TEDxAmazonia
Antonio Donato Nobre: The magic of the Amazon: A river that flows invisibly all around us
安东尼奥·多纳多·诺布雷: 神奇亚马逊：环绕着我们的无形之河
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Readability: 3.8
1,159,750 views
亚马逊河就像心脏，自海洋泵水经过它，再把水透过如同肺脏一般的六千亿棵树木送还大气。云朵形成，雨露降下，树林因此茂盛。安东尼奥·多纳多·诺布雷在这场如诗般的演说中，透露了亚马逊地区的生命力，以及它如何为世界环境做出贡献。这是一段讲述大自然超凡和谐的寓言。
Antonio Donato Nobre - Scientist
Antonio Donato Nobre researches the “ingenious systems” of the Amazon. His work illustrates the beautiful complexity of this region, as well as its fragility against a backdrop of climate change. Full bio
Antonio Donato Nobre researches the “ingenious systems” of the Amazon. His work illustrates the beautiful complexity of this region, as well as its fragility against a backdrop of climate change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you guys think?
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你们觉得怎么样？
00:14
For those who watched
Sir Ken's memorable TED Talk,
Sir Ken's memorable TED Talk,
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看过罗兵逊爵士那场
难忘的TED演讲的人
难忘的TED演讲的人
00:19
I am a typical example
of what he describes
of what he describes
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都知道，我就是
他说的那种典型的例子
他说的那种典型的例子
00:22
as "the body as a form
of transport for the head,"
of transport for the head,"
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作为一个大学教授
00:25
a university professor.
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认为“身体只是运输头脑的工具”
00:27
You might think it was not fair
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你可能会想，这实在太不公平了
00:31
that I've been lined up to speak
after these first two talks
after these first two talks
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因为我被排在这两个人之后
来进行关于科学的演讲
00:34
to speak about science.
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00:36
I can't move my body to the beat,
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我既不会随着音乐翩翩起舞
00:40
and after a scientist
who became a philosopher,
who became a philosopher,
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还居然排在一位
从科学家变成哲学家的人后面
从科学家变成哲学家的人后面
00:43
I have to talk about hard science.
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我要谈论一下硬科学
00:45
It could be a very dry subject.
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这真是个很枯燥的话题
00:48
Yet, I feel honored.
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但是，我仍然感到十分荣幸
00:51
Never in my career,
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在我非常漫长的
00:53
and it's been a long career,
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职业生涯中
00:55
have I had the opportunity to start a talk
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从没有过像这次这样
00:57
feeling so inspired, like this one.
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在演讲之前就感到心潮澎湃
01:00
Usually, talking about science
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通常，谈论科学
01:04
is like exercising in a dry place.
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就如同在干燥的地表运动一样
01:08
However, I've had the pleasure
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然后，我非常荣幸
01:11
of being invited to come here
to talk about water.
to talk about water.
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被邀请到这里来谈一谈“水”
01:15
The words "water" and "dry"
do not match, right?
do not match, right?
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“水”和“旱”这两个词
完全凑不到一块儿，对吧？
完全凑不到一块儿，对吧？
01:19
It is even better to talk about
water in the Amazon,
water in the Amazon,
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来谈谈亚马逊的水更好
01:22
which is the splendid cradle
of life. Fresh life.
of life. Fresh life.
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那是孕育着丰富生命的地方
新的生命
新的生命
01:27
So this is what inspired me.
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这启发了我
01:30
That's why I'm here,
although I'm carrying
although I'm carrying
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也就是我在这儿演讲的原因
01:32
my head over here.
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虽然我其实是顶着大头来的
01:34
I am trying, or will try to convey
this inspiration.
this inspiration.
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我正尝试着，
或者说我会尝试着表达我的感动
或者说我会尝试着表达我的感动
01:38
I hope this story will inspire you
and that you'll spread the word.
and that you'll spread the word.
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我希望这个故事也会给你启发，
进而传播我的观点
进而传播我的观点
01:43
We know that there is controversy.
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我们都知道有一个争议的存在
01:47
The Amazon is the "lung of the world,"
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那就是“亚马逊是世界之肺”
01:50
because of its massive power
to have vital gases exchanged
to have vital gases exchanged
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因为它强大的功能，
在森林和大气之间
在森林和大气之间
01:56
between the forest and the atmosphere.
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交换着我们赖以生存的气体
01:58
We also hear about
the storehouse of biodiversity.
the storehouse of biodiversity.
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我们也听过
亚马逊是物种多样性的宝库
亚马逊是物种多样性的宝库
02:02
While many believe it,
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虽然很多人都相信这样的说法
02:06
few know it.
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却很少有人真正地了解它
02:08
If you go out there, in this marsh,
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如果你去到了那里，
在这片沼泽地
在这片沼泽地
02:10
you'll be amazed at the —
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你会惊讶地发现
02:13
You can barely see the animals.
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其实你看不到太多的动物
02:15
The Indians say, "The forest
has more eyes than leaves."
has more eyes than leaves."
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印第安人说：
“森林里的眼睛要比树叶还多。”
“森林里的眼睛要比树叶还多。”
02:20
That is true, and I will try
to show you something.
to show you something.
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那倒是真的，
我会试着证明给你看
我会试着证明给你看
02:22
But today, I'm going to use
a different approach,
a different approach,
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但是今天，
我要从不同的角度来看
我要从不同的角度来看
02:26
one that is inspired by these
two initiatives here,
two initiatives here,
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这个角度是被两个倡议所激发的
02:29
a harmonic one and a philosophical one.
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也就是“和谐”与”哲学“
02:31
I'll try to use an approach
that's slightly materialistic,
that's slightly materialistic,
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我要试着用些唯物论的方法
02:35
but it also attempts to convey
that, in nature, there is
that, in nature, there is
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但也会试着表达出
02:39
extraordinary philosophy and harmony.
