TEDGlobal 2010
Ethan Zuckerman: Listening to global voices
伊凡·佐克曼：聆听全球之声
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互联网确实是联系了全球，但是我们大多数人最后还只是在关注我们身边的故事，伊凡·佐克曼（Ethan Zuckerman）希望我们可以共同去聆听世界的故事。他提到了如何通过简单的方式关注到世界其他地方的声音，即使你不懂那里的语言。
Ethan Zuckerman - Blogger, digital visionary
Ethan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms. Full bio
Ethan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm an American, which means, generally,
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我是美国人
00:18
I ignore football unless it involves
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所以我通常不看足球
00:20
guys my size or Bruno's size
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除非有像我这个块头的人
00:22
running into each other at extremely high speeds.
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在场上高速跑动，并时不时的撞在一起。
00:25
That said, it's been really hard
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虽说如此，但是
00:27
to ignore football
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过去几周
00:29
for the last couple of weeks.
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你要想不关注足球都很难。
00:31
I go onto Twitter, there are all these strange words that I've never heard before:
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一上twitter，我就看到各种各样从未听过的奇怪的名词
00:34
FIFA, vuvuzela,
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FIFA, vuvuzela,
00:36
weird jokes about octopi.
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还有关于 octopi 的古怪笑话
00:38
But the one that's really been sort of stressing me out,
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而其中最让我摸不着头脑的
00:40
that I haven't been able to figure out,
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至今没搞明白的
00:42
is this phrase "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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就是"Cala a boca, Galvao."这句话
00:44
If you've gone onto Twitter in the last couple of weeks,
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假如过去几周你曾上过twitter的话
00:46
you've probably seen this.
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应该都看过这句话
00:48
It's been a major trending topic.
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因为它已经成了一个热门话题了
00:50
Being a monolingual American, I obviously don't know what the phrase means.
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作为只懂一门语言的美国人，我显然不知道这话是什么意思
00:53
So I went onto Twitter,
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于是我就来到twitter
00:55
and I asked some people if they could explain to me "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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我问是否有人能告诉我这是啥意思
00:58
And fortunately, my Brazilian friends
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幸运的是，我的巴西朋友们
01:00
were more than ready to help.
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非常乐意帮忙
01:02
They explained that the Galvao bird
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他们告诉我说，Galvao 是
01:05
is a rare and endangered parrot
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一种罕见并且濒临灭绝的鹦鹉
01:07
that's in terrible, terrible danger.
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并且是少的不行、马上就要灭绝的那种
01:09
In fact, I'll let them tell you a bit more about it.
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我还是让他们来说吧
01:11
Narrator: A word about Galvao, a very rare kind of bird
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下面我跟大家讲Galvao的故事
01:14
native to Brazil.
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它是巴西原产的一种非常珍稀的鸟类
01:16
Every year, more than 300,000 Galvao birds
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每一年嘉年华游行的时候
01:19
are killed during Carnival parades.
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都会有30万只Galvao鸟被残害
01:21
Ethan Zuckerman: Obviously, this is a tragic situation,
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这很显然是一桩悲剧
01:23
and it actually gets worse.
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并且情况正变得更糟
01:25
It turns out that, not only is the Galvao parrot
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这种鸟不但非常漂亮
01:27
very attractive, useful for headdresses,
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羽毛可以用来做头饰
01:30
it evidently has certain hallucinogenic properties,
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并且它还能用来做迷幻药。
01:33
which means that there's a terrible problem
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这就是说一旦落到坏人手中，
01:35
with Galvao abuse.
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Galvan就可能被滥用。
01:37
Some sick and twisted people have found themselves snorting Galvao.
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有些病态心理的人还拿Galvao的毛放在鼻子上弄响当口哨。
01:40
And it's terribly endangered.
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这种鸟的处境非常严峻
01:42
The good news about this is that the global community --
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好消息是
01:44
again, my Brazilian friends tell me --
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——这也是我的巴西朋友告诉我的
01:46
is pitching in to help out.
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全球的人都伸出援手来帮助这种鸟
01:48
It turns out that Lady Gaga
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包括Lady Gaga
01:50
has released a new single --
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也出版了新的单曲
01:52
actually five or six new singles, as near as I can tell --
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事实上应该是有五六个单曲，我能记得的有这么多
01:55
titled "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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标题都是"Cala a boca, Galvao."
01:57
And my Brazilian friends tell me that
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我的巴西朋友就告诉我说
01:59
if I just tweet the phrase "Cala a boca, Galvao,"
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只要我在twitter上推"Cala a boca, Galvao,"这几个词
02:01
10 cents will be given
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就会有10美分会被捐助到一个
02:03
to a global campaign
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拯救濒危鸟类Galvao的
02:05
to save this rare and beautiful bird.
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全球行动中
02:08
Now, most of you have figured out that this was a prank,
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现在你们大概可以猜得到这是一个笑话
02:10
and actually a very, very good one.
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不过它又是一个非常好的笑话
02:12
"Cala a boca, Galvao" actually means something very different.
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实际上，"Cala a boca, Galvao"有其他非常不一样的含义
02:14
In Portugese, it means "Shut your mouth, Galvao."
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在葡萄牙语里，它的意思是：“闭上你的嘴”
02:17
And it specifically refers to this guy, Galvao Bueno,
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并且它是专指这位叫 Galvao Brueno 的先生
02:20
who's the lead soccer commentator
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他是Rede Globo 的
02:22
for Rede Globo.
