TED2013
Alastair Parvin: Architecture for the people by the people
阿拉斯泰尔.帕尔文: 以人为本的建筑
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,585,117 views
建筑师阿拉斯泰尔.帕尔文提出了一个简单而又有争议的想法：与其让建筑师为那些请得起他们的人盖楼，何不如让平民们自行设计并建造他们的房子？这正是维基之家这项开放资源工具的核心理念，即每个人都能在任何地方建造楼房。
Alastair Parvin - Designer
Alastair Parvin believes in making architecture accessible to 100 percent of the population. Full bio
Alastair Parvin believes in making architecture accessible to 100 percent of the population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When we use the word "architect" or "designer,"
0
884
3169
当我们提到建筑师或者设计师
00:16
what we usually mean is a professional,
1
4053
2799
通常是指专业的人员
00:18
someone who gets paid,
2
6852
2472
以专业水平收取报酬
00:21
and we tend to assume that it's those professionals
3
9324
2923
我们就认为是那些专业人员
00:24
who are going to be the ones to help us solve
4
12247
1981
会帮助解决
00:26
the really big, systemic design challenges that we face
5
14228
2560
我们所面对的巨大的系统设计难题
00:28
like climate change, urbanization and social inequality.
6
16788
3845
比如气候变化,城市化和社会不平等问题
00:32
That's our kind of working presumption.
7
20633
3084
这是我们想当然的看法
00:35
And I think it's wrong, actually.
8
23717
3007
但我认为事实并非如此
00:38
In 2008, I was just about to graduate from architecture school
9
26724
3248
2008年时，我正准备从建筑学院毕业
00:41
after several years, and go out and get a job,
10
29972
2673
经过几年的学习之后 准备出去找份工作
00:44
and this happened.
11
32645
2925
而这就是当时的现状
00:47
The economy ran out of jobs.
12
35570
2250
经济形式导致就业市场低迷
00:49
And a couple of things struck me about this.
13
37820
2455
这使我意识到几件事
00:52
One, don't listen to career advisers.
14
40275
3730
第一点 不要听信职业顾问的话
00:56
And two, actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture,
15
44005
4656
第二点 同时也是一个有趣的建筑学驳论
01:00
which is that, as a society, we've never needed design thinking more,
16
48661
4270
即社会史无前例地需要更深思熟虑的设计
01:04
and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed.
17
52931
3958
而当时建筑学专业却逐渐呈失业状
01:08
It strikes me that we talk very deeply about design,
18
56889
3551
我意识到关于建筑设计我们讲的很深
01:12
but actually there's an economics behind architecture
19
60440
2116
但实际上 建筑背后的经济学
01:14
that we don't talk about, and I think we need to.
20
62556
2468
我们却没有讨论到，而我认为是值得关注的
01:17
And a good place to start is your own paycheck.
21
65024
3631
首先谈谈我们的工资
01:20
So, as a bottom-of-the-rung architecture graduate,
22
68655
2442
作为一名最底层的建筑学专业毕业生
01:23
I might expect to earn about 24,000 pounds.
23
71097
2976
我预期能够赚到2万4千英镑
01:26
That's about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.
24
74073
3616
约合美元3万6，3万7左右
01:29
Now in terms of the whole world's population,
25
77689
1705
以全世界的人口来看
01:31
that already puts me in the top 1.95 richest people,
26
79394
4882
这已经使我居于前1.95%的富人当中
01:36
which raises the question of, who is it I'm working for?
27
84276
3760
我不禁要问，我究竟在为谁工作？
01:40
The uncomfortable fact is that
28
88036
2711
令人不安的事实是
01:42
actually almost everything that we call architecture today
29
90747
2884
如今几乎所有我们可以称之为建筑的建筑
01:45
is actually the business of designing
30
93631
2292
事实上都在为
01:47
for about the richest one percent of the world's population,
31
95923
2925
世界上最富有的1%的人而设计建造
01:50
and it always has been.