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在自然界的确有非凡的哲学与和谐存在
02:42
There'll be no music in my presentation,
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我的演讲中没有音乐伴奏
02:44
but I hope you'll all notice the music
of the reality I'm going to show you.
of the reality I'm going to show you.
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但我希望你们能注意到
我给你们看的现实中的音乐
我给你们看的现实中的音乐
02:48
I'm going to talk about physiology —
not about lungs,
not about lungs,
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我要跟各位谈谈生理学，不是肺
02:51
but other analogies with human physiology,
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而是一些与人类生理类似的推论
02:54
especially the heart.
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特别是心脏
02:56
We'll start
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首先，我们把水
想象成是血液
03:01
by thinking that water is like blood.
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03:06
The circulation in our body
distributes fresh blood,
distributes fresh blood,
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我们体内循环输送着的
新鲜血液
新鲜血液
03:11
which feeds, nurtures and supports us,
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供养并支持着我们
03:13
and brings the used blood back
to be renewed.
to be renewed.
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并把用过的血液带回去重生
03:18
In the Amazon, things happen similarly.
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在亚马逊，
也有很类似的情况
也有很类似的情况
03:22
We'll start by talking about
the power of all these processes.
the power of all these processes.
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我们从这些过程的能量开始谈起
03:27
This is an image
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这是降雨的影像示意
03:32
of rain in motion.
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03:35
What you see there
is the years passing in seconds.
is the years passing in seconds.
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你在这看到的是以秒计的多年数据
03:39
Rains all over the world.
What do you see?
What do you see?
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全世界的降雨情况
你观察到了什么？
你观察到了什么？
03:42
The equatorial region, in general,
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一般而言，赤道一带
03:44
and the Amazon specifically,
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尤其亚马逊地区
03:45
is extremely important
for the world's climate.
for the world's climate.
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对全球气候的影响甚为深远
03:48
It's a powerful engine.
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这是个强有力的引擎
03:50
There is a frantic evaporation
taking place here.
taking place here.
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超多蒸发作用都在那里发生
03:56
If we take a look at this other image,
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如果我们看下这张图
03:58
which shows the water vapor flow,
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上面显示出水蒸气的流向
04:01
you have dry air in black,
moist air in gray,
moist air in gray,
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黑的代表干空气
灰的则是湿气
灰的则是湿气
04:04
and clouds in white.
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而白的是云
04:06
What you see there is an extraordinary
resurgence in the Amazon.
resurgence in the Amazon.
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你在上面看到的
是亚马逊地区超大的回潮
是亚马逊地区超大的回潮
04:11
What phenomenon — if it's not a desert,
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如果这不是沙漠
04:14
what phenomenon makes water
gush from the ground into the atmosphere
gush from the ground into the atmosphere
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是什么现象能让水从地面涌向大气
04:19
with such power
that it can be seen from space?
that it can be seen from space?
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力量如此之大，连在太空中都能观察到？
04:22
What phenomenon is this?
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这是什么现象呢？
04:23
It could be a geyser.
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可能是间歇泉
04:26
A geyser is underground water
heated by magma,
heated by magma,
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间歇泉是地下的水经岩浆加热
04:30
exploding into the atmosphere
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被喷射到大气中
04:31
and transferring this water
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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并将水分转移至大气
04:35
There are no geysers in the Amazon,
unless I am wrong.
unless I am wrong.
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亚马逊里并没有间歇泉，
除非我弄错了
除非我弄错了
04:38
I don't know of any.
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但据我所知是没有的
04:40
But we have something
that plays the same role,
that plays the same role,
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但是有种东西扮演者很类似的角色
04:44
with much more elegance though:
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只不过更为优雅
04:48
the trees, our good old friends
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那就是“树”，我们熟络的伙伴
04:51
that, like geysers,
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它就像间歇泉一般
04:54
can transfer an enormous amount of water
from the ground into the atmosphere.
from the ground into the atmosphere.
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可以从地面将巨量水分转移至大气中
04:59
There are 600 billion trees
in the Amazon forest, 600 billion geysers.
in the Amazon forest, 600 billion geysers.
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亚马逊森林里有六千亿棵树木
也就是六千亿个间歇泉
05:04
That is done with
an extraordinary sophistication.
an extraordinary sophistication.
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在被相当复杂的机制操控着
05:08
They don't need the heat of magma.
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他们不需要岩浆的热气
而是用日光来完成这个过程
05:10
They use sunlight to do this process.
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05:13
So, in a typical sunny day in the Amazon,
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所以，在亚马逊某一个
阳光璀璨的普通日子里
阳光璀璨的普通日子里
05:16
a big tree manages
to transfer 1,000 liters of water
to transfer 1,000 liters of water
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一颗大叔通过它的蒸发作用
05:19
through its transpiration —
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能转移一千公升的水--
05:22
1,000 liters.
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整整一千公升的水
05:23
If we take all the Amazon,
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如果我们把整个亚马逊
05:28
which is a very large area,
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这么一个硕大的地方
05:30
and add it up to all that water
that is released by transpiration,
that is released by transpiration,
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里面所有经过蒸发作用的水
都集合起来
都集合起来
那也就是森林流下的汗水
05:33
which is the sweat of the forest,
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05:36
we'll get to an incredible number:
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我们会得到一个很吓人的数字：
05:38
20 billion metric tons of water.
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两百亿公吨水
05:41
In one day.
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这只是一天的量
05:43
Do you know how much that is?
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你知道这到底是多大的量吗？
05:45
The Amazon River,
the largest river on Earth,
the largest river on Earth,
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亚马逊河，全球最大河流
05:48
one fifth of all the fresh water
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占了全球五分之一的淡水
就是从各个大陆流入海洋的淡水
05:49
that leaves the continents of the
whole world and ends up in the oceans,
whole world and ends up in the oceans,
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每天有十七亿公吨的水流入大西洋
05:53
dumps 17 billion metric tons
of water a day in the Atlantic Ocean.
of water a day in the Atlantic Ocean.
