer,
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例如我們已找出
許多遏止癌細胞的方法，
許多遏止癌細胞的方法，
02:10
and new drugs have been able
to turn the immune system back on,
to turn the immune system back on,
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及能重啟免疫系統的新藥物，
02:13
to be able to fight cancer.
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以對抗癌症。
02:15
In addition, there are ways
where you can take away immune cells
where you can take away immune cells
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此外現在也有方法能自人體
02:19
from the body,
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取出免疫細胞，
02:20
train them, engineer them
and put them back into the body
and put them back into the body
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然後訓練它們，改變其基因結構後，
再重新植入體內，以對抗癌症。
02:23
to fight cancer.
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02:24
Almost sounds like
science fiction, doesn't it?
science fiction, doesn't it?
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聽起來很像科幻小說，對嗎？
02:28
While I was a researcher
at the National Cancer Institute,
at the National Cancer Institute,
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當我還是美國
國立癌症研究所的研究員時，
國立癌症研究所的研究員時，
02:31
I had the privilege of working
with some of the pioneers of this field
with some of the pioneers of this field
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我有幸能與這個領域的先驅共事，
02:34
and watched the development firsthand.
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第一手目睹發展過程，
02:36
It's been pretty amazing.
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感覺頗為神奇。
02:38
Today, over 600 clinical trials are open,
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現在有六百多種臨床試驗，
02:41
actively recruiting patients
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
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積極地公開招募病患
以探索免疫療法的各個方面。
以探索免疫療法的各個方面。
02:46
While these three exciting
revolutions are ongoing,
revolutions are ongoing,
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這三項振奮人心的革新
仍持續進行中，
仍持續進行中，
02:49
unfortunately, this is only the beginning,
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不幸的是這僅是開端，
02:51
and there are still many, many challenges.
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眼前仍面臨重重挑戰。
02:55
Let me illustrate with a patient.
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讓我用病患照片做說明。
02:58
Here is a patient
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
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這名病人罹患名為
「黑素瘤」的皮膚癌。
「黑素瘤」的皮膚癌。
03:01
It's horrible; the cancer
has gone everywhere.
has gone everywhere.
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很可怕，癌細胞四處擴散。
03:05
However, scientists were able
to map the mutations of this cancer
to map the mutations of this cancer
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但是科學家探測出癌細胞的突變，
03:08
and give a specific treatment
that targets one of the mutations.
that targets one of the mutations.
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並針對其中一種突變給予特殊治療。
03:13
And the result is almost miraculous.
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結果幾乎可說是奇蹟。
03:16
Tumors almost seem to melt away.
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腫瘤幾乎消失不見。
03:19
Unfortunately, this is not
the end of the story.
the end of the story.
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不幸的是，故事還沒結束。
03:23
A few months later, this picture is taken.
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幾個月後又照了這張照片，
03:26
The tumor has come back.
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腫瘤又復發了。
03:28
The question is: Why?
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這不禁讓人思考為什麼 ？
03:30
The answer is tumor heterogeneity.
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答案是「腫瘤異質性」。
03:34
Let me explain.
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容我解釋。
03:37
Even a cancer as small
as one centimeter in diameter
as one centimeter in diameter
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就算癌細胞小到只有一公分的直徑，
03:40
harbors over a hundred million
different cells.
different cells.
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也包含了上億種不同的細胞。
03:43
While genetically similar,
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儘管有相似的基因，
03:45
there are small differences
in these different cancers
in these different cancers
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不同的癌細胞有著微小的差異，
03:48
that make them differently prone
to different drugs.
to different drugs.
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讓不同的藥適用不同癌細胞。
03:51
So even if you have a drug
that's highly effective,
that's highly effective,
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所以就算有一種超級有效的藥，
03:53
that kills almost all the cells,
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幾乎能夠殺掉所有細胞，
03:55
there is a chance
that there's a small population
that there's a small population
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卻仍可能有一小叢細胞，
03:58
that's resistant to the drug.
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對這種藥物是有抵抗力的。
04:00
This ultimately is the population
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這類細胞到最後，
04:02
that comes back,
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終究還是會復發，
04:03
and takes over the patient.
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在病人身體蔓延。
04:05
So then the question is:
What do we do with this information?
What do we do with this information?