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首席足球评论员
02:24
And what I understand from my Brazilian friends
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我从巴西朋友那里听到的是
02:26
is that this guy is just a cliche machine.
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这家伙只会讲陈词滥调
02:29
He can ruin the most interesting match
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他一张嘴就会使最精彩的比赛
02:32
by just spouting cliche again and again and again.
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变得淡然无味
02:34
So Brazilians went to that first match
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在巴西对朝鲜的第一场比赛时
02:36
against North Korea,
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球迷们举起了这个横幅
02:38
put up this banner, started a Twitter campaign
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并且在Twitter上发起一个运动
02:40
and tried to convince the rest of us
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尝试说服其他人
02:42
to tweet the phrase: "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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转发这句话
02:44
And in fact, were so successful at this
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他们的行为影响范围 甚大
02:47
that it topped Twitter for two weeks.
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还连续两周占据了Twitter潮流榜榜首
02:49
Now there's a couple --
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从这个故事中
02:51
there's a couple of lessons that you can take from this.
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我们可以学到几样东西
02:54
And the first lesson, which I think is a worthwhile one,
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第一个是
02:57
is that you cannot go wrong
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让人们在网上参与一些事情
02:59
asking people to be active online,
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是不会有错的
03:01
so long as activism just means retweeting a phrase.
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只要这样的参与只是转发一句话而已
03:04
So as long as activism is that simple,
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假如行动就那么简单
03:06
it's pretty easy to get away with.
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那是很容易处理的
03:08
The other thing you can take from this, by the way,
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另外一个你可以从此事了解到的事实
03:10
is that there are a lot of Brazilians on Twitter.
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就是很多巴西人在使用Twitter
03:13
There's more than five million of them.
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估计有超过500万的巴西人在用
03:15
As far as national representation,
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就看这个图表分析吧
03:17
11 percent of Brazilian internet users are on Twitter.
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有11%的巴西网民使用Twitter
03:20
That's a much higher number than in the U.S. or U.K.
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这比英国或美国的使用比例还高
03:23
Next to Japan,
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仅次于日本
03:25
it's the second most represented by population.
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巴西也是Twitter使用人数第二多的国家
03:28
Now if you're using Twitter or other social networks,
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假如你在使用Twitter或其他社交网站
03:30
and you didn't realize
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但是你没有意识到
03:32
this was a space with a lot of Brazilians in it,
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那里有很多的巴西人
03:34
you're like most of us.
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那你跟我们大多数人一样
03:36
Because what happens on a social network
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因为在社交网站上
03:38
is you interact with the people
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你会跟别人打交道
03:40
that you have chosen to interact with.
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这些人都是你自己选择的
03:42
And if you are like me, a big, geeky, white, American guy,
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假如你像我一样，是个大块头、热爱技术的美国白人
03:45
you tend to interact with a lot of other geeky, white, American guys.
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你应当还是会跟那些长得很胖并且也比较喜欢技术的白种美国人打交道
03:48
And you don't necessarily have the sense
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甚至不知道，原来有那么多巴西人
03:50
that Twitter is in fact a very heavily Brazilian space.
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活跃在Twitter上
03:52
It's also extremely surprising to many Americans,
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另一个让很多美国人想不到的事实是
03:55
a heavily African-American space.
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Twitter上面也有很多美国黑人
03:58
Twitter recently did some research.
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Twitter最近做了一项研究
04:00
They looked at their local population.
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对当地的Twitter用户进行了分析
04:02
They believe that 24 percent
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他们发现，24%的美国Twitter用户
04:04
of American Twitter users are African-American.
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都是非洲裔美国人
04:06
That's about twice as high as African-Americans
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这是非洲裔美国人占全国人口比例的
04:08
are represented in the population.
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两倍
04:10
And again, that was very shocking to many Twitter users,
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很多Twitter用户听到这个数字也许会下一跳
04:12
but it shouldn't be.
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但这本不该如此
04:14
And the reason it shouldn't be is that on any day
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事实上
04:16
you can go into Trending Topics.
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任何时候，你登录Twitter去看当天的热门话题
04:18
And you tend to find topics
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你会发现很多几乎就是
04:20
that are almost entirely African-American conversations.
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在非洲裔美国人中间发生的对话
04:24
This was a visualization done by Fernando Viegas
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这是 Fernando Viegas 和Martin Wattenberg
04:26
and Martin Wattenberg,
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画的一个图
04:28
two amazing visualization designers,
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他们两位都是非常杰出的视觉设计师
04:30
who looked at
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他们研究了
04:32
a weekend's worth of Twitter traffic
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一个周末的Twitter服务器的流量
04:34
and essentially found that a lot of these trending topics
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发现很多的热门话题都
04:36
were basically segregated conversations --
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呈现种族隔离趋势
04:39
and in ways that you wouldn't expect.
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而且是以你意想不到的方式出现
04:41
It turns out that oil spill is a mostly white conversation,
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例如漏油事故基本都是在白人的圈子里讨论
04:44
that cookout
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而露天烧烤
04:46
is a mostly black conversation.
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则基本是黑人圈子的话题
04:48
And what's crazy about this is that
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最为疯狂的是
04:50
if you wanted to mix up who you were seeing on Twitter,
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假如你想在Twitter上看到不一样的人
04:53
it's literally a quick click away.
