TED2017
Manu Prakash: Lifesaving scientific tools made of paper
马努 · 普拉卡什: 那些纸制的科学救生工具
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发明家马努 · 普拉卡什将日常材料转变成为了强大的科学设备，从纸张显微镜到一个巧妙的新型蚊子追踪器。在TED协会的舞台上，他演示了纸质离心机，一款手动离心机——受到旋转玩具的启发，只需花费20美分便可完成1000美元的机器才能完成的工作，而且无需电力。
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventor
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, I love making tools
and sharing them with people.
and sharing them with people.
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我喜欢制作工具并与别人分享。
00:17
I remember as a child,
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我记得小时候，
我制作的第一个工具
是一个显微镜，
是一个显微镜，
00:18
my first tool I built
was actually a microscope
was actually a microscope
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它的镜片是从我哥哥的
眼镜上偷偷掰下来的。
眼镜上偷偷掰下来的。
00:21
that I built by stealing lenses
from my brother's eyeglasses.
from my brother's eyeglasses.
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00:26
He wasn't that thrilled.
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他（知道后）并没有
为我的发明感到激动。
为我的发明感到激动。
00:28
But, you know, maybe
because of that moment,
because of that moment,
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但也许正是因为那一刻，
30年后，
00:30
30 years later,
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我依然在制作显微镜。
00:31
I'm still making microscopes.
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00:34
And the reason I built these tools
is for moments like this.
is for moments like this.
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制作这些工具的原因
是为了像这样的时刻。
是为了像这样的时刻。
（视频）女孩：有个
黑色的东西在我的头发里。
黑色的东西在我的头发里。
00:39
(Video) Girl: I have
black things in my hair --
black things in my hair --
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00:42
Manu Prakash: This is a school
in the Bay Area.
in the Bay Area.
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马努 · 普拉卡什：这是
一所在旧金山湾区的学校。
一所在旧金山湾区的学校。
00:44
(Video) MP: The living world
far supersedes our imagination
far supersedes our imagination
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（视频）马努：我们如今
生活的世界远远超越了
生活的世界远远超越了
00:49
of how things actually work.
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我们对事物运作的猜想。
00:51
(Video) Boy: Oh my God!
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（视频）男孩：哦，我的天！
00:55
MP: Right -- oh my God!
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马努：没错——我的天啊！
00:58
I hadn't realized this would be
such a universal phrase.
such a universal phrase.
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我没有意识到这是
如此通用的一个短语。
如此通用的一个短语。
01:03
Over the last two years,
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在过去的两年，
在我的实验室里，
01:04
in my lab,
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我们制作了5万个折叠镜，
01:06
we built 50,000 Foldscopes
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01:08
and shipped them
to 130 countries in the world,
to 130 countries in the world,
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并将其运往世界上的130个国家，
01:11
at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
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免费发放给孩子们。
01:14
This year alone,
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仅这一年，
01:15
with the support of our community,
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在我们社区的支持下，
01:17
we are planning to ship
a million microscopes
a million microscopes
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我们计划发放一百万个折叠镜
送给世界各地的孩子们。
01:20
to kids around the world.
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01:22
What does that do?
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这有什么用途呢？
它为世界各地的人们创造了一个
鼓舞人心的的社区，
鼓舞人心的的社区，
01:23
It creates an inspiring community
of people around the world,
of people around the world,
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大家共同学习和相互传授，
01:27
learning and teaching each other,
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01:29
from Kenya to Kampala
to Kathmandu to Kansas.
to Kathmandu to Kansas.
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从肯尼亚到坎帕拉，
从加德满都到堪萨斯州。
从加德满都到堪萨斯州。
01:33
And one of the phenomenal things
that I love about this
that I love about this
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而我喜欢的现象之一，
就是社区感。
01:35
is the sense of community.
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01:37
There's a kid in Nicaragua
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尼加拉瓜有个孩子
教其他人如何通过观察
显微镜下的幼虫
显微镜下的幼虫
01:39
teaching others how to identify
mosquito species that carry dengue
mosquito species that carry dengue
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01:43
by looking at the larva
under a microscope.
under a microscope.