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所以問題是，對於這樣的資訊
我們能做些甚麼？
我們能做些甚麼？
04:08
Well, the key, then,
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關鍵在於
04:10
is to apply all these exciting
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
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加緊腳步將上述的醫療進展
及早應用於癌症治療。
及早應用於癌症治療。
04:14
as soon as we can,
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且愈快愈好，
04:16
before these resistance clones emerge.
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免得這些抗藥細胞植株出現。
04:19
The key to cancer and curing cancer
is early detection.
is early detection.
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治療癌症的關鍵是及早發現。
04:24
And we intuitively know this.
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我們其實也知道，
04:26
Finding cancer early
results in better outcomes,
results in better outcomes,
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及早發現癌症
會有較好的治療結果，
會有較好的治療結果，
04:29
and the numbers show this as well.
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這也受到研究數據證實。
04:31
For example, in ovarian cancer,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
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以卵巢癌來說
若到第四期才偵測到癌細胞，
若到第四期才偵測到癌細胞，
04:35
only 17 percent of the women
survive at five years.
survive at five years.
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能存活五年的婦女只有 17%。
04:39
However, if you are able to detect
this cancer as early as stage one,
this cancer as early as stage one,
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但是若能在第一期就偵測到癌症，
04:43
over 92 percent of women will survive.
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有超過 92% 的婦女能存活下來。
04:46
But the sad fact is, only 15 percent
of women are detected at stage one,
of women are detected at stage one,
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令人難過的是只有 15% 的婦女
能在第一期偵測到癌症，
能在第一期偵測到癌症，
04:51
whereas the vast majority, 70 percent,
are detected in stages three and four.
are detected in stages three and four.
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絕大多數約七成的婦女
是在第三、四期才知道罹癌。
是在第三、四期才知道罹癌。
04:57
We desperately need
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
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我們急需更好的癌症偵測機制。
05:02
The current best ways to screen cancer
fall into one of three categories.
fall into one of three categories.
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目前最佳的癌症偵測方式有三種。
05:06
First is medical procedures,
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第一是醫療行為，
05:08
which is like colonoscopy
for colon cancer.
for colon cancer.
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像是以結腸鏡檢測結腸癌。
05:11
Second is protein biomarkers,
like PSA for prostate cancer.
like PSA for prostate cancer.
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第二是蛋白質生物標記，
像檢測前列腺癌的前列腺特異抗原 。
像檢測前列腺癌的前列腺特異抗原 。
05:16
Or third, imaging techniques,
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第三是醫學影像技術，
05:19
such as mammography for breast cancer.
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如偵測乳癌的乳房造影檢查。
05:22
Medical procedures are the gold standard;
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醫療行為是黃金準則，
05:24
however, they are highly invasive
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不過具高侵入性，
05:26
and require a large
infrastructure to implement.
infrastructure to implement.
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需要推行大型的醫療設備。
05:30
Protein markers, while effective
in some populations,
in some populations,
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蛋白質生物標記對某些族群有效，
05:33
are not very specific
in some circumstances,
in some circumstances,
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在有些情況下效果並不理想，
05:36
resulting in high numbers
of false positives,
of false positives,
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誤判的比例很高，
05:39
which then results in unnecessary work-ups
and unnecessary procedures.
and unnecessary procedures.
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往往白費力氣和工夫。
05:45
Imaging methods,
while useful in some populations,
while useful in some populations,
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造影檢查對某些族群有效，
05:48
expose patients to harmful radiation.
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讓病人暴露在有害的放射線下，
05:51
In addition, it is not applicable
to all patients.
to all patients.
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也不適合所有病人。
05:54
For example, mammography has problems
in women with dense breasts.
in women with dense breasts.
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例如乳房造影檢查
對有緻密乳房的婦女有一定難度，
對有緻密乳房的婦女有一定難度，
05:59
So what we need is a method
that is noninvasive,
that is noninvasive,
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所以我們需要一種
不具侵入性的方法、
不具侵入性的方法、
06:02
that is light in infrastructure,
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不需用到大型醫療設備、
06:04
that is highly specific,
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具高特異性、
06:06
that also does not have false positives,
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不會有誤判、
06:09
does not use any radiation
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不會用到放射線，
06:11
and is applicable to large populations.
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而且能適用於廣大族群。
06:14
Even more importantly,
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更重要的是，
06:15
we need a method
to be able to detect cancers
to be able to detect cancers
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我們需要的是
能夠偵測到癌細胞的方法，
能夠偵測到癌細胞的方法，
06:17
before they're 100 million cells in size.