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05:57
This river of vapor
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而这源于森林排入大气的
05:58
that comes up from the forest
and goes into the atmosphere
and goes into the atmosphere
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水汽之河
06:01
is greater than the Amazon River.
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要比亚马逊河还大
06:03
Just to give you an idea.
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给你一点概念
06:05
If we could take a gigantic kettle,
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假设我们拿一个巨大的水壶
06:08
the kind you could plug into
a power socket, an electric one,
a power socket, an electric one,
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能直接插电的那种电热壶
06:11
and put those 20 billion
metric tons of water in it,
metric tons of water in it,
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把那二百亿公吨的水倒进去
06:14
how much power would you need
to have this water evaporated?
to have this water evaporated?
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你要花多少电力才能让这些水蒸发掉呢？
06:17
Any idea? A really big kettle.
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有概念吗？一个很大的水壶
06:20
A gigantic kettle, right?
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超大的水壶，对吧？
06:22
50 thousand Itaipus.
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五万座伊泰普水电站
06:24
Itaipu is still the largest
hydroelectric plant in the world.
hydroelectric plant in the world.
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那仍是世界上最大的水力发电站
06:28
and Brazil is very proud of it
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巴西十分引以为豪
因为它提供的电力
06:29
because it provides more
than 30 percent of the power
than 30 percent of the power
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06:32
that is consumed in Brazil.
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超过巴西总用电量的30%
06:34
And the Amazon is here,
doing this for free.
doing this for free.
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亚马逊就在这里免费做这个事情
06:38
It's a vivid and extremely powerful plant,
providing environmental services.
providing environmental services.
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这是个充满生机又极其强大的发电站
提供着环境服务
提供着环境服务
06:46
Related to this subject,
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与这个主题有关
06:47
we are going to talk about
what I call the paradox of chance,
what I call the paradox of chance,
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我们要谈谈我称之为“机会的悖论”
06:50
which is curious.
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这很奇特
06:52
If you look at the world map —
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如果你看到这幅世界地图
06:54
it's easy to see this —
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你很容易看到
06:55
you'll see that there are forests
in the equatorial zone,
in the equatorial zone,
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在赤道带有片片森林
06:58
and deserts are organized
at 30 degrees north latitude,
at 30 degrees north latitude,
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而沙漠则聚集在北纬30°
07:02
30 degrees south latitude, aligned.
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以及南纬三十°，排成了一条线
07:05
Look over there, in the southern
hemisphere, the Atacama;
hemisphere, the Atacama;
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看这儿，在南半球，阿塔卡马沙漠
07:08
Namibia and Kalahari in Africa;
the Australian desert.
the Australian desert.
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非洲的纳米比亚和克拉哈利，
澳洲的沙漠
澳洲的沙漠
07:10
In the northern hemisphere,
the Sahara, Sonoran, etc.
the Sahara, Sonoran, etc.
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在北半球，撒哈拉、
索诺兰沙漠，等等
索诺兰沙漠，等等
07:13
There is an exception, and it's curious:
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只有一个例外，
这很奇特
这很奇特
07:18
It's the quadrangle that ranges from
Cuiabá to Buenos Aires,
Cuiabá to Buenos Aires,
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这是个四边形，
从库亚巴到布宜诺斯艾利斯
从库亚巴到布宜诺斯艾利斯
07:21
and from São Paulo to the Andes.
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从圣保罗到安第斯
07:23
This quadrangle
was supposed to be a desert.
was supposed to be a desert.
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这个四边形本应是一座沙漠
07:26
It's on the line of deserts.
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它就位于沙漠带上
07:28
Why isn't it? That's why
I call it the paradox of chance.
I call it the paradox of chance.
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但为什么事实并非如此？
这就是为何我称之为“机会的悖论”
这就是为何我称之为“机会的悖论”
07:32
What do we have in South America
that is different?
that is different?
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我们在南美有什么不一样的东西呢？
07:36
If we could use the analogy
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如果我们能拿
07:38
of the blood circulating in our bodies,
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我们体内的血液循环
07:42
like the water
circulating in the landscape,
circulating in the landscape,
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就像是水在大地的循环
07:45
we see that rivers are veins,
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我们就能视河流为静脉
07:49
they drain the landscape,
they drain the tissue of nature.
they drain the tissue of nature.
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它们耗尽大地，
耗尽自然的组织
耗尽自然的组织
07:54
Where are the arteries?
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那么动脉又在哪里？
07:56
Any guess?
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猜到了吗？
07:58
What takes —
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什么能够--
08:00
How does water get to irrigate
the tissues of nature
the tissues of nature
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水如何能灌溉大自然的组织
08:05
and bring everything back through rivers?
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然后把所有东西经河流带回去？
08:08
There is a new type of river,
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有一种新型河流
08:11
which originates in the blue sea,
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发源于蓝色大海
08:14
which flows through the green ocean —
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流过绿色的林海
08:18
it not only flows, but it is also
pumped by the green ocean —
pumped by the green ocean —
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不只是流过而已，
绿色的林海还要抽取它
绿色的林海还要抽取它
08:21
and then it falls on our land.
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然后掉落在我们的土地上
08:24
All our economy, that quadrangle,
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我们所有的经济，那片四边形
08:26
70 percent of South America's
GDP comes from that area.
GDP comes from that area.
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70%南美的国内生产毛额
都从那面四边形地区而来
都从那面四边形地区而来
08:31
It depends on this river.
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它依赖着这条河
08:32
This river flows invisibly above us.
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这条河也在我们头顶无形地流过
08:34
We are floating here
on this floating hotel,
on this floating hotel,
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我们就漂在一条河上方，
这旅馆也漂流在上方
这旅馆也漂流在上方
08:36
on one of the largest rivers on Earth,
the Negro River.
the Negro River.