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来识别携带登革热的蚊子。
有一位药理学家
提出了一种新的方法，
提出了一种新的方法，
01:45
There's a pharmacologist
who came up with a new way
who came up with a new way
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能在任何地方检测假药。
01:48
to detect fake drugs anywhere.
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01:51
There is a girl who wondered:
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有一位女孩想知道：
”闪粉是如何产生效果的？”
01:53
"How does glitter actually work?"
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01:55
and discovered the physics
of crystalline formation in glitter.
of crystalline formation in glitter.
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并在闪粉中发现了
晶体形成的物理现象。
晶体形成的物理现象。
01:59
There is an Argentinian doctor
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有一位阿根廷医生
用这个工具来做宫颈癌的筛检。
02:01
who's trying to do field cervical cancer
screening with this tool.
screening with this tool.
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02:05
And yours very truly found
a species of flea
a species of flea
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接着我们又发现了一种跳蚤，
02:09
that was dug inside my heel in my foot
one centimeter deep.
one centimeter deep.
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就在我的脚后跟内一厘米深的地方。
02:15
Now, you might think
of these as anomalies.
of these as anomalies.
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现在，你可能会认为这都是
一些例外的情况。
一些例外的情况。
02:19
But there is a method to this madness.
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但是的确有实现这些
奇思妙想的办法。
奇思妙想的办法。
02:22
I call this "frugal science" --
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我称之为“节俭科学”——
这是种分享科学经验的想法，
02:24
the idea of sharing
the experience of science,
the experience of science,
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而不仅仅是得到的信息。
02:28
and not just the information.
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02:31
To remind you:
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别忘了：
02:32
there are a billion people on this planet
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这个星球上有数十亿人口
02:34
who live with absolutely
no infrastructure:
no infrastructure:
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生活在没有基础设施的环境里：
02:36
no roads,
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没有道路，
没有电力，
02:38
no electricity
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因此，也没有医疗服务。
02:39
and thus, no health care.
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02:42
Also, there a billion kids
on this planet that live in poverty.
on this planet that live in poverty.
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另外，这个星球上有
10亿儿童生活在贫困中。
10亿儿童生活在贫困中。
02:47
How are we supposed to inspire them
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那我们应该如何激励他们
成为下一代的问题解决者？
02:49
for the next generation
of solution makers?
of solution makers?
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02:52
There are health care workers
that we put on the line
that we put on the line
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现在我们的医护人员还处于
对抗传染病的危险环境中，
02:55
to fight infectious diseases,
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他们用最最基本的工具与
资源保护着我们。
资源保护着我们。
02:56
to protect us with absolutely
bare-minimum tools and resources.
bare-minimum tools and resources.
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03:02
So as a lab at Stanford,
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在斯坦福大学的实验室中，
03:04
I think of this from a context
of frugal science
of frugal science
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我尝尝思考如何从“节约科学”
03:08
and building solutions
for these communities.
for these communities.
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以及为社区提供方案的
角度来解决这个问题。
角度来解决这个问题。
03:10
Often we think about being able to do
diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
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我们常常设想能够
在没有网络的树下做诊断。
在没有网络的树下做诊断。
03:15
I'll tell you two examples
today of new tools.
today of new tools.
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今天我要给你们介绍
两个新工具的例子。
两个新工具的例子。
03:18
One of them starts in Uganda.
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其中一个是在乌干达试用的。
03:20
In 2013,
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2013年，
在用折叠镜检测
血吸虫病的实地考察中，
血吸虫病的实地考察中，
03:22
on a field trip to detect
schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
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我做了一个小小的观察。
03:26
I made a minor observation.
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03:28
In a clinic,
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在一家处于
偏远地区的诊所里，
03:30
in a far, remote area,
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我看到一台离心机
被当作门挡来使用。
被当作门挡来使用。
03:31
I saw a centrifuge
being used as a doorstop.
being used as a doorstop.