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用鼠标点几下就行了
04:56
You click on that cookout tag, there an entirely different conversation
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点一下“露天烧烤”这个标签，马上就能看到很不一样的对话
04:58
with different people participating in it.
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参与的人跟你自己很不一样
05:01
But generally speaking, most of us don't.
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但一般来说，我们这里大多数人不会那么做
05:03
We end up within these filter bubbles, as my friend Eli Pariser calls them,
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我们通常把自己关在一个过滤气泡里，这是我的朋友 Eli Pariser 的说法
05:06
where we see the people we already know
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看到的只是一些我们已经认识的朋友
05:08
and the people who are similar to the people we already know.
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以及一些跟我们已经认识的朋友很相似的人
05:11
And we tend not to see that wider picture.
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我们看不到一个更大的世界
05:14
Now for me, I'm surprised by this,
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我却对此感到非常的惊讶
05:17
because this wasn't how the internet was supposed to be.
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因为互联网的初衷并不是这样
05:20
If you go back into the early days of the internet,
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假如我们回到早期的互联网
05:22
when cyber-utopians like Nick Negroponte
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当尼哥罗庞蒂那样的先知们
05:25
were writing big books like "Being Digital,"
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写《数字化生存》那样的书的时候
05:27
the prediction was that the internet
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他们的预言是
05:29
was going to be an incredibly powerful force
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互联网会成为一种强大的力量
05:31
to smooth out cultural differences,
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会将文化间的差异抹平
05:34
to put us all on a common field of one fashion or another.
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让我们所有人过上同样的生活
05:37
Negroponte started his book with a story
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尼哥罗庞蒂的这本书是以一个故事开始的
05:40
about how hard it is to build connections
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他提到在原子世界里
05:42
in the world of atoms.
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建立彼此关系很困难
05:44
He's at a technology conference in Florida.
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他参加在佛罗里达的一个科技会议的时候
05:46
And he's looking at something really, truly absurd,
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他看到了桌面有一瓶Evian水
05:49
which is bottles of Evian water on the table.
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那是相当古怪的事情
05:52
And Negroponte says this is crazy.
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尼哥罗庞蒂说，这是疯狂的
05:54
This is the old economy.
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这是旧经济的做法
05:56
It's the economy of moving these
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那是将东西搬来搬去的经济
05:58
heavy, slow atoms over long distances that's very difficult to do.
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要把很沉的原子以很慢的速度搬到很远的地方，这太困难了
06:01
We're heading to the future of bits,
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我们的未来是比特的世界
06:03
where everything is speedy, it's weightless.
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那个世界是所有东西都非常迅速，也几乎没有重量
06:05
It can be anywhere in the world at any time.
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任意时刻，比特都可以在世界的任何一个地方
06:07
And it's going to change the world as we know it.
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这将改变整个世界
06:10
Now, Negroponte has been right about a lot of things.
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尼哥罗庞蒂确实说对了很多东西
06:12
He's totally wrong about this one.
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但在这一点上，他却完全错了
06:14
It turns out that in many cases
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事实上，在很多时候
06:16
atoms are much more mobile than bits.
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原子要比比特更具移动性
06:19
If I walk into a store in the United States,
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比方说我去到美国任意一家商店
06:21
it's very, very easy for me to buy water
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很容易可以买到
06:24
that's bottled in Fiji,
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来自斐济的纯净水
06:26
shipped at great expense to the United States.
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虽然那要花费高昂的运费
06:28
It's actually surprisingly hard
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但如果我想看一部斐济的故事片
06:31
for me to see a Fijian feature film.
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却是极其困难的一件事
06:33
It's really difficult for me to listen to Fijian music.
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也很难听到斐济音乐
06:36
It's extremely difficult for me to get Fijian news,
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我也很难获取关于斐济的新闻
06:39
which is strange, because actually there's an enormous amount going on in Fiji.
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这本身很奇怪，因为斐济有很多事情在发生
06:42
There's a coup government. There's a military government.
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那里发生了政变，出现了军政府
06:44
There's crackdowns on the press.
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该国的新闻出版也遭到了钳制
06:46
It's actually a place that we probably should
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那也许正是我们此刻
06:48
be paying attention to at the moment.
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该关注的地方
06:50
Here's what I think is going on.
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我认为其实是这么一回事
06:52
I think that we tend to look a lot
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我们以往
06:54
at the infrastructure
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特别关注全球化的
06:56
of globalization.
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一些基础设施建设
06:58
We look at the framework that makes it possible
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我们关注有哪些技术构架
07:00
to live in this connected world.
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使得全球化成为可能
07:02
And that's a framework that includes things like airline routes.
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这些构架就包括国际航空线
07:05
It includes things like the Internet cables.
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包括互联网电缆
07:07
We look at a map like this one,
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假如我们看看这一幅地图
07:09
and it looks like the entire world is flat
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似乎整个地球都是平的
07:12
because everything is a hop or two away.
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因为从A到B通常可以直飞或转机就到
07:14
You can get on a flight in London,
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在伦敦上飞机
07:16
you can end up in Bangalore later today.
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当天就可以到达班加罗尔了
07:18
Two hops, you're in Suva, the capitol of Fiji.
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假如转一次机，你就能到达斐济首都苏瓦
07:20
It's all right there.
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这本身非常棒
07:22
When you start looking at what actually
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但假如你仔细观察在这些线路上
07:24
flows on top of these networks,
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流动的是什么
07:26
you get a very different picture.