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漂在全世界最大河流之一，
尼罗河上方
尼罗河上方
08:39
It's a bit dry and rough,
but we are floating here,
but we are floating here,
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现在是有点干，
但我们是在其上方漂浮着
但我们是在其上方漂浮着
08:43
and there is this
invisible river running above us.
invisible river running above us.
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而且还有这条看不见的河流
在我们上方流过
在我们上方流过
08:46
This river has a pulse.
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这条河流有脉搏
08:49
Here it is, pulsing.
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就在这儿，跳动着
08:51
That's why we also talk about the heart.
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这就是为什么我们也要谈谈心脏
08:54
You can see the different seasons there.
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你们可以看见那些有季节变迁
08:56
There's the rainy season. In the Amazon,
we used to have two seasons,
we used to have two seasons,
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这里有雨季，在亚马逊
我们习惯于两种季节
我们习惯于两种季节
08:59
the humid season
and the even more humid season.
and the even more humid season.
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湿季和更潮湿的湿季
09:02
Now we have a dry season.
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现在我们居然有干季了
09:03
You can see the river covering that region
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你可以看见流经那片区域的河流
09:06
which, otherwise, would be a desert.
And it is not.
And it is not.
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那片地区本应是沙漠，
但却并没有成为沙漠
但却并没有成为沙漠
09:13
We, scientists —
You see that I'm struggling here
You see that I'm struggling here
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我们科学家...
你看，我在这儿挣扎着
你看，我在这儿挣扎着
09:17
to move my head
from one side to the other.
from one side to the other.
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要把头从这边转向那边
（注，罗兵逊爵士的演讲）
（注，罗兵逊爵士的演讲）
09:19
Scientists study how it works, why, etc.
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科学家研究这如何运作，
为何发生等等
为何发生等等
而这些研究会产生一系列
09:25
and these studies
are generating a series of discoveries,
are generating a series of discoveries,
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09:29
which are absolutely fabulous,
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美妙非凡的发现
09:31
to raise our awareness of the wealth,
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提高我们对财富、复杂性、
09:34
the complexity,
and the wonder that we have,
and the wonder that we have,
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以及我们所有用奇迹的意识
09:36
the symphony we have in this process.
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我们在这过程中所拥有的和谐上
09:39
One of them is: How is rain formed?
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其中之一的研究是：
“雨是如何形成的？”
“雨是如何形成的？”
09:41
Above the Amazon, there is clean air,
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在亚马逊之上是干净的空气
09:45
as there is clean air above the ocean.
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就像海洋上有干净的空气一样
09:47
The blue sea has clean air above it
and forms pretty few clouds;
and forms pretty few clouds;
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蔚蓝的海洋上方有着干净的空气
很少有云形成
很少有云形成
09:50
there's almost no rain there.
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那里几乎没有雨
09:51
The green ocean has the same clean air,
but forms a lot of rain.
but forms a lot of rain.
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绿色的林海一样有着干净的空气，
但会形成很多雨
但会形成很多雨
09:56
What is happening here that is different?
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是什么导致了不一样的结果？
09:58
The forest emits smells,
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森林排放气味
10:00
and these smells are condensation nuclei,
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这些气味是云凝结核
10:03
which form drops in the atmosphere.
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在大气中形成雨滴
10:05
Then, clouds are formed
and there is torrential rain.
and there is torrential rain.
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云因此形成，
产生暴雨
产生暴雨
10:10
The sprinkler of the Garden of Eden.
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伊甸园的湿气机
10:13
This relation between a living thing,
which is the forest,
which is the forest,
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生物，即森林
10:18
and a nonliving thing,
which is the atmosphere,
which is the atmosphere,
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与无生物，即大气，
两者之间的关系
两者之间的关系
10:21
is ingenious in the Amazon,
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在亚马逊是无比奇妙的
10:24
because the forest provides
water and seeds,
water and seeds,
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因为森林提供水和种子
10:29
and the atmosphere forms the rain
and gives water back,
and gives water back,
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而大气形成雨，
再把水输送回来
再把水输送回来
10:32
guaranteeing the forest's survival.
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保障了森林的存活
10:36
There are other factors as well.
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还有其他的因素
10:37
We've talked a little about the heart,
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我们谈了谈心脏
现在我们谈谈另一个器官：肝脏
10:39
and let's now talk about
another function: the liver!
another function: the liver!
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10:42
When humid air, high humidity
and radiation are combined
and radiation are combined
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当湿空气、高湿度和辐射
与这些有机化合物结合到一起
10:47
with these organic compounds,
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2060
10:49
which I call exogenous vitamin C,
generous vitamin C in the form of gas,
generous vitamin C in the form of gas,
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我称之为外生的维他命C，
大量的维他命C以气体形式存在
大量的维他命C以气体形式存在
10:55
the plants release antioxidants
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植物就释放抗氧化剂
10:58
which react with pollutants.
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和污染物相互作用
11:00
You can rest assured
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你大可放心
11:02
that you are breathing the purest air
on Earth, here in the Amazon,
on Earth, here in the Amazon,
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3497
你在亚马逊这儿吸入的
是世界上最纯净的空气
是世界上最纯净的空气
11:05
because the plants take care
of this characteristic as well.
of this characteristic as well.
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因为植物也照顾了这一特性
11:09
This benefits the very way plants work,
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这对植物本身的工作也非常有益
11:11
which is another ingenious cycle.
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而这又是另一个巧妙的循环
11:13
Speaking of fractals,
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说道分形学
11:17
and their relation with the way we work,
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2336
以及它们与身体运作方式的关联
11:19
we can establish other comparisons.
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我们还能做出其他的比较
11:22
As in the upper airways of our lungs,
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就像我们肺的上呼吸道
11:26
the air in the Amazon
gets cleaned up from the excess of dust.
gets cleaned up from the excess of dust.
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3712
亚马逊也要清除空气中过量的粉尘
11:29
The dust in the air that we breathe
is cleaned by our airways.
is cleaned by our airways.