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03:36
I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.
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我指的就是字面意义上的“门挡”。
我问他们怎么回事，他们回答说，
03:38
And I asked them and they said,
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03:40
"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
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"哦，我们这儿根本没有电，
所以这玩意儿没啥用，
当门挡正合适。”
当门挡正合适。”
03:42
so this piece of junk
is good as a doorstop."
is good as a doorstop."
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03:46
Centrifuges, for some of you
who don't know,
who don't know,
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如果你们有谁不知道的话，离心机，
是一种能够进行
样品处理的顶尖工具。
样品处理的顶尖工具。
03:49
are the pinnacle tool to be able
to do sample processing.
to do sample processing.
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03:52
You separate components
of blood or body fluids
of blood or body fluids
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你可以用它来分离
血液或体液内的成分，
血液或体液内的成分，
以此检测和识别病原体。
03:55
to be able to detect
and identify pathogens.
and identify pathogens.
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03:58
But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --
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但是离心机体积庞大，价格昂贵——
价格大约1000美元——
04:01
cost around 1,000 dollars --
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04:03
and really hard to carry out in the field.
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并且很难搬运。
当然，
04:05
And of course,
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它们没有电力就不能工作。
04:06
they don't work without power.
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很耳熟吧？
04:08
Sound familiar?
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于是我们开始思考
如何解决这个问题，
如何解决这个问题，
04:09
So we started thinking
about solving this problem,
about solving this problem,
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我回来后——
04:12
and I came back --
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就一直想着玩具。
04:13
kept thinking about toys.
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04:15
Now ...
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那么今天...
04:18
I have a few with me here.
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我带了几个在身上。
04:19
I first started with yo-yos ...
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我先从溜溜球开始...
04:21
and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
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不过我是一个糟糕的扔球者。
04:24
Because these objects spin,
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看着这些东西在旋转，
04:26
we wondered,
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我们就会想，
是否可以把它们旋转的物理原理
04:27
could we actually use
the physics of these objects
the physics of these objects
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拿来建造离心机呢？
04:30
to be able to build centrifuges?
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04:33
This was possibly the worst
throw I could make.
throw I could make.
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这可能是我做出的最糟糕的一投。
04:36
But you might start realizing,
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但是你可能会意识到，
如果你开始探索
各种可能合适的玩具——
各种可能合适的玩具——
04:37
if you start exploring
the safe space of toys --
the safe space of toys --
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我们尝试了这些陀螺，
04:40
we tried these spinning tops,
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然后在实验室里，
04:43
and then in the lab,
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我们偶然发现了这个神奇的东西。
04:45
we stumbled upon this wonder.
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04:47
It's the whirligig,
or a buzzer, or a rundle.
or a buzzer, or a rundle.
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它是个陀螺，或者可以称之为蜂鸣器，
或者类似绞盘器的东西。
或者类似绞盘器的东西。
它由一些绳子和一个小盘构成。
04:51
A couple of strings and a little disk,
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04:53
and if I push, it spins.
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如果我拉一下绳子，它就会旋转。
04:56
How many of you have played
with this as a kid?
with this as a kid?
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你们中有多少人在小时候玩过这个？
这就是所谓的“纽扣绳"。
04:58
This is called a button-on-a-string.
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好吧，大概有一半的人。
05:00
OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
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然而你并没有意识到——
05:02
What you didn't realize --
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05:03
that this little object
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这个小玩意儿
05:06
is the oldest toy
in the history of mankind ...
in the history of mankind ...
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起源于5000年前，
05:11
5,000 years ago.
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是人类历史上最古老的玩具。
05:12
We have found relics of this object
hidden around on our planet.
hidden around on our planet.
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我们已经在地球上
发现了这些玩具的遗迹。
发现了这些玩具的遗迹。
05:17
Now the irony is,
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具有讽刺意味的是，
我们实际上并不知道
这个小东西的工作原理。
这个小东西的工作原理。
05:19
we actually don't understand
how this little thing works.
how this little thing works.