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尤其是在癌細胞數目
達到上億之前發現。
達到上億之前發現。
06:21
Does such a technology exist?
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這樣的技術存在嗎？
06:23
Well, I wouldn't be up here
giving a talk if it didn't.
giving a talk if it didn't.
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如果沒有，我就不會站在這裡演講。
06:26
I'm excited to tell you about
this latest technology we've developed.
this latest technology we've developed.
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我很高興將我們
最新發展的技術與各位分享。
最新發展的技術與各位分享。
06:31
Central to our technology
is a simple blood test.
is a simple blood test.
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此項技術的核心是簡易的血液檢驗。
06:34
The blood circulatory system,
while seemingly mundane,
while seemingly mundane,
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血液循環系統看似沒甚麼，
06:38
is essential for you to survive,
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對人類的生存卻至關重要，
06:40
providing oxygen
and nutrients to your cells,
and nutrients to your cells,
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能為人體細胞提供氧氣和養分，
06:43
and removing waste and carbon dioxide.
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移除廢物和二氧化碳。
06:45
Here's a key biological insight:
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從生物觀點來說的關鍵是：
06:48
Cancer cells grow and die
faster than normal cells,
faster than normal cells,
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癌細胞的生長和死亡速度
比正常細胞來得快，
比正常細胞來得快，
06:51
and when they die,
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當癌細胞死亡時，
06:52
DNA is shed into the blood system.
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DNA 會進入血液循環系統。
06:55
Since we know the signatures
of these cancer cells
of these cancer cells
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我們從所有不同癌症的
基因組定序計畫中，
基因組定序計畫中，
06:58
from all the different cancer
genome sequencing projects,
genome sequencing projects,
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知曉了各種癌細胞的基因特點，
07:01
we can look for those signals in the blood
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我們便可從血液中尋找罹癌訊號，
07:03
to be able to detect these cancers early.
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好能及早偵測到癌症。
07:06
So instead of waiting for cancers
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
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與其等到癌細胞
增殖並造成明顯症狀，
增殖並造成明顯症狀，
07:10
or for them to be dense enough
to show up on imaging,
to show up on imaging,
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或癌細胞密集到足以顯影，
07:13
or for them to be prominent enough
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或讓癌細胞生長到足以
07:15
for you to be able to visualize
on medical procedures,
on medical procedures,
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透過醫療行為目測到，
07:18
we can start looking for cancers
while they are relatively pretty small,
while they are relatively pretty small,
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我們能在癌細胞
還未成氣候時開始進行偵測，
還未成氣候時開始進行偵測，
07:22
by looking for these small amounts
of DNA in the blood.
of DNA in the blood.
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尋找血液中微量的 DNA。
07:27
So let me tell you how we do this.
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跟大家解釋這如何進行。
07:29
First, like I said, we start off
with a simple blood test --
with a simple blood test --
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先從簡易的血液檢驗開始，
07:32
no radiation, no complicated equipment --
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不需放射線和複雜的設備，
07:35
a simple blood test.
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就是簡單的血液檢驗。
07:36
Then the blood is shipped to us,
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然後血液取樣運送到本團隊，
07:38
and what we do
is extract the DNA out of it.
is extract the DNA out of it.
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我們從血液中取出 DNA。
07:41
While your body is mostly healthy cells,
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此時人體的細胞大多是健康的，
07:43
most of the DNA that's detected
will be from healthy cells.
will be from healthy cells.
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因此取得的 DNA
多是來自健康細胞。
多是來自健康細胞。
07:47
However, there will be a small amount,
less than one percent,
less than one percent,
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但有不到 1% 的微量 DNA，
07:50
that comes from the cancer cells.
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是來自癌細胞。
07:53
Then we use molecular biology methods
to be able to enrich this DNA
to be able to enrich this DNA
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我們接著運用分子生物法，
07:57
for areas of the genome which are known
to be associated with cancer,
to be associated with cancer,
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根據從癌症基因組計劃獲得的信息，
富集此與癌細胞有關的 DNA。
08:02
based on the information
from the cancer genomics projects.
from the cancer genomics projects.