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3978
我们的气道会清除吸入的空气粉尘
11:33
This keeps the excess of dust
from affecting the rainfall.
from affecting the rainfall.
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如此一来，过量的粉尘才不会影响降雨
11:37
When there are fires in the Amazon,
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1847
亚马逊发生火灾时
烟雾灰阻挡降雨，
就无法成雨了
就无法成雨了
11:39
the smoke stops the rain,
it stops raining,
it stops raining,
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11:42
the forest dries up and catches fire.
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2202
森林会干枯，起火
11:44
There is another fractal analogy.
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还有一个分形类比
11:47
Like in the veins and arteries,
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雨水就像静脉和动脉一样
11:49
the rain water is a feedback.
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也是一种反馈
11:51
It returns to the atmosphere.
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它回到大气
11:53
Like endocrinal glands and hormones,
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就像内分泌腺与荷尔蒙
11:58
there are those gases
which I told you about before,
which I told you about before,
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我刚刚提到过，有一些气体
12:00
that are formed and released
into the atmosphere, like hormones,
into the atmosphere, like hormones,
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3632
会在大气中形成、释放，
就像荷尔蒙一样
就像荷尔蒙一样
12:04
which help in the formation of rain.
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它们会帮助成雨
12:07
Like the liver and the kidneys,
as I've said, cleaning the air.
as I've said, cleaning the air.
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3945
又好比肝与肾，像我之前说的，
会净化空气
会净化空气
12:11
And, finally, like the heart:
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而最后，就像心脏，
12:13
pumping water from outside, from the sea,
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从外面，也就是海洋，泵水
12:18
into the forest.
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注入森林
12:20
We call it the biotic moisture pump,
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我们称它为生物性水气泵
12:23
a new theory that is explained
in a very simple way.
in a very simple way.
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是一种新的理论，
可以用非常简单的方法解释
可以用非常简单的方法解释
12:27
If there is a desert in the continent
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如果大陆上有一片沙漠
12:30
with a nearby sea,
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那附近有一片海洋
12:32
evaporation's greater on the sea,
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海面上的蒸发作用会比较大
并且会从沙漠上方的空气吸水
12:34
and it sucks the air above the desert.
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12:37
The desert is trapped in this condition.
It will always be dry.
It will always be dry.
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困在这种情况下的沙漠
永远都很干燥
永远都很干燥
12:40
If you have
the opposite situation, a forest,
the opposite situation, a forest,
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假设情况相反，
森林的蒸发作用来得更大
森林的蒸发作用来得更大
12:43
the evaporation, as we showed,
is much greater, because of the trees,
is much greater, because of the trees,
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3738
正如我们之前展示的，
因为这些树木的关系
因为这些树木的关系
12:47
and this relation is reversed.
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1712
那么这种关系就会反过来
12:48
The air above the sea
is sucked into the continent
is sucked into the continent
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海洋上方的空气会被吸入大陆
湿气从外部输入
12:51
and humidity is imported.
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12:54
This satellite image
was taken one month ago —
was taken one month ago —
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这张卫星图是一个月前拍摄的
12:58
that's Manaus down there,
we're down there —
we're down there —
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下面那个是玛瑙斯市，
我们就在下方那儿
我们就在下方那儿
13:01
and it shows this process.
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这张照片显示了这个过程
13:02
It's not a common little river
that flows into a canal.
that flows into a canal.
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这可不是一条流入渠道的普通小河流
13:05
It's a mighty river
that irrigates South America,
that irrigates South America,
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这是条大河，灌溉着整个南美洲
13:10
among other things.
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当然还有别的（原因）
13:12
This image shows those paths,
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这张照片显示了所有
13:14
all the hurricanes
that have been recorded.
that have been recorded.
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已被记录的飓风路径
13:17
You can see that, in the red square,
there hardly are any hurricanes.
there hardly are any hurricanes.
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你可以看到在这个红框内，
几乎没有飓风
几乎没有飓风
13:22
That is no accident.
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这可不是什么巧合
13:23
This pump that sucks
the moisture into the continent
the moisture into the continent
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这个泵吸水气进入大陆
13:27
also speeds up the air above the sea,
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同时加快了海洋上方的空气流动
13:29
and this prevents hurricane formations.
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这会阻挡飓风的形成
13:33
To close this part and sum up,
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要结束并总结这一部分
13:37
I'd like to talk about
something a little different.
something a little different.
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我想讲一点不太一样的东西
13:40
I have several colleagues
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我有几个同事
13:42
who worked in the development
of these theories.
of these theories.
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2485
从事这些理论的发展和研究
13:44
They think, and so do I,
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他们认为，我也这么认为
13:48
that we can save planet Earth.
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我们能够拯救地球
13:50
I'm not talking only about the Amazon.
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2745
我不只是在说亚马逊
13:53
The Amazon teaches us a lesson
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2125
亚马逊给我们上了堂课
13:55
on how pristine nature works.
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那就是，原始大自然是如何运作的
13:59
We didn't understand
these processes before
these processes before
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2406
我们之前并不了解这些过程
14:02
because the rest of the world
is messed up.
is messed up.
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因为世界上其他地方乱七八糟的
14:05
We could understand it here, though.
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我们本来是能在这儿搞明白的
14:06
These colleagues propose
that, yes, we can
that, yes, we can
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3377
这些同事建议，没错
我们可以拯救其他地区
14:10
save other areas,
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14:12
including deserts.
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2095
包括沙漠
14:14
If we could establish forests
in those other areas,
in those other areas,
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3425
假如我们可以在其他地区造林
14:17
we can reverse climate change,
277
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2112
我们就能扭转气候变迁
14:19
including global warming.
278
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包括全球变暖
14:22
I have a dear colleague in India,
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2216
我在印度有个关系很好的同事
14:24
whose name is Suprabha Seshan,
and she has a motto.
and she has a motto.
280
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3074
她的名字是希珊，她有句格言
14:27
Her motto is,
"Gardening back the biosphere,"
"Gardening back the biosphere,"
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4314
格言说道：
“Gardening back the biosphere.”