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这让我感到好奇和兴奋。
05:22
That's when I get excited.
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05:24
So we got back to work,
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当我们回去工作时，
05:26
wrote down a couple of equations.
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写下了几个方程式。
05:29
If you take the input torque
that you put in,
that you put in,
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如果你把之前的输入转矩，（译者注：
机械元件在转矩作用下会发生扭转变形）
机械元件在转矩作用下会发生扭转变形）
拖动到这个圆盘上，
05:32
you take the drag on this disc,
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05:34
and the twist drag on these strings,
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然后扭动这些绳子，
你应该能用数学来解决这个问题。
05:36
you should be able
to mathematically solve this.
to mathematically solve this.
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05:38
This is not the only equation in my talk.
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这不是我演讲中唯一的方程式。
我们后来又写了十页的公式，
05:41
Ten pages of math later,
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05:43
we could actually write down
the complete analytical solution
the complete analytical solution
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可以用这些方程式，
为这个动态系统
为这个动态系统
写出完整的解析方案。
05:46
for this dynamic system.
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05:48
And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."
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我们把它叫做“纸质离心机”。
05:52
That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,
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这是我们组的博士后，萨阿德 · 巴姆拉，
也是纸质离心机的共同发明人。
05:54
who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.
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在左边，你可以看到
所有我们正试图用
所有我们正试图用
05:56
And to the left, you see
all the centrifuges
all the centrifuges
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新工具取代的离心机们。
05:58
that we're trying to replace.
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06:00
This little object that you see right here
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你看到的这个小东西
06:04
is a disc, a couple
of strings and a handle.
of strings and a handle.
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是由一个圆盘，几根绳子
和一对把手构成的。
和一对把手构成的。
06:08
And when I spin
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每当我旋转它，
往两旁边拉绳子，
06:09
and I push,
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它就开始旋转了起来。
06:11
it starts to spin.
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现在，当我们用数学公式
06:12
Now, when you realize,
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06:14
when you do the math,
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来计算
06:17
when we calculate the rpm for this object,
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这个物体的转速时，
理论上它应该能够
达到每分钟100万转。
达到每分钟100万转。
06:20
mathematically, we should be able
to go all the way to a million rpm.
to go all the way to a million rpm.
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这和人体解剖学稍有分歧，
06:24
Now, there is a little twist
in human anatomy,
in human anatomy,
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因为这个东西的
共振频率大约是10赫兹，
共振频率大约是10赫兹，
06:27
because the resonant frequency
of this object is about 10 hertz,
of this object is about 10 hertz,
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如果你曾经弹过钢琴，
06:30
and if you've ever played the piano,
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你和钢琴的共振频率
最高不会超过2或3赫兹。
最高不会超过2或3赫兹。
06:31
you can't go higher
than two or three hertz.
than two or three hertz.
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这个东西旋转能达到的最大速度
06:34
The maximum speed we've been able
to achieve with this object
to achieve with this object
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不是每分钟1万转，
06:37
is not 10,000 rpm,
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也不是5万转——
06:39
not 50,000 rpm --
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而是12万转。
06:40
120,000 rpm.
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相当于3万倍的重力加速度g。
06:42
That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.
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如果我把你绑在这里，让它旋转，
06:45
If I was to stick you right here
and have it spin,
and have it spin,
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你会想到可能经历的
各种类型的力。
各种类型的力。
06:48
you would think about the types
of forces you would experience.
of forces you would experience.
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像这样的工具有一个要素
06:52
One of the factors of a tool like this
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06:54
is to be able to do diagnosis with this.
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就是可以用接下来的事做个诊断。
我将在这里做一个简短的演示——
06:57
So, I'm going to do
a quick demo here, where --
a quick demo here, where --
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07:02
this is a moment where I'm going
to make a little finger prick,
to make a little finger prick,
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现在我要轻轻刺一下我的手指，
07:06
and a tiny drop of blood
is going to come out.
is going to come out.
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然后就会流出一滴血。
如果你不喜欢血，你可以不看它。
07:08
If you don't like blood,
you don't have to look at it.
you don't have to look at it.
