TEDxUM
Gregory Heyworth: How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts
格雷戈里 海沃思: 我如何发掘出古代文字的秘密
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格雷戈里 海沃思是一个文本考证学家，他和他的实验室以一种新的方式去阅读古文献和地图，即通过光谱成像技术。在这个迷人的演讲里，看看海沃思如何找回失去的历史，去解密那些几千年来都没有人读过的文本。这些遗失的古典文学是如何改写我们已知的历史呢？
Gregory Heyworth - Textual scientist
Gregory Heyworth uses spectral imaging technology to uncover lost classics that could rewrite history. Full bio
Gregory Heyworth uses spectral imaging technology to uncover lost classics that could rewrite history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
On January 26, 2013,
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2013年1月26日
00:15
a band of al-Qaeda militants
entered the ancient city of Timbuktu
entered the ancient city of Timbuktu
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一群基地武装分子进入了
00:19
on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
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在撒哈拉沙漠的南边
廷巴克图的古城市
廷巴克图的古城市
00:21
There, they set fire to a medieval library
of 30,000 manuscripts
of 30,000 manuscripts
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他们放火烧了保存了三万本由阿拉伯语
00:26
written in Arabic
and several African languages
and several African languages
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和一些非洲语写成的手稿的
中世纪图书馆
中世纪图书馆
00:29
and ranging in subject from astronomy
to geography, history to medicine,
to geography, history to medicine,
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并且被分类成天文、地理、历史、医疗科目
00:34
including one book which records
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在医疗科目中包括一本记录了
00:36
perhaps the first treatment
for male erectile dysfunction.
for male erectile dysfunction.
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可能是第一本
治疗男性勃起功能障碍的的书
治疗男性勃起功能障碍的的书
00:41
Unknown in the West,
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西方不知道的是
00:43
this was the collected wisdom
of an entire continent,
of an entire continent,
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在非洲一直被认为是不能发出声音的时候
00:46
the voice of Africa at a time when Africa
was thought not to have a voice at all.
was thought not to have a voice at all.
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这些都是非洲的声音
和整个非洲可以被收集到的智慧
和整个非洲可以被收集到的智慧
00:51
The mayor of Bamako,
who witnessed the event,
who witnessed the event,
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巴马科市长目睹了这个事件
00:54
called the burning of the manuscripts
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说这个焚烧手稿事件
00:55
"a crime against world cultural heritage."
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是一群罪犯在对抗世界的遗产
00:58
And he was right --
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他曾经是对的
01:00
or he would have been, if it weren't
for the fact that he was also lying.
for the fact that he was also lying.
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或者本应一直都是
如果他没有撒谎的话
如果他没有撒谎的话
01:04
In fact, just before,
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事实上 就在之前
01:07
African scholars had collected
a random assortment of old books
a random assortment of old books
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非洲学者们随机收集了各种各样的旧书
01:11
and left them out
for the terrorists to burn.
for the terrorists to burn.
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免得让恐怖分子烧毁这些书
01:14
Today, the collection
lies hidden in Bamako,
lies hidden in Bamako,
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今天这些书就藏在马里的首都
01:16
the capital of Mali,
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巴马科里面
01:18
moldering in the high humidity.
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书因为高湿度而被侵蚀
01:20
What was rescued by ruse
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这些曾经被救出来的书
01:22
is now once again in jeopardy,
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再一次陷入危险之中
01:24
this time by climate.
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这一次是因为气候
01:26
But Africa, and the far-flung
corners of the world,
corners of the world,
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但那些危如累卵
却可以改变世界文化历史的手稿
01:28
are not the only places,
or even the main places
or even the main places
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01:30
in which manuscripts that could change
the history of world culture
the history of world culture
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不唯一 甚至不主要
储存于非洲 或那些偏远的地方
01:35
are in jeopardy.
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01:37
Several years ago, I conducted
a survey of European research libraries
a survey of European research libraries
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几年前
我对欧洲研究图书馆进行了一个调查
我对欧洲研究图书馆进行了一个调查
01:42
and discovered that,
at the barest minimum,
at the barest minimum,
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发现最少有
01:44
there are 60,000 manuscripts
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60000本
1500年前的手稿
01:48
pre-1500
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01:49
that are illegible
because of water damage,
because of water damage,
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因为水的侵蚀、褪色、发霉、化学侵蚀
01:52
fading, mold and chemical reagents.