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你看到的将会是很不一样的图景
07:28
You start looking at how
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仔细观察国际航班的
07:30
the global plane flights move,
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踪迹
07:32
and you suddenly discover that the world isn't even close to flat.
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你会发现这个世界甚至远远讲不上是平的呢
07:34
It's extremely lumpy.
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这个世界相当的起伏不平
07:36
There are parts of the world that are very, very well connected.
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有些地方之间连接的很好
07:38
There's basically a giant pathway in the sky
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比如伦敦和纽约之间就有
07:40
between London and New York.
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非常庞大的空中交通往来
07:42
but look at this map, and you can watch this
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但你看这个地图
07:44
for, you know, two or three minutes.
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看上三两分钟
07:46
You won't see very many planes
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你会发现
07:48
go from South America to Africa.
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从南美到非洲就几乎没什么空中往来了
07:50
And you'll discover that there are parts of the globe
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还有一些地区是
07:52
that are systematically cut off.
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被系统性的割裂开了
07:54
When we stop looking at the infrastructure that makes connection possible,
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当我们把注意力从基础设施转向人
07:57
and we look at what actually happens,
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去观察一些发生在现实中的事情
08:00
we start realizing that the world doesn't work quite the same way
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我们会发现，这个世界并不是
08:02
that we think it does.
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像我们所想象那样运转的
08:04
So here's the problem that I've been interested in
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这就是我最近十年
08:06
in the last decade or so.
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在关心的一个事情
08:09
The world is, in fact, getting more global.
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这个世界正变得越来越全球化
08:11
It's getting more connected.
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彼此之间联系越来越紧密
08:13
More of problems are global in scale.
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更多的问题开始变得全球化
08:15
More of our economics is global in scale.
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经济活动也日益全球化
08:17
And our media is less global by the day.
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但是我们的媒体却走得离全球化越来越远
08:20
If you watched a television broadcast in the United States in the 1970s,
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假如你在70年代的时候
08:23
35 to 40 percent of it would have been international news
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看任一美国晚间电视新闻
08:26
on a nightly new broadcast.
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会发现有35%到40%的国际新闻内容
08:28
That's down to about 12 to 15 percent.
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现在只有12%到15%
08:31
And this tends to give us a very distorted view of the world.
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这带给我们的是一个不够真实的世界
08:34
Here's a slide that Alisa Miller showed at a previous TED Talk.
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这是一张Alisa Miller在之前的TED演讲中展示的图片
08:37
Alisa's the president of Public Radio International.
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Alisa是Public Radio全球的总裁
08:40
And she made a cartogram, which is basically a distorted map
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她做了一张统计图，实际上就是一张变了形的世界地图
08:43
based on what American
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是基于美国电视新闻
08:45
television news casts
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一个月内
08:47
looked at for a month.
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所关注的新闻发生地而绘制的
08:49
And you see that when you distort a map based on attention,
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你可以看到，当我们基于新闻关注点来勾画世界地图时
08:52
the world within American television news
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我们发现
08:54
is basically reduced to
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美国电视新闻所关注的
08:56
this giant bloated U.S.
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基本就是这个严重膨胀的美国
08:58
and a couple of other countries which we've invaded.
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以及其他几个曾被美国侵略过的国家
09:00
And that's basically what our media is about.
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这两者基本就是美国媒体关注的重心
09:03
And before you conclude that this is just a function of American TV news --
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也许你认为这仅仅是美国电视新闻的状况
09:06
which is dreadful, and I agree that it's dreadful --
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很糟糕的一种状况，我也承认这一事实
09:09
I've been mapping elite media like the New York Times,
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不过同时我也考察了一些精英媒体，如《纽约时报》
09:11
and I get the same thing.
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但是得出的是基本一致的结论
09:13
When you look at the New York Times, you look at other elite media,
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不管是纽约时报还是其他的精英媒体
09:15
what you largely get are pictures of very wealthy nations
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他们所报道的也基本是超级发达国家
09:18
and the nations we've invaded.
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以及被美国侵略的国家的新闻
09:20
It turns out that new media
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甚至是新媒体也
09:22
isn't necessarily helping us all that much.
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没有带来很大的改变
09:24
Here's a map made by Mark Graham
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这是马克·格雷汉姆制作的一副地图
09:26
who's down the street at the Oxford Internet Institute.
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他就在牛津大学互联网研究中心工作
09:28
A this is a map of articles in Wikipedia
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这幅地图显示的是在维基百科上
09:30
that have been geo-coded.
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标有地理信息标记的条目
09:32
And you'll notice that there's a very heavy bias
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你会发现
09:34
towards North America and Western Europe.
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北美和西欧受到的关注最多
09:37
Even within Wikipedias,
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即使这是在维基社区里面
09:39
where we're creating their own content online,
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这个社区的内容完全是他们自己创造的
09:41
there's a heavy bias towards the place where
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也会出现类似的情况
09:43
a lot of the Wikipedia authors are based,
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文章的内容很大程度上跟作者所在地有关
09:45
rather than to the rest of the world.
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而很少会关注世界其他地方
09:47
In the U.K., you can get up,
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我们现在在英国
09:49
you can pick up your computer when you get out of this session,
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这一节会议结束后你就可以回去拿自己的电脑
09:51
you could read a newspaper from India or from Australia,
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可以阅读到来自印度或澳洲
09:53
from Canada, God forbid from the U.S.
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或加拿大甚至是美国的新闻
09:56
You probably won't.