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08:05
We're able to then put this DNA
into DNA-sequencing machines
into DNA-sequencing machines
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我們將採得的 DNA
置入 DNA 定序儀器，
置入 DNA 定序儀器，
08:09
and are able to digitize the DNA
into A's, C's, T's and G's
into A's, C's, T's and G's
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儀器將 DNA 數位化成
A、C、T 和 G 四種鹼基 ，
A、C、T 和 G 四種鹼基 ，
08:14
and have this final readout.
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並進行資料分析。
08:16
Ultimately, we have information
of billions of letters
of billions of letters
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我們最後從儀器分析結果，
08:22
that output from this run.
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得出數十億 DNA 符號的資訊。
08:26
We then apply statistical
and computational methods
and computational methods
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研究團隊接著用
統計數據和電腦判讀，
統計數據和電腦判讀，
08:29
to be able to find
the small signal that's present,
the small signal that's present,
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藉以找出資料中，
08:32
indicative of the small amount
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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顯示血液中微量
DNA 癌細胞的微小訊息。
DNA 癌細胞的微小訊息。
08:37
So does this actually work in patients?
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這技術對病患真的有用嗎？
08:39
Well, because there's no way
of really predicting right now
of really predicting right now
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由於目前還無法真正預測
08:43
which patients will get cancer,
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哪個病人會罹癌，
08:44
we use the next best population:
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適於此研究的最好族群是：
08:47
cancers in remission;
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癌症緩解期的病患，
08:49
specifically, lung cancer.
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更明確來說：肺癌。
08:52
The sad fact is, even with the best drugs
that we have today,
that we have today,
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令人難過的是就算使用最好的藥物，
08:55
most lung cancers come back.
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絕大多數的肺癌仍會復發。
08:57
The key, then, is to see
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接下來的關鍵是，
08:59
whether we're able to detect
these recurrences of cancers
these recurrences of cancers
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我們是否能比一般方法
09:02
earlier than with standard methods.
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更早偵測到癌細胞的復發。
09:05
We just finished a major trial
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我們的團隊與倫敦學院大學
09:07
with Professor Charles Swanton
at University College London,
at University College London,
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查爾斯·史汪頓教授
剛完成一項主要試驗，
剛完成一項主要試驗，
09:11
examining this.
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檢驗這項技術。
09:12
Let me walk you through
an example of one patient.
an example of one patient.
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讓我用一名病患來舉例說明。
09:16
Here's an example of one patient
who undergoes surgery
who undergoes surgery
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這名病患在研究的時間起始點，
09:19
at time point zero,
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接受手術，
09:20
and then undergoes chemotherapy.
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然後接受化療，
09:23
Then the patient is under remission.
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接著病人進入癌症緩解期。
09:26
He is monitored using clinical exams
and imaging methods.
and imaging methods.
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團隊用臨床檢查和造影技術監測。
09:31
Around day 450, unfortunately,
the cancer comes back.
the cancer comes back.
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癌細胞不幸在第 450 天復發。
09:37
The question is:
Are we able to catch this earlier?
Are we able to catch this earlier?
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問題來了：我們能夠及早知道嗎？
09:39
During this whole time,
we've been collecting blood serially
we've been collecting blood serially
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在這段期間我們定期抽血，
09:43
to be able to measure
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
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以測量血液循環腫瘤 DNA。
09:47
So at the initial time point, as expected,
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剛開始時不出所料，
09:50
there's a high level
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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血液中有大量的癌細胞 DNA。
09:54
However, this goes away to zero
in subsequent time points
in subsequent time points
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但是接下來癌細胞 DNA 消失 ，
09:58
and remains negligible
after subsequent points.
after subsequent points.
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又過一段時間後
僅剩微乎其微的癌細胞。
僅剩微乎其微的癌細胞。
10:02
However, around day 340, we see the rise
of cancer DNA in the blood,
of cancer DNA in the blood,
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但是血液中癌細胞 DNA 的量
到第 340 天開始增加，
到第 340 天開始增加，
10:08
and eventually, it goes up higher
for days 400 and 450.
for days 400 and 450.
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它在第 400 到 450 天數量更多了。
10:13
Here's the key, if you've missed it:
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這裡就是關鍵，如果你沒有了解到。
10:15
At day 340, we see the rise
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
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在第 340 天我們看到
血液中癌細胞 DNA 的增加，
血液中癌細胞 DNA 的增加，
10:20
That means we are catching this cancer
over a hundred days earlier
over a hundred days earlier
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這代表我們比傳統方式
早了一百多天，
早了一百多天，
10:25
than traditional methods.