32
98848
2229
一直如此
01:53
The reason why we forgot that
33
101077
1747
我们之所以忽略这一点
01:54
is because the times in history when architecture
34
102824
2103
是因为历史上
01:56
did the most to transform society were those times
35
104927
2925
因建筑造成社会转型
01:59
when, actually, the one percent would build
36
107852
2657
事实上，都是那些1%的人
02:02
on behalf of the 99 percent, for various different reasons,
37
110509
3035
就代表了99%的人，出于不同原因而造的
02:05
whether that was through philanthropy in the 19th century,
38
113544
2615
不管是因为19世纪的慈善活动
02:08
communism in the early 20th,
39
116159
2270
或是20世纪前期的共产主义
02:10
the welfare state, and most recently, of course,
40
118429
3038
或是福利国家，当然还有近年来的
02:13
through this inflated real estate bubble.
41
121467
3616
膨胀的房地产泡沫
02:17
And all of those booms, in their own various ways,
42
125083
3308
所有这些建筑繁荣的时期，尽管各自方式不同
02:20
have now kicked the bucket,
43
128391
1919
如今都已消逝殆尽了
02:22
and we're back in this situation
44
130310
2286
于是我们退回到这种情形
02:24
where the smartest designers and architects in the world
45
132596
4916
世界上最棒的设计师和建筑师
02:29
are only really able to work for one percent of the population.
46
137512
3780
只能为那1%的人工作
02:33
Now it's not just that that's bad for democracy,
47
141292
2110
这不仅有害于民主政治
02:35
though I think it probably is,
48
143402
1839
虽然我认为可能性很大
02:37
it's actually not a very clever business strategy, actually.
49
145241
3096
事实上这不是个明智的商业战略
02:40
I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects
50
148337
2859
我想下一代建筑学家所面临的挑战是
02:43
is, how are we going to turn our client
51
151196
2042
怎样将这我们的客户
02:45
from the one percent to the 100 percent?
52
153238
3621
从那1%扩展到所有人
02:48
And I want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas
53
156859
3574
我来跟大家说三个略微有些反常规的想法
02:52
for how it might be done.
54
160433
1842
解释如何实现这一目标
02:54
The first is, I think we need to question this idea
55
162275
3382
第一，我觉得我们得质疑
02:57
that architecture is about making buildings.
56
165657
2291
建筑就是盖楼这一观点
02:59
Actually, a building is about the most expensive solution
57
167948
2744
事实上，盖楼大概是你能想到的
03:02
you can think of to almost any given problem.
58
170692
3016
解决问题最昂贵的方法
03:05
And fundamentally, design should be much, much more interested
59
173708
2528
设计应该更注重在解决问题和创建新环境上
03:08
in solving problems and creating new conditions.
60
176236
2732
在解决问题和创建新条件上
03:10
So here's a story.
61
178968
1522
给大家讲一个故事
03:12
The office was working with a school,
62
180490
1598
有个团队正在和一所学校合作
03:14
and they had an old Victorian school building.
63
182088
2426
学校有一栋维多利亚时代的老建筑
03:16
And they said to the architects, "Look,
64
184514
2731
然后他们跟建筑师说:“看，
03:19
our corridors are an absolute nightmare.
65
187245
1953
我们的走廊真是惨不忍睹
03:21
They're far too small. They get congested between classes.
66
189198
2366
实在是太小了，课间的时候就会特别挤
03:23
There's bullying. We can't control them.
67
191564
2383
因此有学生被欺负，我们实在是没办法
03:25
So what we want you to do is re-plan our entire building,
68
193947
2842
所以我们希望你们能重新设计整个建筑
03:28
and we know it's going to cost several million pounds,
69
196789
2190
我们也知道会耗资数百万英镑
03:30
but we're reconciled to the fact."
70
198979
1911
但我们也接受现实了
03:32
And the team thought about this, and they went away,
71
200890
2706
然后这个团队想了一下就走了
03:35
and they said, "Actually, don't do that.
72
203596
2017
他们说，”其实，没必要
03:37
Instead, get rid of the school bell.