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但是我想你基本不会这么做
09:58
If you look at online media consumption --
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假如我们看网上的媒体访问情况
10:00
in this case, in the top 10 users of the internet --
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你会发现，互联网前十位的用户
10:03
more than 95 percent of the news readership
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超过95%的在线读者关心的都是
10:05
is on domestic news sites.
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国内新闻网站
10:07
It's one of these rare cases where the U.S. is actually slightly better than [the U.K.],
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这一点美国人做得比加拿大人稍好一点
10:10
because we actually like reading your media,
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因为我们喜欢阅读加拿大的媒体
10:12
rather than vice versa.
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而不是相反
10:14
So all of this starts leading me
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所有这一切使得我去想
10:16
to think that we're in a state that I refer to
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我们正处在一种
10:18
as imaginary cosmopolitanism.
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我称为”假想大都会“的状态
10:20
We look at the internet.
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我们都在阅读互联网
10:22
We think we're getting this wide view of the globe.
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我们以为我们已经可以看到全球图景了
10:25
We occasionally stumble onto a page in Chinese,
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我们偶尔会撞上一个中文的网页
10:27
and we decide that we do in fact have the greatest technology ever built
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这让我们觉得我们已经拥有了最好的技术
10:30
to connect us to the rest of the world.
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可以让我们很好的联系到世界其他角落
10:32
And we forget that most of the time
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但是我们忘记了
10:34
we're checking Boston Red Sox scores.
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我们大多数时候还只是在关注波士顿红袜子球队的战绩
10:37
So this is a real problem --
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这就是问题所在
10:39
not just because the Red Sox are having a bad year --
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不是说红袜子队今年确实成绩不好——
10:42
but it's a real problem because,
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而是说，我们遇到了严峻的问题
10:44
as we're discussing here at TED,
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我们在TED这里所讨论的一些问题
10:46
the real problems in the world
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都是世界性的问题
10:48
the interesting problems to solve
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是一些很有趣的问题
10:50
are global in scale and scope,
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它们都是具有全球影响的问题
10:52
they require global conversations
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需要全球参与对话
10:54
to get to global solutions.
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我们才能找到解决之道
10:56
This is a problem we have to solve.
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这就是我们需要解决的问题
10:58
So here's the good news.
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下面要带给大家一个好消息
11:00
For six years, I've been hanging out with these guys.
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过去6年，我跟这些人在一起
11:02
This is a group called Global Voices.
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他们都是“全球之声”的志愿者
11:04
This is a team of bloggers from around the world.
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他们都是来自全球的博客作者
11:06
Our mission was to fix the world's media.
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我们的使命就是要给世界的媒体解毒
11:09
We started in 2004.
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我们是2004年开始的
11:11
You might have noticed, we haven't done all that well so far.
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也许你也注意到了，我们做得还不是非常好
11:13
Nor do I think we are by ourselves,
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而且我也不认为单凭我们自身的力量
11:15
actually going to solve the problem.
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可以解决问题
11:17
But the more that I think about it, the more that I think
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但是当我对前面的问题想得更多时
11:19
that a few things that we have learned along the way
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我就发现，我们这几年所收获的一些经验
11:22
are interesting lessons for how we would rewire
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对于如何重新发掘网络的力量
11:25
if we we wanted to use the web to have a wider world.
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来实现更广的全球对话是有很好的启发的
11:28
The first thing you have to consider
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首先我们要考虑的是
11:30
is that there are parts of the world
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世界确实有些地方
11:32
that are dark spots in terms of attention.
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是没有人关注的死角
11:34
In this case -- the map of the world at night by NASA --
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这是美国航天航空署所拍摄的地球夜间图
11:37
they're dark literally because of lack of electricity.
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有些地方所以黑暗确实是因为那里没有电力
11:40
And I used to think that a dark spot on this map
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我以前认为这个地图上黑暗的地方
11:42
basically meant you're not going to get media from there
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都是不会受到媒体关注的地方
11:44
because there are more basic needs.
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因为那里有比受关注更基本的需求
11:46
What I'm starting to realize is that
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后来我慢慢意识到
11:48
you can get media, it's just an enormous amount of work,
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事实上要获得关注也并非不可能，只是需要非常大的投入
11:51
and you need an enormous amount of encouragement.
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以及大量的宣传
11:53
One of those dark spots is Madagascar,
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这个图上其中一个黑点是马达加斯加
11:55
a country which is generally better known for the Dreamworks film
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很多人知道那个地方是因为看了好莱坞电影
11:58
than it is actually known for
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而不是因为
12:00
the lovely people who live there.
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了解那里的风土人情
12:02
And so the people who founded
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不久前当地人组建了一个
12:04
Foko Club in Madagascar
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Foko 俱乐部
12:06
weren't actually concerned with trying to change the image of their country.
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他们本没有想到要改变马达加斯加国家形象的
12:09
They were doing something much simpler.
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他们做的是简单得多的 事情
12:11
It was a club to learn English
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因为那只是一个旨在学英语
12:13
and to learn computers and the internet.
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以及电脑和互联网的俱乐部
12:15
but what happened was that Madagascar
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非常巧合的是，当时马达加斯加
12:18
went through a violent coup.
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发生了暴力政变
12:20
Most independent media was shut down.