“Gardening back the biosphere.”
14:31
"Reajardinando a biosfera" in Portuguese.
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2358
葡萄牙语里的意思就是
“在生物圈内重新造园。”
“在生物圈内重新造园。”
14:34
She does a wonderful job
rebuilding ecosystems.
rebuilding ecosystems.
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她在重建生态系统方面表现突出
14:37
We need to do this.
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我们需要做这个
14:39
Having closed this quick introduction,
285
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4185
要结束这段简单的介绍
14:44
we see the reality that we have out here,
286
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3586
我们看到了在那里的现实
14:47
which is drought, this climate change,
287
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3010
就是干旱，这一气候变迁
14:50
things that we already knew.
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1883
是我们早就知道的事
14:52
I'd like to tell you a short story.
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2984
我想跟你说一个小故事
14:56
Once, about four years ago,
290
884649
3633
有一次，在大约四年前
15:00
I attended a declamation,
of a text by Davi Kopenawa,
of a text by Davi Kopenawa,
291
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3887
我参加了大卫·柯本那瓦起草的宣言
15:04
a wise representative
of the Yanomami people,
of the Yanomami people,
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3098
他是位有智慧的亚诺玛米代表
15:07
and it went more or less like this:
293
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2195
宣言的内容大致是：
15:09
"Doesn't the white man know
294
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“难道白人不知道
15:12
that, if he destroys the forest,
there will be no more rain?
there will be no more rain?
295
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3391
如果他毁掉了森林，就不再会有降雨？
15:15
And that, if there's no more rain,
296
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1763
如果不再有降雨，
15:17
there'll be nothing to drink, or to eat?"
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3223
就没有东西可供吃喝？”
15:20
I heard that, and my eyes welled up
298
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我听了以后，眼里噙着泪水
15:23
and I went, "Oh, my!
299
911145
1443
我说，“哦！天哪！
15:24
I've been studying this for 20 years,
with a super computer,
with a super computer,
300
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3876
我花了20年时间研究这个，
用超级电脑，
用超级电脑，
15:28
dozens, thousands of scientists,
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2130
成千上万的科学家都在研究
15:31
and we are starting to get to this
conclusion, which he already knows!"
conclusion, which he already knows!"
302
919034
3678
然后我们才开始得出这样的结论，
可他早就知道了！”
可他早就知道了！”
15:34
A critical point is the Yanomami
have never deforested.
have never deforested.
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5034
重点是亚诺玛米族人从不毁林
15:39
How could they know the rain would end?
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2639
他们怎么知道毁林后就不再有雨？
15:42
This bugged me and I was befuddled.
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3942
这个问题困扰着我，我大惑不解
15:46
How could he know that?
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934327
1446
他是怎么知道的？
15:47
Some months later,
I met him at another event and said,
I met him at another event and said,
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935773
3763
几个月前，我在另一场活动上
遇到他，我问：
遇到他，我问：
15:51
"Davi, how did you know that if the forest
was destroyed, there'd be no more rain?"
was destroyed, there'd be no more rain?"
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939536
5806
“大卫，你怎么知道森林一旦毁了，
就不再有雨？”
就不再有雨？”
15:57
He replied:
"The spirit of the forest told us."
"The spirit of the forest told us."
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945342
4815
他答到：“森林的精灵告诉我们的。”
16:02
For me, this was a game changer,
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4587
对我而言，这改变了我的想法
16:06
a radical change.
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954744
1703
彻彻底底的改变了
16:08
I said, "Gosh!
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1419
我说：“天哪！
16:09
Why am I doing all this science
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4239
为什么我搞了半天的科学研究
16:14
to get to a conclusion
that he already knows?"
that he already knows?"
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3062
只得到他早就知道的事情？”
16:17
Then, something
absolutely critical hit me,
absolutely critical hit me,
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965167
6007
然后我突然想到一件很关键的事
16:23
which is,
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971174
1953
那就是
16:27
seeing is believing.
317
975697
3375
眼见为信
16:31
Out of sight, out of mind.
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979932
3208
眼不见为净
16:35
This is a need the previous speaker
pointed out:
pointed out:
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983140
4788
上一位演讲者指出了这件事的必要性
16:39
We need to see things —
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987928
2784
我们必须亲眼见到...
16:42
I mean, we, Western society,
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2188
我是说，我们西方社会
16:44
which is becoming global, civilized —
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992900
2362
越来越全球化、文明程度更高
16:47
we need to see.
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995262
1403
我们非得亲眼见到
16:48
If we don't see,
we don't register the information.
we don't register the information.
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996665
2523
如果我们没有亲眼见到，
就不会注意这些资讯
就不会注意这些资讯
16:51
We live in ignorance.
325
999188
1744
我们生活在无知之中
16:52
So, I propose the following —
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1000932
1890
所以，我要提出以下--
16:54
of course, the astronomers
wouldn't like the idea —
wouldn't like the idea —
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1002822
2452
当然，天文学家不会喜欢这个想法--
但让我们把哈勃望远镜倒过来
16:57
but let's turn the Hubble telescope
upside down.
upside down.
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1005274
2856
17:00
And let's make it look down here,
329
1008130
2417
倒过来往下看看这儿
17:02
rather than to the far reaches
of the universe.
of the universe.
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1010547
2250
不是望向远处的宇宙
17:04
The universe is wonderful,
331
1012797
1742
宇宙是很奇妙的
17:06
but we have a practical reality,
332
1014539
2375
但我们还有现实要面对
17:08
which is we live in an unknown cosmos,
333
1016914
3820
就是我们住在未知的小宇宙里
17:12
and we're ignorant about it.
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1020734
1383
去对此置之不理
17:14
We're trampling on this wonderful cosmos
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1022117
3670
我们蹂躏着这片奇妙的小宇宙
17:17
that shelters us and houses us.
