TEDWomen 2010
Naomi Klein: Addicted to risk
拿俄米．克蘭：對風險成癮
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新聞記者拿俄米．克蘭 (Naomi Klein) 在發表本場演講前數日，坐上了一艄船，航行於墨西哥灣上。她在船上見到英國石油公司 (BP) 透過高風險方式鑽取石油所造成的巨大災難。我們的社會為了獲取新的能源、新的金融工具等資源，已對極端風險成癮。而多數時候，社會大眾得在後頭收拾殘局。克蘭想知道：後備方案在哪裡？
Naomi Klein - Journalist, activist
Naomi Klein is a public intellectual, journalist and activist. Full bio
Naomi Klein is a public intellectual, journalist and activist. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I just did something I've never done before.
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我剛完成一件從未做過的事
00:18
I spent a week at sea on a research vessel.
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我乘上一艄調查船，在海上待了一個星期
00:21
Now I'm not a scientist,
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我並非科學家
00:23
but I was accompanying a remarkable scientific team
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但有一個優秀的科學家團隊與我同行
00:26
from the University of South Florida
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團隊成員來自南弗羅里達大學
00:28
who have been tracking the travels of BP's oil
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他們正在追踪BP原油
00:31
in the Gulf of Mexico.
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在墨西哥灣的流向
00:33
This is the boat we were on, by the way.
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這就是我們所乘坐的那艘船
00:36
The scientists I was with
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與我同行的科學團隊
00:38
were not studying the effect of the oil and dispersants on the big stuff --
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並非研究原油及散油劑對大型生物的影響
00:41
the birds, the turtles,
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像是對鳥類、烏龜、
00:43
the dolphins, the glamorous stuff.
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海豚、其它美麗生物的影響
00:45
They're looking at the really little stuff
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而是研究原油對微生物的影響
00:48
that gets eaten by the slightly less little stuff
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較小的生物會吃掉微型生物
00:51
that eventually gets eaten by the big stuff.
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小型生物最終會被大型生物吃掉
00:54
And what they're finding
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他們的研究顯示
00:56
is that even trace amounts of oil and dispersants
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極微量的原油或散油劑
00:59
can be highly toxic to phytoplankton,
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對浮游植物來說都是劇毒
01:01
which is very bad news,
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這是個很糟的消息
01:03
because so much life depends on it.
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因為很多生物都以浮游植物為生
01:06
So contrary to what we heard a few months back
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所以不同於我們數月前聽到的-
01:08
about how 75 percent of that oil
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也就是75%的原油
01:10
sort of magically disappeared
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神奇似的消失了
01:12
and we didn't have to worry about it,
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我們用不著再擔心-
01:14
this disaster is still unfolding.
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事實上，災難還在持續擴散
01:17
It's still working its way up the food chain.
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災難正沿著食物鏈向上延伸
01:20
Now this shouldn't come as a surprise to us.
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我們不該以此感到訝異
01:23
Rachel Carson --
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瑞秋．卡森
01:25
the godmother of modern environmentalism --
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現代環保之母
01:27
warned us about this very thing
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很早就警告過我們
01:29
back in 1962.
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早在1962年之時
01:31
She pointed out that the "control men" --
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卡森指出她稱為
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as she called them --
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環境控制者的人
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who carpet-bombed towns and fields
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污染了城鎮及田野的各個角落
01:37
with toxic insecticides like DDT,
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他們噴灑DDT之類的毒性殺蟲劑
01:40
were only trying to kill the little stuff, the insects,
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是為了除掉昆蟲之類的小型生物
01:43
not the birds.
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本非為了除掉鳥類
01:45
But they forgot this:
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但他們忘了：
01:47
the fact that birds dine on grubs,
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鳥類以幼蟲為食
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that robins eat lots of worms
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知更鳥所吃下的蚯蚓
01:51
now saturated with DDT.
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體內都累積了大量DDT
01:54
And so, robin eggs failed to hatch,
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結果導致知更鳥的蛋無法孵化
01:57
songbirds died en masse,
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歌聲悠揚的鳥兒大量死亡
01:59
towns fell silent.
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城鎮因而變得安靜
02:01
Thus the title "Silent Spring."