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大多数的独立媒体都被关闭
12:22
And the high school students
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而那些通过Foko俱乐部
12:24
who were learning to blog through Foko Club
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学会了写英文博客的高中生
12:26
suddenly found themselves talking to an international audience
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突然发现其实有很多的国际读者
12:28
about the demonstrations, the violence,
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在关心他们那里发生的抗议和暴力事件
12:30
everything that was going on within this country.
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还有其他各种动态
12:33
So a very, very small program
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于是原先一个很小的项目
12:35
designed to get people in front of computers,
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旨在帮助学员上网的项目
12:38
publishing their own thoughts, publishing independent media,
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在不经意间成为了一个独立媒体
12:41
ended up having a huge impact
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并且产生了巨大的影响
12:43
on what we know about this country.
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来帮助我们了解这个国度
12:45
Now the trick with this is that I'm guessing
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但我想这里大多数人
12:47
most people here don't speak Malagasy.
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应当是不会马达加斯加语的
12:50
I'm also guessing that most of you don't even speak Chinese --
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你们当中大多数人应当也不会中文
12:52
which is sort of sad if you think about it,
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但这是 一个可悲的事实
12:54
as it's now the most represented language on the internet.
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因为互联网上用得最多的是中文
12:56
Fortunately people are trying to figure out how to fix this.
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幸运的 是，人们正在开始寻找一些方式来解决这个问题
12:59
If you're using Google Chrome and you go to a Chinese language site,
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假如你用的是Chrome浏览器，并且你在阅读一个中文的网页
13:02
you notice this really cute box at the top,
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你会在页面的上方看到这样一个很可爱的方框
13:05
which automatically detects that the page is in Chinese
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浏览器会自动识别到这是中文网页
13:08
and very quickly at a mouse click
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你只需要点一下鼠标
13:10
will give you a translation of the page.
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就可以看到英文翻译
13:12
Unfortunately, it's a machine translation of the page.
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可是，这仅仅是机器翻译
13:15
And while Google is very, very good with some languages,
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虽然Google机器翻译在一些语言之间的转换做得很好
13:17
it's actually pretty dreadful with Chinese.
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但是在中英文的转换之间却很差
13:19
And the results can be pretty funny.
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于是你看到的翻译也许会很滑稽
13:21
What you really want -- what I really want,
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而我猜我们最希望看到的是
13:24
is eventually the ability to push a button
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可以找到一个按钮
13:26
and have this queued
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点一下
13:28
so a human being can translate this.
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马上会有人帮助我去翻译
13:30
And if you think this is absurd, it's not.
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也许你会认为这有点疯狂，事实不是
13:32
There's a group right now in China called Yeeyan.
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这是一群叫“译言”的家伙
13:35
And Yeeyan is a group
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它是一个
13:37
of 150,000 volunteers
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有15万志愿译者的
13:39
who get online every day.
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群体
13:41
They look for the most interesting content in the English language.
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他们会主动的去发现英文互联网的有趣的故事
13:44
They translate roughly 100 articles a day
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而后翻译成中文，每天的产出有100篇
13:47
from major newspapers, major websites.
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文章来源是主流报纸以及网站
13:49
They put it online for free.
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并且所有的翻译都是免费阅读的
13:51
It's the project of a guy named Zhang Lei,
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这个项目由张雷发起
13:53
who was living in the United States during the Lhasa riots
357
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在发生拉萨骚乱的时候，他正住在美国
13:56
and who couldn't believe how biased
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他不敢相信美国的媒体
13:58
American media coverage was.
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对于事件的报道是如此的片面
14:00
And he said, "If there's one thing I can do, I can start translating,
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于是他说：“假如我可以做点什么，那我就做点翻译吧
14:03
so that people between these countries
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让不同语言的人们可以
14:05
start understanding each other a little bit better."
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藉此更好的了解对方。”
14:07
And my question to you is:
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我要问大家：
14:09
if Yeeyan can line up 150,000 people
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假如译言可以征集到15万人
14:11
to translate the English internet into Chinese,
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把英文翻译成中文
14:13
where's the English language Yeeyan?
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那英文的译言又在哪里？
14:16
Who's going after Chinese,
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有谁在翻译中文互联网？
14:18
which now has 400 million internet users out there?
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要知道那里有4亿的用户啊！
14:21
My guess is at least one of them has something interesting to say.
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他们中间至少有一个人能说出些有趣的东西吧
14:24
So even if we can find a way to translate from Chinese,
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即使我们可以找到这样一种方法
14:27
there's no guarantee that we're going to find it.
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但我也不敢保证说我们一定可以找到
14:29
When we look for information online,
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我们在网上寻找信息的时候
14:31
we basically have two strategies.
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我们通常有两种策略
14:34
We use a lot of search.
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可以是搜索
14:36
And search is terrific if you know what you're looking for.
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假如你知道自己要寻找什么，搜索是很棒的
14:39
But if what you're looking for is serendipity,
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但假如你希望找到一些意外的”宝藏“
14:41
if you want to stumble onto something
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如果你想找到一些
14:43
that you didn't know you needed,
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你并不知道自己需要的东西
14:45
our main philosophy is to look to our social networks,
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我们大多数人的做法是到我们的社交网络友邻里
14:47
to look for our friends.
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去看友邻在关注什么
14:49
What are they looking at? Maybe we should be looking at it.
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他们关注的东西也许我们也感兴趣
14:52
The problem with this is that essentially
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但这种做法的问题是
14:54
what you end up getting after a while is the wisdom of the flock.