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而变得字迹模糊 难以辨认
01:56
The real number is likely double that,
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真实的数据可能是这个的两倍
这还没有算那些
01:59
and that doesn't even count
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02:02
Renaissance manuscripts
and modern manuscripts
and modern manuscripts
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文艺复兴和现代的手稿
02:04
and cultural heritage
objects such as maps.
objects such as maps.
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和一些文化的遗产
比如地图
比如地图
02:09
What if there were a technology
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如果有一种高科技
02:12
that could recover
these lost and unknown works?
these lost and unknown works?
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可以还原这些丢失的和未知的文字呢
02:17
Imagine worldwide
how a trove of hundreds of thousands
how a trove of hundreds of thousands
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想想看世界范围内这些成百上千
02:22
of previously unknown texts
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以前不为人知的手稿
02:25
could radically transform
our knowledge of the past.
our knowledge of the past.
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可以彻底地改变我们对于过去的了解
02:30
Imagine what unknown classics
we would discover
we would discover
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想想看那些我们会发掘的
不为人知的名著
不为人知的名著
02:34
which would rewrite the canons
of literature, history,
of literature, history,
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可以改写文学经典、历史
02:37
philosophy, music --
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哲学、音乐等等
02:39
or, more provocatively, that could
rewrite our cultural identities,
rewrite our cultural identities,
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甚至更激进点说
能改写我们的文化身份
能改写我们的文化身份
02:43
building new bridges
between people and culture.
between people and culture.
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在人和文化之间建立新的桥梁
02:47
These are the questions
that transformed me
that transformed me
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这些问题改变了我
02:50
from a medieval scholar,
a reader of texts,
a reader of texts,
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从一个中世纪的学者
一个文本读者
一个文本读者
变为一个考证学家
02:52
into a textual scientist.
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02:56
What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.
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单单“读者”这个词语难以满足我
02:58
For me, it conjures up
images of passivity,
images of passivity,
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对我来说
它会让人感觉很被动
它会让人感觉很被动
就像一个人懒散地坐在贵妃椅上
03:01
of someone sitting idly in an armchair
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在一个整洁的小方块里面
03:03
waiting for knowledge to come to him
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守株待兔 等着知识朝他走来
03:05
in a neat little parcel.
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03:07
How much better to be
a participant in the past,
a participant in the past,
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做一个过去的参与者岂不是更好
03:10
an adventurer in an undiscovered country,
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去做在未知的国度里
03:13
searching for the hidden text.
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寻找不为人知的文字的冒险家
岂不是更好
岂不是更好
03:17
As an academic, I was a mere reader.
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作为学者 我过去仅是一枚读者
03:20
I read and taught the same classics
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那些同样的名著
维吉尔, 奥维德, 乔叟, 彼特拉克...
维吉尔, 奥维德, 乔叟, 彼特拉克...
03:23
that people had been reading
and teaching for hundreds of years --
and teaching for hundreds of years --
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我读了教 教了读
03:26
Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --
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然而人们已经这么做上百年了
03:29
and with every scholarly article
that I published
that I published
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我把我发表的每一篇学术文章
03:31
I added to human knowledge
in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.
in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.
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都贡献到了那些洞察力在不断减少的知识当中
03:36
What I wanted to be
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我想成为的
03:38
was an archaeologist of the past,
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是过去的考古学家
03:40
a discoverer of literature,
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一个文献的发现者
03:42
an Indiana Jones without the whip --
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一个没有鞭子的印第安纳琼斯
03:44
or, actually, with the whip.
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或者 事实上 有鞭子
03:45
(Laughter)
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（笑）
03:46
And I wanted it not just for myself
but I wanted it for my students as well.
but I wanted it for my students as well.
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我想要这些不光为了自己还为了我的学生
03:50
And so six years ago,
I changed the direction of my career.
I changed the direction of my career.
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6年前
我改变了我事业的方向
我改变了我事业的方向
03:54
At the time, I was working
on "The Chess of Love,"
on "The Chess of Love,"
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当时 我还在处理“爱的象棋”
03:57
the last important long poem
of the European Middle Ages
of the European Middle Ages
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欧洲中世纪的最后一首长诗
04:00
never to have been edited.
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还没有被编辑过
04:01
And it wasn't edited because
it existed in only one manuscript
it existed in only one manuscript
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它没有被编辑是因为关于它的只有一篇手稿
04:05
which was so badly damaged
during the firebombing of Dresden
during the firebombing of Dresden
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而这篇手稿已经
在第二次世界大战期间
在第二次世界大战期间
被德累斯顿的燃烧弹严重损坏
04:08
in World War II
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04:09
that generations of scholars
had pronounced it lost.
had pronounced it lost.