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这是一把小刀。
07:11
Here is a little lancet.
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07:12
These lancets are available everywhere,
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这种小刀
在哪都很常见。
07:14
completely passive.
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07:15
And if I've had breakfast today ...
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我今天应该是吃了早餐的...
07:22
That didn't hurt at all.
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所以并不会造成什么伤害。
好的，我用采血管采了一滴血——
07:23
OK, I take a little capillary
with a drop of blood --
with a drop of blood --
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现在这滴血背后
隐藏着一个事情的答案，
隐藏着一个事情的答案，
07:27
now this drop of blood has answers,
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也就是我对它感兴趣的原因，
07:29
that's why I'm interested in it.
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07:31
It might actually tell me whether
I have malaria right now or not.
I have malaria right now or not.
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它可能会告诉我，
我现在是否患有疟疾。
我现在是否患有疟疾。
07:35
I take a little capillary,
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我拿出一个真空毛细管，
接着你能看到它开始采血了。
07:37
and you see it starts wicking in.
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07:39
I'm going to draw a little more blood.
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我还要多挤一点血出来。
07:44
And that's good enough for right now.
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好了，足够了。
07:47
Now, I just seal this capillary
by putting it in clay.
by putting it in clay.
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现在，我把这个采血管密封在粘土中。
07:55
And now that's sealed the sample.
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现在这个样本已经被密封了。
07:57
We're going to take the sample,
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我们要把这个样本
放入纸质离心机里。
07:59
mount it on Paperfuge.
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1964
08:09
A little piece of tape
to make a sealed cavity.
to make a sealed cavity.
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用一小块胶带做一个密封的腔。
08:12
So now the sample is completely enclosed.
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现在样本已经完全封闭了。
08:19
And we are ready for a spin.
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然后我们就准备好开始旋转了。
08:23
I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
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我要对它进行推拉的操作，
08:25
I'm going to load this up ...
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给它加点速度...
08:28
And you see the object starts spinning.
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然后你可以看到盘子开始旋转。
08:30
Unlike a regular centrifuge,
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跟普通离心机不同，
08:32
this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
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这是一个反向旋转的离心机。
它来来回回，反反复复...
08:36
It goes back and forth, back and forth ...
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08:39
And now I'm charging it up,
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现在我要给它更多的动力，
08:41
and you see it builds momentum.
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接着你就看到它积累了动量。
08:44
And now -- I don't know
if you can hear this --
if you can hear this --
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现在——我不知道你们是否能听到——
旋转30秒后，
08:46
30 seconds of this,
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08:48
and I should be able to separate
all the blood cells with the plasma.
all the blood cells with the plasma.
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4325
我应该能够把所有的
血细胞和血浆分离，
血细胞和血浆分离，
08:53
And the ratio of those blood
cells to plasma --
cells to plasma --
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并且得知这些血细胞和血浆的比率——
08:56
(Applause)
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2014
（鼓掌）
09:00
Already, if you see right here,
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2335
现在，请集中注意力，
09:04
if you focus on this,
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把目光聚焦在这里，
09:05
you should be able to see
a separated volume
a separated volume
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你应该能看到互相分离的
09:09
of blood and plasma.
194
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血液与血浆。
这个比率会告诉我，
我是否可能有贫血症状。
我是否可能有贫血症状。
09:11
And the ratio of that actually tells me
whether I might be anemic.
whether I might be anemic.
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09:15
One the of aspects of this is,
we build many types of Paperfuges.
we build many types of Paperfuges.
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我们做了很多类型的纸质离心机。
09:19
This one allows us to identify
malaria parasites
malaria parasites
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这一种可以帮助我们识别疟原虫，
通过让它们运行更长时间，
09:23
by running them for a little longer,
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09:25
and we can identify malaria parasites
that are in the blood
that are in the blood
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我们可以识别血液中存在的疟原虫。
09:29
that we can separate out and detect
with something like a centrifuge.
with something like a centrifuge.