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你最终会跟随大众
14:56
You end up flocking with a lot of people
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你会不自觉的去跟随
14:58
who are probably similar to you,
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一群可能跟你特征很像的人
15:00
who have similar interests.
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向前走
15:02
And it's very, very hard to get information
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并且你很难从其他的群体
15:04
from the other flocks, from the other parts of the world
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或者从世界其他地方获得资讯
15:07
where people getting together and talking about their own interests.
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因为大家都只呆在各自的圈子里
15:10
To do this, at a certain point,
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要摆脱这一点，你就需要有人
15:12
you need someone to bump you out of your flock and into another flock.
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时不时跳出来把你拽到别的群体
15:15
You need a guide.
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你需要向导
15:17
So this is Amira Al Hussaini. She is the Middle East editor for Global Voices.
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这个女人是阿米拉·阿依·胡赛妮，她是全球之声的中东地区编辑
15:20
She has one of the hardest jobs in the world.
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她的工作也许是全球最困难的工作之一
15:22
Not only does she have to keep our Israeli and Palestinian contributors
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她不但要防止我们的以色列作者和巴勒斯坦作者
15:24
from killing each other,
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相互残杀
15:26
she has to figure out
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还要去想组织怎样的内容
15:28
what is going to interest you
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才会让你对中东
15:30
about the Middle East.
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感兴趣
15:32
And in that sense of trying to get you
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也就是说要让你走出
15:34
out of your normal orbit,
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日常的轨道
15:36
and to try to get you to pay attention
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并且将注意力放到
15:38
to a story about someone who's
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一个在斋月期间
15:40
given up smoking for the month of Ramadan,
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成功戒烟的故事
15:42
she has to know something about a global audience.
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她需要对全球读者有所了解
15:45
She has to know something about what stories are available.
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也需要知道本地有些什么新闻
15:47
Basically, she's a deejay.
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我们可以把她的角色看成是一个DJ
15:49
She's a skilled human curator
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她是一个很好的人肉编辑
15:51
who knows what material is available to her,
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知道她手上有什么资讯
15:53
who's able to listen to the audience,
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能够倾听读者需要什么
15:55
and who's able to make a selection
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也可以基于此而做出决定
15:57
and push people forward in one fashion or another.
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让读者去关注某方面的信息
15:59
I don't think this is necessarily an algorithmic process.
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我相信这样的事情由机器来做并不一定是最好的
16:02
I think what's great about the internet
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我认为互联网最棒的一点是
16:04
is that it actually makes it much easier
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她可以帮助DJ寻找到
16:06
for deejays to reach a wider audience.
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更广的观众群
16:08
I know Amira.
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我认识阿米拉
16:10
I can ask her what to read.
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我可以问她我该读什么
16:12
But with the internet, she's in a position where she can
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但有了互联网，她可以告诉很多人
16:14
tell a lot of people what to read.
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她们可以阅读什么
16:16
And you can listen to her as well,
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并且你也可以找到她的推荐
16:18
if this is a way that you're interested in having your web widened.
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假如你对中东感兴趣的话
16:21
So once you start widening like this,
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一旦你开始这样去扩大自己的视野
16:23
once you start lighting up voices in the dark spots,
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去关注那些黑暗的地区
16:25
once you start translating, once you start curating,
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一旦你开始了翻译和编辑的过程
16:28
you end up in some really weird places.
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你就很容易会去到一些很奇怪的地方
16:31
This is an image from pretty much my favorite blog,
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这是一张来自我很喜欢的一个博客的照片
16:33
which is AfriGadget.
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这个博客叫 AfriGadget
16:35
And AfriGadget is a blog that looks
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它是专门关注非洲技术圈的
16:37
at technology in an Africa context.
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群体博客
16:39
And specifically, it's looking at a blacksmith
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而这个照片就是
16:42
in Kibera in Nairobi,
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在内罗毕的一个铁匠
16:44
who is turning the shaft of a Landrover
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他正在把一辆Landrover越野车的车轴
16:46
into a cold chisel.
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改造成一个凿子
16:48
And when you look at this image, you might find yourself going,
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也许你会问
16:50
"Why would I conceivably care about this?"
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为什么我要关心这样的事情啊？
16:53
And the truth is, this guy can probably explain this to you.
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这个家伙也许可以给你解释
16:55
This is Erik Hersman. You guys may have seen him around the conference.
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他叫Erik Hersman, 也许你在会场上见过他了
16:58
He goes by the moniker White African.
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他的网名是 White African
17:00
He's both a very well known American geek,
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他既有美国式的极客风格
17:03
but he's also Kenyan; he was born in Sudan, grew up in Kenya.
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同时又是一个肯尼亚人，生于苏丹而长于肯尼亚
17:06
He is a bridge figure.
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他充当了一座桥的角色
17:09
He is someone who literally has feet in both worlds --
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他可以同时看到两个世界
17:11
one in the world of the African technology community,
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一个是非洲的技术社区
17:14
one in the world of the American technology community.
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另一个是美国的技术社区
17:16
And so he's able to tell a story
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所以他可以知道
17:19
about this blacksmith in Kibera
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这个内罗毕的铁匠的故事
17:21
and turn it into a story about repurposing technology,
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并且将这个变废为宝的故事写出来
17:24
about innovating from constraint,
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这个故事也体现了“局限出创新”的观点
17:26
about looking for inspiration based on reusing materials.