336
1025787
2039
庇护着我们，让我们安居的小宇宙
17:19
Talk to any astrophysicist.
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1027826
1666
去问问任何一位天文物理学家
17:21
The Earth is a statistical improbability.
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1029492
3286
地球的存在在统计学上是不可能的
17:24
The stability and comfort that we enjoy,
despite the droughts of the Negro River,
despite the droughts of the Negro River,
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1032778
4198
我们所享受的安定与舒适，
尽管有尼罗河的干旱
尽管有尼罗河的干旱
还有那些冷热飓风
17:28
and all the heat and cold
and typhoons, etc.,
and typhoons, etc.,
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1036976
2963
17:31
there is nothing like it in the universe,
that we know of.
that we know of.
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1039939
2734
但地球是我们所知的宇宙里
绝无仅有的一个星球
绝无仅有的一个星球
17:34
Then, let's turn Hubble in our direction,
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1042673
2249
所以，让我们把哈勃转向自己
17:36
and let's look at the Earth.
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1044922
4029
让我们看看地球
17:41
Let's start with the Amazon!
344
1049431
2110
让我们从亚马逊开始看
17:43
Let's dive,
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1051541
1379
让我们潜心钻研
17:44
let's reach out the reality
we live in every day,
we live in every day,
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1052920
4546
让我们面对每天生活的现实
17:49
and look carefully at it,
since that's what we need.
since that's what we need.
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1057466
3227
仔细看，因为那才是我们所需要的
17:52
Davi Kopenawa doesn't need this.
348
1060693
1931
大卫·柯本那瓦不需要这些
17:54
He has something already
that I think I missed.
that I think I missed.
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1062624
2379
他早就有了我未曾想到的东西
我的知识来自于电视
17:57
I was educated by television.
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1065003
1675
17:58
I think that I missed this,
351
1066678
1911
我想我从没想过这个
18:00
an ancestral record,
352
1068589
1895
先人代代相传的记录
18:02
a valuation of what I don't know,
what I haven't seen.
what I haven't seen.
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1070484
4380
是我不知道，从未见过的评估
18:06
He is not a doubting Thomas.
354
1074864
2122
他不是圣经中多疑的托马斯
18:08
He believes,
with veneration and reverence,
with veneration and reverence,
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1076986
3206
他以崇敬和敬畏之心，单纯地相信
18:12
in what his ancestors
and the spirits taught him.
and the spirits taught him.
356
1080192
3371
他的祖先和精灵教给他的事
18:15
We can't do it,
so let's look into the forest.
so let's look into the forest.
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1083563
2774
我们做不到这一点，
所以让我们深入地看森林
所以让我们深入地看森林
18:18
Even with Hubble up there —
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1086337
3206
即使有哈勃在上面看
18:21
this is a bird's-eye view, right?
359
1089543
2345
这只是个鸟瞰图，对吧？
18:23
Even when this happens,
360
1091888
1870
即使只是个鸟瞰图
18:25
we also see something that we don't know.
361
1093758
3104
我们仍能看到我们不知道的事
18:28
The Spanish called it the green inferno.
362
1096862
2286
西班牙人称它为绿色地狱
18:31
If you go out there
into the bushes and get lost,
into the bushes and get lost,
363
1099148
2870
如果你去哪里深入森林迷路了
18:34
and, let's say, if you head west,
364
1102018
2238
然后，随便一说，如果你向西走
18:36
it's 900 kilometers to Colombia,
365
1104256
1969
你要走900公里才能到达哥伦比亚
18:38
and another 1,000 to somewhere else.
366
1106225
1937
还要再走1000公里才能到别的地方
18:40
So, you can figure out
why they called it the green inferno.
why they called it the green inferno.
367
1108162
3147
所以你知道为什么
西班牙人称亚马逊为绿色地狱了吧
西班牙人称亚马逊为绿色地狱了吧
18:43
But go and look at what is in there.
368
1111309
3254
但是去看看那里面究竟有什么
18:46
It is a live carpet.
369
1114563
1491
那是一张活地毯
18:48
Each color you see is a tree species.
370
1116054
2296
你看到的每一种颜色
都代表一个树种
都代表一个树种
18:50
Each tree, each tree top,
371
1118350
1785
每棵树，每支树梢
18:52
has up to 10,000 species of insects in it,
372
1120135
4556
都有多达一万种昆虫在里面
18:56
let alone the millions of species
of fungi, bacteria, etc.
of fungi, bacteria, etc.
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4058
更别说数都数不清的真菌、细菌等等
19:00
All invisible.
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1128749
1652
那都是看不见的
19:02
All of it is an even stranger cosmos to us
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1130401
3244
这些对我们而言是更奇怪的宇宙
19:05
than the galaxies billions
of light years away from the Earth,
of light years away from the Earth,
376
1133645
2909
比离地球是百万年元的银河更奇怪
19:08
which Hubble brings
to our newspapers everyday.
to our newspapers everyday.
377
1136554
3429
而哈勃每天在报纸上带来新消息
19:12
I'm going to end my talk here —
378
1140983
1870
我就此打住
19:14
I have a few seconds left —
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1142853
1811
因为我只剩几秒钟
19:16
by showing you this wonderful being.
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1144664
2044
要给你们看看这奇妙的生物
19:18
When we see the morpho butterfly
in the forest,
in the forest,
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1146708
2888
当我们在森林里看到闪蝶
19:21
we feel like someone's left open
the door to heaven,
the door to heaven,
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1149596
2835
我们就觉得好像
有人打开了通往天堂的大门
有人打开了通往天堂的大门
19:24
and this creature escaped from there,
because it's so beautiful.
because it's so beautiful.
383
1152431
3201
这个生物是从天堂逃出来的
因为它太美了
因为它太美了
19:27
However, I cannot finish
384
1155632
2385
但我实在无法就这样
19:30
without showing you a tech side.
385
1158017
2531
没让你们看到它的科技面
就结束演讲
就结束演讲
19:32
We are tech-arrogant.