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因此卡森寫書名為《寂靜的春天》
02:05
I've been trying to pinpoint
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我一直試圖解釋
02:07
what keeps drawing me back to the Gulf of Mexico,
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是什麼不斷吸引我回到墨西哥灣
02:09
because I'm Canadian,
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我是加拿大人
02:11
and I can draw no ancestral ties.
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祖先並非來自墨西哥灣
02:13
And I think what it is
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我想自己不斷回來
02:15
is I don't think we have fully come to terms
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是因為我認為大家尚未真正理解
02:18
with the meaning of this disaster,
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這場災難的影響
02:21
with what it meant to witness a hole
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親見大地被撕裂
02:24
ripped in our world,
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究竟代表什麼
02:26
with what it meant to watch the contents of the Earth
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看見原油從地底衝出
02:29
gush forth on live TV,
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在電視上被實況轉播
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24 hours a day,
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每天24小時
02:33
for months.
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數月如此，究竟代表什麼
02:35
After telling ourselves for so long
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長久以來，我們告訴自己
02:38
that our tools and technology can control nature,
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工具及科技可以控制大自然
02:41
suddenly we were face-to-face
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突然之間，我們必須面對
02:43
with our weakness,
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自己的軟弱
02:45
with our lack of control,
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我們束手無策
02:47
as the oil burst out
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看著原油由地底衝出
02:49
of every attempt to contain it --
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就算用盡方法也無法阻止油漏-
02:52
"top hats," "top kills"
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試圖「蓋頂」、「封頂」
02:54
and, most memorably, the "junk shot" --
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以及最讓人難忘的，投擲「垃圾彈」--
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the bright idea
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這個天才法子
02:58
of firing old tires and golf balls
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要發射廢棄輪胎及高爾夫球
03:01
down that hole in the world.
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堵住地底的漏洞
03:03
But even more striking
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但比起那股由地底上衝的力量
03:05
than the ferocious power emanating from that well
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更加駭人的是
03:08
was the recklessness
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人們的魯莽、輕率
03:10
with which that power was unleashed --
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輕率所帶來的
03:12
the carelessness, the lack of planning
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是粗心大意、缺乏計劃
03:15
that characterized the operation
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計劃整個草率進行
03:17
from drilling to clean-up.
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從鑽油到清理油污都是如此
03:20
If there is one thing
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如果我們從 BP
03:22
BP's watery improv act made clear,
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缺乏實質的改進計劃學到些什麼
03:25
it is that, as a culture,
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那就是，在現今的文化下
03:27
we have become far too willing to gamble
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我們總是肆無忌憚地下注
03:29
with things that are precious
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賭的是我們最寶貴的資產
03:31
and irreplaceable,
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無法替代的資產
03:33
and to do so without a back-up plan,
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但我們並沒有後備計劃
03:36
without an exit strategy.
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也沒有退出策略
03:38
And BP was hardly
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此外，BP事件
03:40
our first experience of this in recent years.
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也並非近年來的首見
03:42
Our leaders barrel into wars,
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我們的領袖一頭鑽進戰爭
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telling themselves happy stories
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卻用美好的故事自我催眠
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about cakewalks and welcome parades.
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想像著閱兵儀式及迎軍遊行
03:49
Then, it is years of deadly damage control,
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但接下來卻是數年的災害控制
03:52
Frankensteins of sieges and surges
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無數城鎮被封鎖，各地興起反叛勢力
03:55
and counter-insurgencies,
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只得再次鎮壓反叛勢力
03:57
and once again, no exit strategy.
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同樣，我們沒有退出的策略
04:00
Our financial wizards routinely fall victim
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而聰明的金融界人士，一再地
04:03
to similar overconfidence,
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因過度自信而失腳
04:05
convincing themselves that the latest bubble
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他們一再說服自己，這次的泡沫
04:07
is a new kind of market --
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代表一種新型市場
04:09
the kind that never goes down.
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而這新的市場絕不會垮
04:11
And when it inevitably does,
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直到泡沫化真的發生
04:13
the best and the brightest
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那些最優秀、最聰明的人
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reach for the financial equivalent of the junk shot --
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求助於金融界的「垃圾彈」--
04:17
in this case, throwing massive amounts
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意即，要將大眾急需的公款
04:19
of much-needed public money
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大量投擲到
04:21
down a very different kind of hole.