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让我们看到了废物利用的许多可能
17:29
He knows one world,
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他看到了一个世界发生的故事
17:31
and he's finding a way to communicate it to another world,
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并且寻找一种方式将其传递到另外一个世界
17:34
both of which he has deep connections to.
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并且他可以在两个世界之间轻松穿行
17:37
These bridge figures, I'm pretty well convinced,
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我坚信，这样的桥梁人物
17:40
are the future of how we try to make the world wider
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正是未来我们通过互联网
17:42
through using the web.
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实现让世界变得更好的寄托
17:44
But the trick with bridges is, ultimately,
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但是桥梁的意义在于：最终
17:46
you need someone to cross them.
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你需要人们从这些桥梁上走过去
17:48
And that's where we start talking about xenophiles.
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这时我们就不得不谈起“异国癖”
17:50
So if I found myself in the NFL,
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假如我是国家橄榄球联盟队员
17:53
I suspect I would spend my off-season
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在没有比赛的季节里
17:55
nursing my wounds, enjoying my house, so on and so forth --
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也许 我会养伤、在家休整或其他
17:58
possibly recording a hip-hop album.
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甚至是录制一张嘻哈唱片
18:00
Dhani Jones,
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但是辛辛那提队的中线卫
18:02
who is the middle linebacker for the Cincinnati Bengals,
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达尼·琼斯
18:05
has a slightly different approach to the off-season.
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却有独特的方法度过他的休赛期
18:08
Dhani has a television show.
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他还拍了一个电视节目
18:10
It's called "Dhani Tackles the Globe."
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叫“达尼·琼斯走世界”
18:12
And every week on this television show,
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每一周
18:14
Dhani travels to a different nation of the world.
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达尼·琼斯都会去到一个不同的地方
18:17
He finds a local sporting team.
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找到当地的球队
18:19
He trains with them for a week, and he plays a match with them.
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跟他们一起训练，而后一起比赛
18:22
And his reason for this
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之所以这么做
18:24
is not just that he wants to master Muay Thai boxing.
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不是因为他要学会泰拳
18:27
It's because, for him,
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而是因为对他而言
18:29
sport is the language
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运动就是一种语言
18:31
that allows him to encounter
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使得他可以通过运动
18:33
the full width and wonder of the world.
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来认知这个世界的多元和奇妙
18:36
For some of us it might be music. For some of us it might be food.
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对于我们有些人可能这个语言是音乐或食物
18:38
For a lot of us it might be literature or writing.
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或文学或创作
18:41
But there are all these different techniques
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但可以肯定的是
18:43
that allow you to go out and look at the world
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有一些很简单的工具可以帮助我们探出头去看到世界的其他地方
18:46
and find your place within it.
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并且找到你的位置
18:48
The goal of my Talk here
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我的演讲的目的不是
18:50
is not to persuade the people in this room
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要鼓励这个屋子里的人
18:52
to embrace your xenophilia.
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去喜欢异国文化
18:54
My guess -- given that you're at a conference called TEDGlobal --
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因为这是 TEDGlobal，我想大家
18:57
is that most of you are xenophiles,
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大多数都有些异国情结
18:59
whether or not you use that term.
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不管你是否喜欢这个词
19:02
My challenge instead is this.
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我带给 大家的挑战是
19:04
It's not enough to make the personal decision
491
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单单做出个人的决定去寻找更广的世界
19:07
that you want a wider world.
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这还是不够的
19:09
We have to figure out how to rewire
493
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我们需要找到一种方法
19:11
the systems that we have.
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去改变整个系统
19:13
We have to fix our media.
495
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改变我们的媒体
19:15
We have to fix the internet. We have to fix our education.
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改变互联网，改变我们的教育
19:18
We have to fix our immigration policy.
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改变我们的移民政策
19:20
We need to look at ways
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并且去开创一些
19:22
of creating serendipity,
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鼓励发现新鲜体验的机制
19:24
of making translation pervasive,
500
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把翻译做得更广泛
19:26
and we need to find ways to embrace
501
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去发现和赞颂
19:28
and celebrate these bridge figures.
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那些勇于充当桥梁的人们
19:30
And we need to figure out how to cultivate xenophiles.
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我们都要学会养成一点“异国癖”
19:32
That's what I'm trying to do. I need your help.
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这正是我所努力为之的事情，我需要你的帮助。
19:35
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ethan Zuckerman - Blogger, digital visionaryEthan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms.
Why you should listen
Ethan Zuckerman is a senior researcher at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. His research focuses on the distribution of attention in mainstream and new media, the use of technology for international development, and the use of new media technologies by activists. He and his team recently launched Media Cloud, an open-source platform for studying online media that enables quantitative analysis of media attention.
With Rebecca MacKinnon, Ethan co-founded international blogging community Global Voices, sharing news and opinions from citizen media in over 150 nations, translating content from over 30 languages, and publishing editions in 20 languages. With support from foundation funders and media partners, Global Voices supports dozens of smaller citizen media projects in developing nations, and is a leading voice for free speech online. In 2000, Zuckerman founded Geekcorps, a technology volunteer corps that sends IT specialists to work on projects in developing nations, with a focus on West Africa. Geekcorps sent over 100 volunteers to projects throughout the developing world, working on projects that ranged from bringing internet connectivity to Malian radio stations to digitizing databases to manage Rwanda's Gacaca trials. In an earlier life, Zuckerman was a founder of Tripod.com. He's a legendarily dedicated blogger at ... My heart's in Accra.
Ethan Zuckerman | Speaker | TED.com