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557083
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这也正是普通离心机
分离和检测的结果。
分离和检测的结果。
另一种类型的纸质离心机，
可以帮我分离核酸，
可以帮我分离核酸，
09:32
Another version of this allows me
to separate nucleic acids
to separate nucleic acids
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从而能够在现场直接进行核酸测试。
09:37
to be able to do nucleic acid tests
out in the field itself.
out in the field itself.
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09:41
Here is another version that allows me
to separate bulk samples,
to separate bulk samples,
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还有一种类型，
它可以帮助我分离大量的样本，
它可以帮助我分离大量的样本，
09:45
and then, finally,
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那么最后，
我们最近一直在研究的，
09:47
something new that we've been working on
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2000
这么一个装置可以
实现整套的多元测试。
实现整套的多元测试。
09:49
to be able to implement the entire
multiplex test on an object like this.
multiplex test on an object like this.
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4795
也就是说你可以在同一个
装置上准备样品和观察化学反应。
装置上准备样品和观察化学反应。
09:54
So where you do the sample preparation
and the chemistry in the same object.
and the chemistry in the same object.
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4337
09:59
Now ...
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1286
现在...
这些看起来都不错，
10:00
this is all good,
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但是当你开始思考这个问题的时候，
10:02
but when you start thinking about this,
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1907
你必须与别人分享这些工具。
10:04
you have to share these tools with people.
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我们做过的一件事是——
我们刚从马达加斯加回来，
我们刚从马达加斯加回来，
10:06
And one of the things we did is --
we just got back from Madagascar;
we just got back from Madagascar;
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这就是那里的
疟疾临床试验的样子——
疟疾临床试验的样子——
10:09
this is what clinical trials
for malaria look like --
for malaria look like --
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（笑声）
你可以一边喝咖啡一边工作。
10:12
(Laughter)
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1003
10:13
You can do this while having coffee.
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2357
但最重要的是，
10:15
But most importantly,
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1873
这是一个不论从哪条路过去
都要走六个小时的村庄。
都要走六个小时的村庄。
10:17
this is a village six hours from any road.
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4062
10:22
We are in a room with one of the senior
members of the community
members of the community
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610036
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我们和社区里的一些年长者，
还有一名医疗保健工作者
还有一名医疗保健工作者
待在同一间屋子里。
10:26
and a health care worker.
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1513
这份工作最让我兴奋的地方——
10:28
It really is this portion of the work
that excites me the most --
that excites me the most --
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3497
就是那些使用者的笑容，
10:31
that smile,
221
619681
1158
同时，我们能够与世界各地的
人们分享构造简单，但功能强大的工具。
人们分享构造简单，但功能强大的工具。
10:32
to be able to share simple but powerful
tools with people around the world.
tools with people around the world.
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3874
对了，忘记告诉你们了，
10:37
Now, I forgot to tell you this,
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625479
2302
这么一个工具的制作成本
只需要20美分。
只需要20美分。
10:39
that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
224
627805
2403
10:43
OK, in the negative time I have left,
225
631510
2882
好的，时间差不多了，
我来告诉你们我们实验室里——
10:46
I'll tell you about the most recent --
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2066
（笑声）
10:48
(Laughter)
227
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1120
最新的发明。
10:49
invention from our lab.
228
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1870
它叫做嗡鸣（Abuzz）—
10:51
It's called Abuzz --
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639544
1353
10:53
the idea that all of you
could help us fight mosquitoes;
could help us fight mosquitoes;
230
641618
4134
是一种大家都可以帮助
我们对抗蚊子的想法；
我们对抗蚊子的想法；
你们都可以帮助我们追踪敌人。
10:57
you could all help us track our enemies.
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2267
这些蚊子是敌人，因为它们会传播
疟疾、寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅病、登革热。
疟疾、寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅病、登革热。
11:00
These are enemies because they cause
malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.
malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.
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而我们所面临的挑战是，
我们根本找不到这些敌人在哪里。
我们根本找不到这些敌人在哪里。
11:04
But the challenge is that we actually
don't know where our enemies are.
don't know where our enemies are.