73
205613
2780
只需在校铃上做文章即可
03:40
And instead of having one school bell that goes off once,
74
208393
2829
与其让校铃敲响一次
03:43
have several smaller school bells that go off
75
211222
2258
倒不如分几个小的校铃
03:45
in different places and different times,
76
213480
2248
在不同的时间和地点分批响
03:47
distribute the traffic through the corridors."
77
215728
2248
对走廊实行交通分流。”
03:49
It solves the same problem,
78
217976
1417
问题就迎刃而解了
03:51
but instead of spending several million pounds,
79
219393
2808
相比耗资几百万英镑
03:54
you spend several hundred pounds.
80
222201
2143
你们只需几百英镑就搞定
03:56
Now, it looks like you're doing yourself out of a job,
81
224344
2800
这样看起来似乎你砸了自己的饭碗
03:59
but you're not. You're actually making yourself more useful.
82
227144
2561
其实不然，你实际上让自己的价值提升了
04:01
Architects are actually really, really good
83
229705
1473
建筑师其实都是非常非常擅长
04:03
at this kind of resourceful, strategic thinking.
84
231178
2342
这种足智多谋和具有策略性的思考方式
04:05
And the problem is that, like a lot of design professions,
85
233520
1962
问题是，像很多专业设计师
04:07
we got fixated on the idea of providing
86
235482
2183
我们总会自我禁锢在
04:09
a particular kind of consumer product,
87
237665
2281
“要做出某一种特定的产品”这一想法上
04:11
and I don't think that needs to be the case anymore.
88
239946
2470
我觉得这种想法是时候改变了
04:14
The second idea worth questioning is this 20th-century thing
89
242416
4201
第二个值得质疑的，是关于20世纪
04:18
that mass architecture is about big --
90
246617
3261
大众建筑离不开大型二字
04:21
big buildings and big finance.
91
249878
2594
大型建筑和庞大的资金
04:24
Actually, we've got ourselves locked into this
92
252472
2089
其实是我们自己挣脱不出
04:26
Industrial Era mindset which says that
93
254561
2407
工业时代这一思维定势，即
04:28
the only people who can make cities are large organizations
94
256968
3486
只有那些大型组织才能建造城市
04:32
or corporations who build on our behalf,
95
260454
2518
或是那些以我们的名义而建造的公司企业
04:34
procuring whole neighborhoods
96
262972
1808
把我们的整个社区
04:36
in single, monolithic projects, and of course,
97
264780
3433
押在单一的，大型的项目上，当然
04:40
form follows finance.
98
268213
2219
形式要服从财政
04:42
So what you end up with are single, monolithic neighborhoods
99
270432
3024
所以我们看到的是那些单一大型的社区
04:45
based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.
100
273456
3688
建造格局都是通用型的
04:49
And a lot of people can't even afford them.
101
277144
2513
并且有很多人还负担不起
04:51
But what if, actually, it's possible now for cities
102
279657
2967
但如果，其实现在已经有可能
04:54
to be made not just by the few with a lot
103
282624
2770
让城市不再由那些少数持巨资的人所建造
04:57
but also by the many with a bit?
104
285394
3188
而是由大众平民取而代之？
05:00
And when they do, they bring with them
105
288582
1294
一旦成真了，他们就他们想要的居住环境
05:01
a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live.
106
289876
3339
引入一套完全不同的价值观
05:05
And it raises really interesting questions about,
107
293215
2104
这就引发了很有趣的问题
05:07
how will we plan cities? How will finance development?
108
295319
3283
如我们将如何规划城市？资金要如何开发？
05:10
How will we sell design services?
109
298602
1661
我们将如何推销设计服务？
05:12
What would it mean for democratic societies
110
300263
2240
这对民主社会为市民提供创城机会来说
05:14
to offer their citizens a right to build?
111
302503
2400
意味着什么？
05:16
And in a way it should be kind of obvious, right,
112
304903
2280
这应该是显而易见的，对吧
05:19
that in the 21st century, maybe cities can be developed by citizens.