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一代代的学者已经宣布它遗失了
04:13
For five years, I had been working
with an ultraviolet lamp
with an ultraviolet lamp
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五年以来
我一直尝试用紫外线灯
我一直尝试用紫外线灯
04:16
trying to recover traces of the writing
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试着还原手稿的一些痕迹
04:18
and I'd gone about as far
as technology at the time
as technology at the time
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当时的科技能帮我多少
我也确实就做了多少
04:21
could actually take me.
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04:22
And so I did what many people do.
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我做了很多人都会做的事
04:24
I went online,
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上网
04:26
and there I learned about
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在那里我学到了
04:28
how multispectral imaging had been used
to recover two lost treatises
to recover two lost treatises
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如何用多光谱成象来恢复十三世纪
由著名的希腊数学家阿基米德撰写的
重写本上
重写本上
04:33
of the famed Greek
mathematician Archimedes
mathematician Archimedes
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两篇遗失的论文
04:36
from a 13th-century palimpsest.
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04:37
A palimpsest is a manuscript
which has been erased and overwritten.
which has been erased and overwritten.
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重写本是指被擦除过然后重写的手稿
04:42
And so, out of the blue,
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并且 让我吃惊的是
04:43
I decided to write
to the lead imaging scientist
to the lead imaging scientist
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我决定写信给当时的成像科学家的
04:46
on the Archimedes palimpsest project,
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在阿基米德重写项目上的负责人
04:48
Professor Roger Easton,
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罗杰 伊斯顿教授
04:50
with a plan and a plea.
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信中写了计划和请求
04:52
And to my surprise,
he actually wrote back.
he actually wrote back.
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令我吃惊的是
他回信了
他回信了
04:56
With his help, I was able
to win a grant from the US government
to win a grant from the US government
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有了他的帮助
我得到了美国政府的津贴
我得到了美国政府的津贴
04:59
to build a transportable,
multispectral imaging lab,
multispectral imaging lab,
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建立了一个可移动的
光谱成象实验室
光谱成象实验室
05:03
And with this lab, I transformed
what was a charred and faded mess
what was a charred and faded mess
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有了实验室 我将被烧黑的和褪色的手稿
05:08
into a new medieval classic.
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变为崭新的中世纪杰作
05:11
So how does multispectral
imaging actually work?
imaging actually work?
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所以光谱成像到底是如何起作用的呢
05:14
Well, the idea
behind multispectral imaging
behind multispectral imaging
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恩…一个很熟悉红外夜视镜的人
05:16
is something that anyone who is familiar
with infrared night vision goggles
with infrared night vision goggles
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能够立刻领会光谱成像的原理
05:20
will immediately appreciate:
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05:22
that what we can see
in the visible spectrum of light
in the visible spectrum of light
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我们看到的可见光
05:24
is only a tiny fraction
of what's actually there.
of what's actually there.
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只是光谱中的很小一部分
05:27
The same is true with invisible writing.
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对于那些看不见的笔迹也是同理
05:31
Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light
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我们的系统用了12个不同的光的波长
05:35
between the ultraviolet and the infrared,
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从紫外线到红外线
05:38
and these are shown down
onto the manuscript from above
onto the manuscript from above
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LED管和其他光源
从上往下投射
05:41
from banks of LEDs,
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05:42
and another multispectral light source
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投射到这些手稿上面
05:44
which comes up through
the individual leaves of the manuscript.
the individual leaves of the manuscript.
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投射穿过手稿的每一页
05:47
Up to 35 images per sequence
per leaf are imaged this way
per leaf are imaged this way
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这么做 能用带有石英镜头的
05:52
using a high-powered digital camera
equipped with a lens
equipped with a lens
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高能数码相机
05:54
which is made out of quartz.
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每次每页呈现至多35张图片
05:56
There are about five
of these in the world.
of these in the world.
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世界仅有五个这种相机
05:58
And once we capture these images,
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一旦我们抓取了这些图片
06:00
we feed them through
statistical algorithms
statistical algorithms
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我们便将统计算法加入其中
06:02
to further enhance and clarify them,
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并使用原本应该
给地理空间科学家和中情局服务的
06:05
using software which was originally
designed for satellite images
designed for satellite images
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06:08
and used by people
like geospatial scientists
like geospatial scientists
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专门给卫星设计的软件
让这些图片增强 变得清晰
06:12
and the CIA.