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4784
世界地图上可没有标记蚊子的地方。
11:08
The world map for where
mosquitoes are is missing.
mosquitoes are is missing.
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2979
11:12
So we started thinking about this.
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1743
所以我们开始思考这个问题。
目前一共有3500种蚊子，
11:14
There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,
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2035
并且它们都非常相似。
11:16
and they're all very similar.
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664129
1403
有些种类的相似程度，
11:17
Some of them are so identical
238
665556
1439
昆虫学家借助
显微镜也无法识别它们。
显微镜也无法识别它们。
11:19
that even an entomologist cannot
identify them under a microscope.
identify them under a microscope.
239
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3388
11:23
But they have an Achilles' heel.
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671096
1785
但是他们有一个致命的弱点。
这是蚊子互相调情的样子。
11:24
This is what mosquitoes flirting
with each other looks like.
with each other looks like.
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672905
3200
11:28
That's a male chasing a female.
242
676129
2229
那是一只雄性在追逐雌性。
它们实际上是用它们的
翼拍频率在相互交谈。
翼拍频率在相互交谈。
11:30
They're actually talking to each other
with their wingbeat frequencies.
with their wingbeat frequencies.
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678382
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(嗡嗡的声音)
11:34
(Buzzing sound)
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1040
因此，他们有一个特征信号。
11:35
And thus, they have a signature.
245
683291
2357
11:38
We realized that using a regular phone,
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686652
3364
我们借助一个普通的手机
发现了这一点，
发现了这一点，
一个价值5-10美元的翻盖手机——
11:42
a $5-10 flip phone --
247
690040
2541
有多少人还记得这东西是什么吗？
11:44
how many remember what this object is?
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2102
（笑声）
11:46
(Laughter)
249
694731
1060
我们可以从蚊子的信号中
记录这些声音特征。
记录这些声音特征。
11:47
We can record these acoustic
signatures from mosquitoes.
signatures from mosquitoes.
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695815
4161
我来告诉你是怎么做到的。
11:52
I'll tell you exactly how to do this.
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700000
1936
我在外面发现了一些蚊子。
11:53
I caught some mosquitoes outside.
252
701960
1691
不像比尔（盖茨），我不会放了它们。
11:55
Unlike Bill [Gates], I'm not
going to release them.
going to release them.
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703675
2388
（笑声）
11:58
(Laughter)
254
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1040
但我会告诉你如何对它们做记录。
11:59
But I will tell you how
to record from this.
to record from this.
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707151
2575
你只需要轻敲它们，
它们就会飞起来。
它们就会飞起来。
12:01
All you do is tap them and they fly.
256
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2442
你可以先测试一下——
12:04
You can first test --
257
712216
1341
我确实能听到它们的嗡嗡声。
12:05
I can actually hear that.
258
713581
1752
然后你用手机上的麦克风——
12:07
And you bring your phone,
which has microphones --
which has microphones --
259
715357
2454
12:09
it turns out the mics
are so damn good already,
are so damn good already,
260
717835
2366
事实上，即使是普通的手机，
它的麦克风也已经很好了，
12:12
even on regular phones,
261
720225
1240
你可以收到这个近场的信号。
12:13
that you can pick up
this near-field signature.
this near-field signature.
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2433
考虑到我的演讲时间快到了，
12:15
And since I'm out of time,
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723946
2138
我就播放一段昨天录制的录音吧。
12:18
let me just play the recording
that I made a day ago.
that I made a day ago.
264
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3692
(蚊子的嗡嗡声)
12:21
(Mosquitoes buzz)
265
729824
2540
这就是你们之前听到的迷人的，
12:24
This is all the charming sound
that you heard before
that you heard before
266
732388
2928
让人欲罢不能的声音。
12:27
that you all love.
267
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1184
12:30
One of the contexts of this
268
738786
1421
介绍一点背景知识，
我们可以用普通的手机来
12:32
is that being able to do this
with a regular cell phone
with a regular cell phone
269
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3214
帮助绘制蚊子种类的地图。
12:35
allows us to map mosquito species.