113
307183
5469
在21世纪，也许城市可以由市民来发展规划
05:24
And thirdly, we need to remember that,
114
312652
3164
第三点，我们需要记住
05:27
from a strictly economic point of view,
115
315816
2351
从经济学角度严格来说
05:30
design shares a category with sex and care of the elderly --
116
318167
4846
设计和性还有老年人的护理是同个类别的
05:35
mostly it's done by amateurs.
117
323013
2596
大部分都是由业余人士来完成的
05:37
And that's a good thing.
118
325609
1886
这是个好事
05:39
Most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy
119
327495
3470
大部分都不是发生在货币经济体系之内
05:42
in what's called the social economy or the core economy,
120
330965
2060
而是在社会经济体系或核心经济体系内
05:45
which is people doing it for themselves.
121
333025
2392
即人们是为了他们自身而做
05:47
And the problem is that, up until now,
122
335417
3248
问题就是，到目前为止
05:50
it was the monetary economy which had
123
338665
1802
拥有全部设施和工具的
05:52
all the infrastructure and all the tools.
124
340467
2158
是货币经济体系
05:54
So the challenge we face is, how are we going
125
342625
1823
那么我们面临的挑战就是
05:56
to build the tools, the infrastructure and the institutions
126
344448
3234
我们将如何建造这些工具，设施和机构
05:59
for architecture's social economy?
127
347682
1740
来实现建筑学的社会经济体系？
06:01
And that began with open-source software.
128
349422
2732
这从开源软件而开始
06:04
And over the last few years, it's been moving
129
352154
2368
在过去的几年里，它逐渐过渡到
06:06
into the physical world with open-source hardware,
130
354522
2495
开源硬件的物质世界状态
06:09
which are freely shared blueprints
131
357017
1530
即免费分享的蓝图
06:10
that anyone can download and make for themselves.
132
358547
4046
人人都可以下载自行建造
06:14
And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.
133
362593
3241
而3D打印技术也因此变得有趣
06:17
Right? When suddenly you had a 3D printer
134
365834
3536
当你突然有台3D打印机
06:21
that was open-source, the parts for which
135
369370
1554
资源开放，其零件可通过
06:22
could be made on another 3D printer.
136
370924
2281
另外一台3D打印机上制作出来
06:25
Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,
137
373205
3061
或者同样原理，放到数控机床上，
06:28
which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.
138
376266
4496
好像一个可以切割夹板的大型打印机
06:32
What these technologies are doing is radically
139
380762
2814
这些技术所做的是大幅度地
06:35
lowering the thresholds of time and cost and skill.
140
383576
3081
降低了时间、成本和技能的门槛
06:38
They're challenging the idea that
141
386657
1582
他们挑战了传统的观点
06:40
if you want something to be affordable it's got to be one-size-fits-all.
142
388239
3826
即你想要便宜就得接受通用的模型
06:44
And they're distributing massively
143
392065
2333
它们也大规模地传播
06:46
really complex manufacturing capabilities.
144
394398
2887
非常复杂的生产制造能力
06:49
We're moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,
145
397285
4131
我们将要步入的未来是到处都有工厂
06:53
and increasingly that means
146
401416
1195
同时也意味着
06:54
that the design team is everyone.
147
402611
3287
每个人都是设计师
06:57
That really is an industrial revolution.
148
405898
2526
那真是一场工业革命
07:00
And when we think that the major ideological conflicts
149
408424
3216
当我们思考我们继承的主要意识形态冲突
07:03
that we inherited were all based around this question
150
411640
2018
都是基于这样一个问题
07:05
of who should control the means of production,
151
413658
1912
即谁应该控制生产途径
07:07
and these technologies are coming back with a solution:
152
415570
2727
而这些技术给出了答案：
07:10
actually, maybe no one. All of us.
153
418297
3989
实际上，不是一个人，而是我们大家
07:14
And we were fascinated by
154
422286
2169
我们也惊讶于
07:16
what that might mean for architecture.