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06:14
The results can be spectacular.
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结果是令人惊叹的
06:16
You may already have heard
of what's been done
of what's been done
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你可能已经听说过我们在
06:18
for the Dead Sea Scrolls,
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死海古卷中做的了
06:19
which are slowly gelatinizing.
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我们将他们慢慢地胶化
06:22
Using infrared, we've been able
to read even the darkest corners
to read even the darkest corners
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使用红外线 我们就可以去阅读
06:26
of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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甚至是死海古卷最模糊的部分
06:28
You may not be aware, however,
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然而 你可能还没有意识到
06:30
of other Biblical texts
that are in jeopardy.
that are in jeopardy.
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其他的圣经文本也陷入危险当中
06:33
Here, for example,
is a leaf from a manuscript
is a leaf from a manuscript
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这里举个例子
是一本手稿的其中一页
是一本手稿的其中一页
06:36
that we imaged,
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我们成像出来的
06:38
which is perhaps the most valuable
Christian Bible in the world.
Christian Bible in the world.
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可能是世界上最有价值的基督圣经
06:42
The Codex Vercellensis is the oldest
translation of the Gospels into Latin,
translation of the Gospels into Latin,
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维切里法典可能是世界上最早的
拉丁福音书的译文
拉丁福音书的译文
06:48
and it dates from the first half
of the fourth century.
of the fourth century.
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它可以追溯到四世纪前期
06:52
This is the closest we can come
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这是我们可以看到的最接近的
06:54
to the Bible at the time
of the foundation of Christendom
of the foundation of Christendom
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在那个时候的基督教圣经
当时还是君士坦丁大帝的统治之下
06:58
under Emperor Constantine,
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07:00
and at the time also
of the Council of Nicaea,
of the Council of Nicaea,
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尼西亚委员会的时期
07:03
when the basic creed of Christianity
was being agreed upon.
was being agreed upon.
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当时关于基督教的基础教义刚刚被商定好
07:06
This manuscript, unfortunately,
has been very badly damaged,
has been very badly damaged,
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这个手稿 不幸运的是 已经严重被损坏了
07:09
and it's damaged because for centuries
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原因是世纪以来
07:12
it had been used and handled
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它都在教堂开典礼时
07:14
in swearing in ceremonies in the church.
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宣誓被使用
07:17
In fact, that purple splotch
that you see in the upper left hand corner
that you see in the upper left hand corner
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事实上 你看到的左上角那个紫色的斑点
07:21
is Aspergillus, which is a fungus
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是曲霉菌 它是一种真菌
07:26
which originates in the unwashed hands
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来源于
没有洗手的肺结核病人
07:29
of a person with tuberculosis.
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07:32
Our imaging has enabled me
to make the first transcription
to make the first transcription
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我们的成像可以让我
07:35
of this manuscript in 250 years.
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对这个250年的手稿进行首次誊写
07:39
Having a lab that can travel
to collections where it's needed, however,
to collections where it's needed, however,
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然而 有一个可以去那些古物需要它的地方的实验室
07:43
is only part of the solution.
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这只是解决方案的一部分
07:45
The technology is expensive and very rare,
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这种高科技昂贵而稀有
07:48
and the imaging and image
processing skills are esoteric.
processing skills are esoteric.
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而且成像和成像过程技巧是晦涩的
07:51
That means that mounting recoveries
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这意味着越来越多的恢复
07:53
is beyond the reach of most researchers
and all but the wealthiest institutions.
and all but the wealthiest institutions.
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超出了大部分研究者的能力
除了一些最富裕的机构
除了一些最富裕的机构
07:58
That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,
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这也就是为什么我要建穷人的项目
08:01
a not-for-profit initiative
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一个非盈利的机构
08:02
to bring multispectral imaging
to individual researchers
to individual researchers
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把多谱成像技术
很少或者没有成本的
很少或者没有成本的
08:06
and smaller institutions
at little or no cost whatsoever.
at little or no cost whatsoever.