270
743469
3160
12:39
Using a flip phone,
271
747657
1692
我们也能用一个翻盖手机
来绘制世界上最大的
声学数据库之一，
声学数据库之一，
12:41
we mapped one of the largest
acoustic databases
acoustic databases
272
749373
2978
这些声音来自于20-25种携带
人类病原体的蚊子。
人类病原体的蚊子。
12:44
with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes
that carry human pathogens.
that carry human pathogens.
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5228
利用这些数据，加上机器学习，
12:49
And from this and machine learning,
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1679
任何人上传了声音数据，
12:51
anybody who uploads this data,
275
759330
1784
我们就能识别并大致判断
12:53
we can identify and tell the probability
276
761138
1988
你所提供的蚊子种类。
12:55
of what species of mosquitoes
you're actually working with.
you're actually working with.
277
763150
2834
我们称这是嗡鸣(Abuzz)，
如果你们想要报名参与的话，
如果你们想要报名参与的话，
12:58
We call this Abuzz,
and if any of you want to sign up,
and if any of you want to sign up,
278
766008
2815
只要去这个网站就可以了。
13:00
just go to the website.
279
768847
1218
13:02
Let me close with something
280
770523
1642
现在让我用我心目中很重要，
很珍爱的东西来结束这场演讲。
13:04
that's very important
and dear to my heart.
and dear to my heart.
281
772189
2301
13:07
One of the challenges of today
is we have terrible problems.
is we have terrible problems.
282
775504
3947
当今我们所面临的挑战之一，
就是我们遭遇着一些可怕的状况。
就是我们遭遇着一些可怕的状况。
我们有10亿人完全没有医疗服务，
13:11
We have a billion people
with absolutely no health care,
with absolutely no health care,
283
779475
2898
气候变化，生物多样性丧失，
13:14
climate change, biodiversity loss,
284
782397
2125
13:16
on and on and on.
285
784546
1185
还有很多很多的问题。
13:18
And we hope that science
is going to provide the answer.
is going to provide the answer.
286
786226
2950
我们希望科学能够
为这些问题提供答案。
为这些问题提供答案。
13:21
But before you leave this theatre today,
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789590
2148
但是在你离开这个会场之前，
我希望你们能答应我一件事。
13:23
I want you to promise one thing.
288
791762
1754
13:25
We're going to make science accessible --
289
793925
2378
我们将合力使科学变得平易近人——
13:29
not just to the people who can afford it,
290
797066
2139
不仅仅是那些能够负担得起的人，
还有那十亿负担不起的人。
13:31
but a billion others who can't.
291
799229
1882
13:33
Let's make science and scientific
literacy a human right.
literacy a human right.
292
801761
4016
让我们把科学和科学素养
作为人类的权利。
作为人类的权利。
13:39
The moment that you pass the tingling
feeling of making a discovery
feeling of making a discovery
293
807564
4675
当你将发现新事物带来的刺激感
传递给另一个孩子时，
13:44
to another child,
294
812263
1511
13:46
you're enabling them to be
the next group of people
the next group of people
295
814443
3792
你可能会让他们成为下一代
能够真正解决这些问题的人。
13:50
who will actually solve these problems.
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谢谢。
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Thank you.
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（掌声）
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventorTED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health.
Why you should listen
An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu Prakash is a physicist working at the molecular scale to try and understand no less than how the world really works. As he told BusinessWeek in 2010, he is humbled and inspired by nature’s own solutions to the world's biggest problems. "I build and design tools to uncover how and why biological systems so often outsmart us. I believe one day we will be able to understand the physical design principles of life on Earth, leading to a new way to look at the world we live in."
Born in Meerut, India, Prakash earned a BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States. He did his master’s and PhD in applied physics at MIT before founding the Prakash Lab at Stanford.
Prakash's ultra-low-cost, "print-and-fold" paper microscope won a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundaton in 2012.
Manu Prakash | Speaker | TED.com