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偵測到癌細胞。
10:27
This is a hundred days earlier
where we can give therapies,
where we can give therapies,
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也就是我們能提早
100 多天治療病人。
100 多天治療病人。
10:29
a hundred days earlier
where we can do surgical interventions,
where we can do surgical interventions,
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能提早 100 多天進行手術，
10:33
or even a hundred days less
for the cancer to grow
for the cancer to grow
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讓癌症少 100 多天的時間生長，
10:36
or a hundred days less
for resistance to occur.
for resistance to occur.
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讓癌細胞少 100 多天的時間復發。
10:40
For some patients, this hundred days
means the matter of life and death.
means the matter of life and death.
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對有些病人而言這 100 天
乃是生死交關的關鍵。
乃是生死交關的關鍵。
10:45
We're really excited
about this information.
about this information.
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這消息令人振奮。
10:48
Because of this assignment,
we've done additional studies now
we've done additional studies now
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也因此我們目前對其他癌症，
10:51
in other cancers,
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進行更多的研究，
10:52
including breast cancer, lung cancer
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包括乳癌、肺癌，
10:56
and ovarian cancer,
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和卵巢癌。
10:58
and I can't wait to see how much earlier
we can find these cancers.
we can find these cancers.
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我迫不及待想知道
我們能多早發現這些癌症。
我們能多早發現這些癌症。
11:04
Ultimately, I have a dream,
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我有個終極夢想。
11:06
a dream of two vials of blood,
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兩小瓶的血液取樣，
11:09
and that, in the future, as part of all
of our standard physical exams,
of our standard physical exams,
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在未來將成為
健康檢查程序的一部分，
健康檢查程序的一部分，
11:13
we'll have two vials of blood drawn.
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採取兩小瓶血液取樣。
11:15
And from these two vials of blood
we will be able to compare
we will be able to compare
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從這兩瓶取樣我們可以比較
11:19
the DNA from all known
signatures of cancer,
signatures of cancer,
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來自所有具癌症跡象的 DNA，
11:22
and hopefully then detect cancers
months to even years earlier.
months to even years earlier.
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希望能早幾個月
甚至幾年偵測到癌症。
甚至幾年偵測到癌症。
11:27
Even with the therapies we have currently,
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就算以我們現有的治療方式，
11:29
this could mean that millions
of lives could be saved.
of lives could be saved.
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提早發現癌症代表
能拯救上百萬的生命。
能拯救上百萬的生命。
11:32
And if you add on to that
recent advancements in immunotherapy
recent advancements in immunotherapy
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若加上近期的免疫療法的進步，
11:36
and targeted therapies,
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以及標靶式治療的進步，
11:37
the end of cancer is in sight.
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終結癌症就近在咫尺。
11:40
The next time you hear the word "cancer,"
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下次當你聽到「癌症」一詞，
11:43
I want you to add to the emotions: hope.
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我期許各位也能想到「希望」，
11:46
Hold on.
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永不放棄。
11:48
Cancer researchers all around the world
are working feverishly
are working feverishly
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全球的癌症研究人員正積極努力，
11:51
to beat this disease,
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期能戰勝癌症，
11:53
and tremendous progress is being made.
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也已有重大的進展。
11:55
This is the beginning of the end.
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這是癌症之終結的開端，
11:58
We will win the war on cancer.
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我們終會打贏對抗癌症的戰爭。
12:00
And to me, this is amazing news.
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對我來說，這是很棒的好消息。
12:03
Thank you.
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謝謝各位。
12:04
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jimmy Lin - GeneticistTED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early.
Why you should listen
C. Jimmy Lin, MD, PhD, MHS is the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Oncology at Natera and a TED Fellow. He comes from a long history as a pioneer in cancer genomics. Most recently, he led the clinical genomics program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previously, at Johns Hopkins and Washington University in St. Louis, Lin was part of one of the first clinical genomics labs in academia and led the computational analyses of the first ever exome sequencing studies in cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and melanoma.
Lin has published in top academic journals, such as Science, Nature and Cell, and he has been an expert in national and international media outlets, such as New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg Businessweek, The Washington Post, and the Financial Times.
Jimmy Lin | Speaker | TED.com