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带给独立的研究人员和小型机构
08:11
Over the past five years,
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在过去超过5年的时间里
08:13
our team of imaging scientists,
scholars and students
scholars and students
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我们的小队由成像科学家、学者和学生组成
08:17
has travelled to seven different countries
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他们已经旅行了七个不同的国家
08:19
and have recovered some of the world's
most valuable damaged manuscripts,
most valuable damaged manuscripts,
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并恢复了一些世界上最有价值并被损坏的手稿
08:23
included the Vercelli Book,
which is the oldest book of English,
which is the oldest book of English,
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包括维切里集
它是最老的一本英文书
它是最老的一本英文书
08:26
the Black Book of Carmarthen,
the oldest book of Welsh,
the oldest book of Welsh,
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喀麦登的黑皮书 一本最老的威尔士书
08:28
and some of the most valuable
earliest Gospels
earliest Gospels
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还有一些最有价值的最早期福音书
08:32
located in what is now
the former Soviet Georgia.
the former Soviet Georgia.
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现在位于前苏联的格鲁吉亚
08:36
So, spectral imaging
can recover lost texts.
can recover lost texts.
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所以 光谱成像技术可以恢复遗失的卷帙
08:40
More subtly, though, it can recover
a second story behind every object,
a second story behind every object,
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可更精妙的是，他可以挖掘出每个古物品中
所暗藏的第二个故事
所暗藏的第二个故事
08:45
the story of how, when
and by whom a text was created,
and by whom a text was created,
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这故事包括了这些卷帙如何、什么时候和
被什么人创造出来
被什么人创造出来
08:50
and, sometimes, what the author
was thinking at the time he wrote.
was thinking at the time he wrote.
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以及作者当时写的时候是怎么想的
08:54
Take, for example, a draft
of the Declaration of Independence
of the Declaration of Independence
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举个例子 独立宣言的草案
08:57
written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,
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出自于Thomas Jefferson之手
09:00
which some colleagues of mine
imaged a few years ago
imaged a few years ago
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我的一些同事几年前把它加以成像
09:02
at the Library of Congress.
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在国会的图书馆里
09:04
Curators had noticed
that one word throughout
that one word throughout
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馆长注意到有一个遍布全文的词
09:07
had been scratched out and overwritten.
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不断被划掉和重写
09:09
The word overwritten was "citizens."
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这个被重写的词就是“公民”
09:12
Perhaps you can guess
what the word underneath was.
what the word underneath was.
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也许你们可能猜到下面那个词是什么了
09:15
"Subjects."
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“主体”
09:17
There, ladies and gentlemen,
is American democracy
is American democracy
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这里 女士们先生们
美国民主政治开始
美国民主政治开始
09:20
evolving under the hand
of Thomas Jefferson.
of Thomas Jefferson.
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由托马斯杰斐逊展开
09:23
Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,
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或者再考虑一下1491年的马塞勒斯地图
09:27
which we imaged
at Yale's Beinecke Library.
at Yale's Beinecke Library.
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我们在耶鲁的白洁图书馆将它成像
09:29
This was the map
that Columbus likely consulted
that Columbus likely consulted
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这个地图是哥伦布在他出海去新大陆前
09:32
before he traveled to the New World
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很有可能参考过的
09:33
and which gave him his idea
of what Asia looked like
of what Asia looked like
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让他了解到亚洲是什么样子的
09:36
and where Japan was located.
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以及日本位于什么地方
09:39
The problem with this map
is that its inks and pigments
is that its inks and pigments
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问题在于这张地图它的墨水和颜料
09:42
had so degraded over time
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随着时间的推移 严重褪色
09:44
that this large, nearly seven-foot map,
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这个巨大的 几乎有七英尺的地图
09:46
made the world look like a giant desert.
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使世界看起来像一个巨大的沙漠
09:49
Until now, we had very little idea,
detailed idea, that is,
detailed idea, that is,
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直到现在 我们还是不了解其中的细节
09:53
of what Columbus knew of the world
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关于哥伦布对世界的了解
09:54
and how world cultures were represented.
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以及世界文化是如何表示的
09:57
The main legend of the map
was entirely illegible under normal light.
was entirely illegible under normal light.
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地图上的主要图案
在正常光下很难被辨认
在正常光下很难被辨认
10:01
Ultraviolet did very little for it.
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紫外线在这里很难起作用
10:03
Multispectral gave us everything.
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但多谱成像技术给了我们一切支持
10:06
In Asia, we learned of monsters
with ears so long
with ears so long
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在亚洲 我们知道了有种怪兽有巨长的耳朵
10:10
that they could cover
the creature's entire body.
the creature's entire body.
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可以遮住整个生物的身体
10:13
In Africa, about a snake
who could cause the ground to smoke.
who could cause the ground to smoke.