155
424455
2607
这对建筑学意味着什么
07:19
So about a year and a half ago,
156
427062
2522
大约一年半以前
07:21
we started working on a project called WikiHouse,
157
429584
1896
我们开始了一个项目叫做维基之家
07:23
and WikiHouse is an open-source construction system.
158
431480
3274
这是一套开放性的建筑系统
07:26
And the idea is to make it possible for anyone
159
434754
2798
旨在让每个人都能够
07:29
to go online, access a freely shared library
160
437552
2384
上网查找免费共享的资源库
07:31
of 3D models which they can download and adapt in,
161
439936
4461
寻找能够下载并适用的3D模型
07:36
at the moment, SketchUp, because it's free, and it's easy to use,
162
444397
3391
目前SketchUp由于其免费、使用方便
07:39
and almost at the click of a switch
163
447788
2559
几乎只需点一下按钮
07:42
they can generate a set of cutting files
164
450347
2484
就能生成一套切割文件的特点
07:44
which allow them, in effect,
165
452831
2041
使得他们
07:46
to print out the parts from a house using a CNC machine
166
454872
3188
能够通过数控机床打印出各部件
07:50
and a standard sheet material like plywood.
167
458060
3211
以及标准的板材如夹板
07:53
And the parts are all numbered,
168
461271
3120
各部件都有标号
07:56
and basically what you end up with is a really big IKEA kit.
169
464391
4177
基本上你得到的就是一个超大的宜家工具箱
08:00
(Laughter)
170
468568
2271
（笑声）
08:02
And it goes together without any bolts.
171
470839
2266
无需任何螺栓就能组装
08:05
It uses wedge and peg connections.
172
473105
2190
它用的是楔子和挂钩来连接
08:07
And even the mallets to make it
173
475295
2144
甚至制作它的木槌
08:09
can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.
174
477439
2480
都能通过板材来制作
08:11
And a team of about two or three people,
175
479919
2537
一个由两三人组成的团队
08:14
working together, can build this.
176
482456
2039
就能合作制造
08:16
They don't need any traditional construction skills.
177
484495
2480
他们无需任何传统的建筑技能
08:18
They don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that,
178
486975
3151
无需任何大马力的工具
08:22
and they can build a small house of about this size
179
490126
2513
就能制造这样大小的一间房子
08:24
in about a day.
180
492639
4764
只需大约一天时间
08:29
(Applause)
181
497403
7277
（掌声）
08:36
And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house
182
504706
2995
你只需要关于建房的一些基本知识
08:39
onto which you can then apply systems like windows
183
507701
2459
比如如何安装窗户
08:42
and cladding and insulation and services
184
510160
2058
如何覆盖外墙，铺设绝缘层和其他功能区
08:44
based on what's cheap and what's available.
185
512218
3049
根据价格和适用的材料而定
08:47
Of course, the house is never finished.
186
515267
2185
当然，房子没有完成
08:49
We're shifting our heads here, so the house is not a finished product.
187
517452
2881
我们看这里，房子还没有完工
08:52
With the CNC machine, you can make new parts for it
188
520333
2757
有了数控机床，你还可以制作其他新的部件
08:55
over its life or even use it to make the house next door.
189
523090
3857
甚至用它来造隔壁的房子
08:58
So we can begin to see the seed of a completely open-source,
190
526947
3438
我们可以看到开放性资源为
09:02
citizen-led urban development model, potentially.
191
530385
4275
市民引导的城市发展模型播下了种子
09:06
And we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now,
192
534660
3550
我们和同行们已经在世界各地建造了一些原型
09:10
and some really interesting lessons here.
193
538210
2121
有一些非常有趣的知识
09:12
One of them is that it's always incredibly sociable.
194
540331
2327
其中一点就是这是相当大众化的
09:14
People get confused between construction work and having fun.
195
542658
4698
人们分不清盖楼和找乐的区别
09:19
But the principles of openness go right down
196
547356
2659
但开放性的原理直接涉及
09:22
into the really mundane, physical details.