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1160548
3210
我们以科技挂帅
19:35
We deprive nature of its technology.
387
1163758
3291
我们剥夺了大自然的科技
19:39
A robotic hand is technological,
388
1167049
1724
机械手是科技
19:40
mine is biological,
389
1168773
1377
我的手则是生物体
19:42
and we don't think about it anymore.
390
1170150
1763
所以就不值得再去深入研究了
19:43
Let's then look at the morpho butterfly,
391
1171913
2102
让我们再来看看闪蝶吧
19:46
an example of an invisible
technological competence of life,
technological competence of life,
392
1174015
5441
极微小的生物
却是个充满科技潜能的例子
却是个充满科技潜能的例子
19:51
which is at the very heart of our
possibility of surviving on this planet,
possibility of surviving on this planet,
393
1179456
4627
是让我们能在这星球上
继续生存的最佳机会
继续生存的最佳机会
19:56
and let's zoom in on it.
Again, Hubble is there.
Again, Hubble is there.
394
1184083
2265
让我们拉近焦距放大来看，
再来看，哈勃在这儿
再来看，哈勃在这儿
19:58
Let's get into the butterfly's wings.
395
1186348
1914
让我们看看蝴蝶的翅膀
20:00
Scholars have tried to explain:
Why is it blue?
Why is it blue?
396
1188262
4203
学者试图解释，
它为什么是蓝色的？
它为什么是蓝色的？
20:04
Let's zoom in on it.
397
1192465
1470
放大来看
20:05
What you see is that the architecture
of the invisible humiliates
of the invisible humiliates
398
1193935
5076
你看见的是肉眼看不见的结构
20:11
the best architects in the world.
399
1199011
3032
会让世界上最牛的建筑师都蒙羞
20:14
All of this on a tiny scale.
400
1202043
2397
这一切都在极小的比例内
20:16
Besides its beauty and functioning,
there is another side to it.
there is another side to it.
401
1204440
3528
除了美丽和功效，它还有另一面
20:19
In nature,
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2198
在自然界
20:22
all that is organized in extraordinary
structures has a function.
structures has a function.
403
1210166
4363
所有组织在非凡结构体中的东西
都有其功能性
都有其功能性
20:26
This function of the morpho butterfly —
it is not blue;
it is not blue;
404
1214529
4490
闪蝶的功能...它本身不是蓝色
20:31
it does not have blue pigments.
405
1219019
1654
它没有蓝色素
20:32
It has photonic crystals on its surface,
according to people who studied it,
according to people who studied it,
406
1220673
4044
据研究者说，它表面有光子晶体
那是非常复杂的晶体
20:36
which are extremely
sophisticated crystals.
sophisticated crystals.
407
1224717
2251
我们目前的科技仍望尘莫及
20:38
Our technology had
nothing like that at the time.
nothing like that at the time.
408
1226968
3459
20:42
Hitachi has now made a monitor
409
1230427
2781
目前日立用这项科技
20:45
that uses this technology,
410
1233208
1355
发明了一种显示器
20:46
and it is used in optical fibers
to transmit —
to transmit —
411
1234563
2377
并用在光纤上以传输--
20:48
Janine Benyus, who's been here several
times, talks about it: biomimetics.
times, talks about it: biomimetics.
412
1236940
4410
珍妮‧班纳斯来谈过很多次：
这就是仿生学
这就是仿生学
20:53
My time's up.
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1241350
1352
我的时间用完了
20:54
Then, I'll wrap it up with
what is at the base of this capacity,
what is at the base of this capacity,
414
1242702
5310
那么我来总结一下
生物多样性机能、能力的基础是什么
21:00
of this competence of biodiversity,
415
1248012
2572
21:02
producing all these wonderful services:
416
1250584
2422
竟得以产生这些奇妙的贡献？
21:05
the living cell.
417
1253006
1907
是生物细胞
21:06
It is a structure with a few microns,
which is an internal wonder.
which is an internal wonder.
418
1254913
3514
这个结构只有几微米大，
真是体内的奇迹了
真是体内的奇迹了
21:10
There are TED Talks about it.
I won't talk much longer,
I won't talk much longer,
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1258427
3027
已经有几个TED演讲讨论过它，
我就不再赘述
我就不再赘述
21:13
but each person in this room,
including myself,
including myself,
420
1261454
3174
但在座的每一位，包括我
21:16
has 100 trillion of these
micromachines in their body,
micromachines in their body,
421
1264628
3691
都有一百兆个微小的机器在体内
21:20
so that we can enjoy well-being.
422
1268319
2840
我们因此才能安享人生
21:23
Imagine what is out there
in the Amazon forest:
in the Amazon forest:
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1271159
2757
想象一下在亚马逊森林都有什么:
21:25
100 trillion. This is greater
than the number of stars in the sky.
than the number of stars in the sky.
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1273916
4011
一百兆，比天上的繁星还多
21:29
And we are not aware of it.
425
1277927
2058
而我们居然对此一无所知
21:31
Thank you so much. (Applause)
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1279985
1884
非常感谢（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Antonio Donato Nobre - ScientistAntonio Donato Nobre researches the “ingenious systems” of the Amazon. His work illustrates the beautiful complexity of this region, as well as its fragility against a backdrop of climate change.
Why you should listen
Antonio Donato Nobre sees nature as a well-orchestrated symphony. A visiting scientist at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and a senior researcher at the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), he studies the soil, hydrology and biochemistry of the Amazon, to learn more about the complex, interlocking systems of this geographical marvel. He seeks to understand the interactions between the forest and the atmosphere, and how "the sweat of the forest" runs in a stream overhead that carries moisture to other parts of South America and the world, playing a large role in climate stability. His study “El Futuro Climático de la Amazonía” synthesizes research on how human beings are affecting the delicate balance of this region, and the huge risk we run if we lose it.
Antonio Donato Nobre | Speaker | TED.com