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在非洲 有种蛇能使地面引起烟雾
10:18
Like starlight, which can convey images
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地图就好像星光一样 告知我们
10:20
of the way the Universe
looked in the distant past,
looked in the distant past,
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遥远过去的宇宙是什么样的
10:23
so multispectral light can take us back
to the first stuttering moments
to the first stuttering moments
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所以多谱成像的光可以让我们回到
物体被首先创造出来时
物体被首先创造出来时
10:27
of an object's creation.
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那个稚嫩而不成熟的时刻
10:29
Through this lens, we witness
the mistakes, the changes of mind,
the mistakes, the changes of mind,
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通过透镜 我们目的了错误的发生
思维的改变
思维的改变
10:33
the naïvetés, the uncensored thoughts,
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天真和未经雕琢的想法
10:36
the imperfections of the human imagination
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不够完美的人类想象
10:38
that allow these hallowed objects
and their authors
and their authors
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让这些神圣的物体和它们的作者
10:41
to become more real,
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变得更加真实
10:43
that make history closer to us.
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让历史与我们更进一步
10:46
What about the future?
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未来是怎样的呢
10:48
There's so much of the past,
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过去的东西有那么多
10:50
and so few people
with the skills to rescue it
with the skills to rescue it
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但是可以挽救它的人却又那么少
10:53
before these objects disappear forever.
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在这些物品完全消失之前
10:58
That's why I have begun to teach
this new hybrid discipline
this new hybrid discipline
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这也是为什么我开始教授一个
新的混合学科
新的混合学科
11:01
that I call "textual science."
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我把它称之为“考证科学”
11:03
Textual science is a marriage
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考证科学是由将传统技术
11:05
of the traditional skills
of a literary scholar --
of a literary scholar --
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和文学探索的合并起来的学者组成
11:07
the ability to read old languages
and old handwriting,
and old handwriting,
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他们拥有阅读古文字和古文献的能力
11:10
the knowledge of how texts are made
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还了解关于文献是如何被创造的知识
11:12
in order to be able
to place and date them --
to place and date them --
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为了能够处理和确定这些文献的年代
11:14
with new techniques like imaging science,
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运用新的科技 比如像成像技术
11:16
the chemistry of inks and pigments,
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油墨和颜料化学
11:19
computer-aided optical
character recognition.
character recognition.
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计算机辅助光学和字符识别
11:23
Last year, a student in my class,
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一年前 一个我课上的学生
11:25
a freshman,
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新人
11:26
with a background in Latin and Greek,
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拥有拉丁语和希腊语的背景
11:28
was image-processing a palimpsest
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运用成像技术处理一篇重写本
11:30
that we had photographed
at a famous library in Rome.
at a famous library in Rome.
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重写本是我们在罗马的一个著名图书馆拍摄的
11:34
As he worked, tiny Greek writing
began to appear from behind the text.
began to appear from behind the text.
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随着工作的进行 微小的希腊文字在文本中
开始浮现出来
开始浮现出来
11:40
Everyone gathered around,
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所有人聚在一起
11:41
and he read a line from a lost work
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他开始读上面的文字 是关于一个当时失去工作
11:44
of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.
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的希腊喜剧作家米南德
11:47
This was the first time
in well over a thousand years
in well over a thousand years
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这是史上第一次 在这些文字过了整整一千年之后
11:50
that those words
had been pronounced aloud.
had been pronounced aloud.
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被重新大声读出来
11:53
In that moment, he became a scholar.
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在这个时候 他成了一名学者
11:57
Ladies and gentlemen,
that is the future of the past.
that is the future of the past.
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女士们先生们
这就是关于过去的未来
这就是关于过去的未来
12:00
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢
12:02
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gregory Heyworth - Textual scientistGregory Heyworth uses spectral imaging technology to uncover lost classics that could rewrite history.
Why you should listen
Gregory Heyworth is associate professor of English at the University of Mississippi. He is a medievalist and founder of the discipline of textual science.
Professor Heyworth directs the Lazarus Project, a not-for-profit initiative to restore damaged and illegible cultural heritage objects, especially manuscripts and maps, using spectral imaging technology. He has helped recover numerous important objects including the Vercelli Book and the 1491 Martellus Map.
Currently he is working on a project to recover the manuscript fragments of the lost Cathedral Library of Chartres, France, bombed in WWII.
Gregory Heyworth | Speaker | TED.com