197
550015
2806
平凡的物理细节
09:24
Like, never designing a piece that can't be lifted up.
198
552821
3003
比如，永远不要设计一块抬不起来的材料
09:27
Or, when you're designing a piece,
199
555824
1299
或者，当你设计材料的时候
09:29
make sure you either can't put it in the wrong way round,
200
557123
2880
要么确保怎么放都不会错
09:32
or, if you do, it doesn't matter, because it's symmetrical.
201
560003
2953
或者放错了也没关系，因为是对称的
09:34
Probably the principal which runs deepest with us
202
562956
4042
也许最深入我们内心的原理
09:38
is the principal set out by Linus Torvalds,
203
566998
2955
是来自于林纳斯·托瓦兹
09:41
the open-source pioneer,
204
569953
2725
开放性的先驱
09:44
which was that idea of, "Be lazy like a fox."
205
572678
3289
那种“像狐狸一样懒惰”的理念
09:47
Don't reinvent the wheel every time.
206
575967
1709
不要每次都重新发明一种轮子
09:49
Take what already works, and adapt it for your own needs.
207
577676
3793
拿现行的，稍作改进符合自己的需要
09:53
Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught
208
581469
2583
和你在建筑学院里学的恰恰相反
09:56
at an architecture school, copying is good.
209
584052
4097
抄袭是好事
10:00
Which is appropriate, because actually,
210
588149
2001
这很合适，因为实际上
10:02
this approach is not innovative.
211
590150
1780
这种方法并不创新
10:03
It's actually how we built buildings
212
591930
1609
这其实就是工业革命前数百年来
10:05
for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution
213
593539
2496
我们盖楼的方式
10:08
in these sorts of community barn-raisings.
214
596035
2427
用那些社区谷仓筹集的钱
10:10
The only difference between traditional
215
598462
2144
传统地方建筑和开放性建筑的
10:12
vernacular architecture and open-source architecture
216
600606
2408
唯一区别就在于
10:15
might be a web connection,
217
603014
2120
网络连接
10:17
but it's a really, really big difference.
218
605134
2812
但两者却大相径庭
10:19
We shared the whole of WikiHouse
219
607946
1431
我们分享维基之家的所有一切
10:21
under a Creative Commons license,
220
609377
1842
基于创作共用授权的精神
10:23
and now what's just beginning to happen
221
611219
1422
而现在逐渐开始看到
10:24
is that groups around the world are beginning to take it
222
612641
1982
世界各地的人们开始使用它
10:26
and use it and hack it and tinker with it, and it's amazing.
223
614623
2739
进行各种改造利用，非常的神奇
10:29
There's a cool group over in Christchurch in New Zealand
224
617362
2965
在新西兰克赖斯特彻奇有一群非常酷的人
10:32
looking at post-earthquake development housing,
225
620327
3135
在研究地震后的房屋发展设计
10:35
and thanks to the TED city Prize,
226
623462
3248
由于TED城市奖的存在
10:38
we're working with an awesome group in one of Rio's favelas
227
626710
2739
我们与里约贫民窟的一个很棒的群体合作
10:41
to set up a kind of community factory
228
629449
2489
建立一种社区工厂
10:43
and micro-university.
229
631938
1914
和微型大学
10:45
These are very, very small beginnings,
230
633852
1864
这些是很小很小的开端
10:47
and actually there's more people in the last week
231
635716
2875
事实上在上一周
10:50
who have got in touch and they're not even on this map.
232
638591
2183
与彼此建立了联系，而他们还都不在这幅地图上
10:52
I hope next time you see it, you won't even be able to see the map.
233
640774
3740
我希望下一次你甚至都看不到这幅地图
10:56
We're aware that WikiHouse is a very, very small answer,
234
644514
4449
我们意识到维基之家只是一个很小很小的答案
11:00
but it's a small answer to a really, really big question,
235
648963
3572
但却回答了一个很大很大的问题
11:04
which is that globally, right now, the fastest-growing cities
236
652535
3776
即现在全球发展最迅速的城市
11:08
are not skyscraper cities.
237
656311
2231
并非那些拥有摩天大楼的城市
11:10
They're self-made cities in one form or another.
238
658542
4096
他们是各种自力更生的城市
11:14
If we're talking about the 21st-century city,
239
662638
3624
要说21世纪的城市谁会成功
11:18
these are the guys who are going to be making it.
240
666262
2624
这些人会取得成功
11:20
You know, like it or not, welcome to the world's biggest design team.
241
668886
4482
不论你是否喜欢，欢迎来到世界最大的设计团队
11:25
So if we're serious about problems
242
673368
2126
如果我们真正想要解决问题
11:27
like climate change, urbanization and health,
243
675494
4154
如气候变化、城市化和健康问题
11:31
actually, our existing development models aren't going to do it.
244
679648
3898
其实我们现有的发展模式并不能解决
11:35
As I think Robert Neuwirth said, there isn't a bank
245
683546
2088
我记得罗伯特．纽沃夫曾说过：
11:37
or a corporation or a government or an NGO
246
685634
2777
“没有一间银行或企业或政府或非政府组织
11:40
who's going to be able to do it
247
688411
1386
能够解决这些问题
11:41
if we treat citizens only as consumers.
248
689797
3649
如果我们依然把市民当做是消费者”
11:45
How extraordinary would it be, though, if collectively
249
693446
3781
试想一下那会多神奇，如果
11:49
we were to develop solutions not just to the problem
250
697227
2273
我们不仅能够找到
11:51
of structure that we've been working on,
251
699500
2414
解决结构优化的方法
11:53
but to infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning,
252
701914
4720
而且还能找到解决如太阳能空调
11:58
off-grid energy, off-grid sanitation --
253
706634
2816
自给自足能源、环境卫生等基础设施问题
12:01
low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions
254
709450
3929
价格低廉、开放性、高效能的方法
12:05
that anyone can very, very easily make,
255
713379
1940
每个人都方便地制造
12:07
and to put them all into a commons
256
715319
1901
所有都能为大众公用
12:09
where they're owned by everyone and they're accessible by everyone?
257
717220
4348
归大众所有，为大众所用
12:13
A kind of Wikipedia for stuff?
258
721568
4170
一种物质的维基百科
12:17
And once something's in the commons,
259
725738
2041
一旦有东西为大众公用
12:19
it will always be there.
260
727779
1356
它就会一直存在
12:21
How much would that change the rules?
261
729135
3528
那将如何改变世界规则？
12:24
And I think the technology's on our side.
262
732663
3436
我认为技术也站在我们这一边
12:28
If design's great project in the 20th century
263
736099
3660
如果20世纪设计的伟大项目
12:31
was the democratization of consumption --
264
739759
3761
是对消费的民主化
12:35
that was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA —
265
743520
6426
如亨利福特、莱维顿、可口可乐、宜家-
12:41
I think design's great project in the 21st century
266
749946
3622
我认为21世纪设计的伟大项目
12:45
is the democratization of production.
267
753568
2872
即是生产的民主化
12:48
And when it comes to architecture in cities,
268
756440
2680
而谈到城市的建筑时
12:51
that really matters.
269
759120
2072
那真的是至关重要
12:53
Thank you very much.
270
761192
1754
谢谢大家
12:54
(Applause)
271
762946
5124
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alastair Parvin - DesignerAlastair Parvin believes in making architecture accessible to 100 percent of the population.
Why you should listen
"As a society we’ve never needed design thinking more,” says Alastair Parvin, but most people -- particularly those in cities of growing density and poverty -- can’t afford it. Parvin, who was trained in architecture but chooses to make a career looking for ideas beyond its conventional framework, wants to change that.
He is one of a team behind WikiHouse, an open-source construction set that allows anyone to freely share model files for structures, which can then be downloaded, "printed" via CNC cutting machine and easily assembled. Parvin calls WikiHouse a very early experiment, the seed of what he sees as design’s great project in the 21st century: the democratization of production.
Alastair Parvin | Speaker | TED.com