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一個很不一樣的漏洞
04:24
As with BP, the hole does get plugged,
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與 BP 一樣，洞是被封住了
04:26
at least temporarily,
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至少暫時封住了
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but not before
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但至此
04:30
exacting a tremendous price.
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已付出巨額代價
04:32
We have to figure out
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我們必須想想清楚
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why we keep letting this happen,
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為何讓同樣的事一再發生
04:36
because we are in the midst
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因為現今所處的時期
04:38
of what may be our highest-stakes gamble of all --
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要求我們拿出或許是最高額的賭注：
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deciding what to do, or not to do,
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決定要對氣候變遷
04:43
about climate change.
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做什麼，或不做什麼
04:45
Now as you know,
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如你所知
04:47
a great deal of time is spent,
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美國以及世界各國
04:49
in this country and around the world,
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已花了許多時間
04:51
inside the climate debate,
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討論氣候議題
04:53
on the question of, "What if the IPC scientists
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也不斷在問，如果政府間氣候變遷小組的科學家
04:56
are all wrong?"
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都錯了呢？
04:58
Now a far more relevant question --
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再說一個更為要緊的問題--
05:00
as MIT physicist Evelyn Fox Keller puts it --
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就是 MIT 物理學家 Evelyn Fox Keller 所問的 --
05:03
is, "What if those scientists are right?"
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若是氣候變遷科學家都說對了呢？
05:08
Given the stakes, the climate crisis
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由於影響深遠，針對氣候問題
05:10
clearly calls for us to act
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我們必須立即採取行動
05:12
based on the precautionary principle --
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行動應本於預防為主的原則上
05:15
the theory that holds
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預防原則說
05:17
that when human health and the environment
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當人類健康及環境
05:19
are significantly at risk
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受到極大威脅
05:21
and when the potential damage is irreversible,
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且潛在的傷害將無法逆轉時
05:24
we cannot afford to wait
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我們就不能等待--
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for perfect scientific certainty.
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期待見到科學確據才行動
05:28
Better to err on the side of caution.
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寧可謹慎也不要後悔
05:31
More overt, the burden of proving
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再來，談到舉證責任
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that a practice is safe
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一項行動是否安全
05:35
should not be placed on the public that would be harmed,
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不該由可能受行動傷害的公眾來證明
05:38
but rather on the industry that stands to profit.
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而應該由可能從中獲利的產業來證明
05:42
But climate policy in the wealthy world --
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但富裕世界的氣候政策 --
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to the extent that such a thing exists --
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如果這政策真的存在的話 --
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is not based on precaution,
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並不是基於預防原則
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but rather on cost-benefit analysis --
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而是基於成本效益分析 --
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finding the course of action that economists believe
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所尋找的行動方案，是經濟學家認為
05:54
will have the least impact
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對國家生產總額
05:56
on our GDP.
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影響最小的方案
05:58
So rather than asking, as precaution would demand,
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因此不像預防原則所問的
06:01
what can we do as quickly as possible
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我們可以儘快採取那些行動
06:03
to avoid potential catastrophe,
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以預防可能的災難
06:06
we ask bizarre questions like this:
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我們反而問奇怪的問題，像是：
06:09
"What is the latest possible moment we can wait
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現狀最久可以維持到什麼時候
06:12
before we begin seriously lowering emissions?
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然後才需要認真的降低排放量？
06:15
Can we put this off till 2020,
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可以維持到2020
06:17
2030, 2050?"
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2030, 2050?
06:20
Or we ask,
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或著我們會問：
06:22
"How much hotter can we let the planet get
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地球溫度還可上升幾度
06:24
and still survive?
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而人類可同時存活？
06:26
Can we go with two degrees, three degrees, or --
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可再加上2度、3度，或是--
06:28
where we're currently going --
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現在是說--
06:30
four degrees Celsius?"
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可再上升4度？
06:32
And by the way,
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順便一提
06:34
the assumption that we can safely control
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我們假設自己可以安全地控制
06:36
the Earth's awesomely complex climate system
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地球絕妙複雜的氣候系統
06:39
as if it had a thermostat,
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好似地球有個恆溫器
06:41
making the planet not too hot, not too cold,
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可將它調整到不太熱、不太冷
06:44
but just right -- sort of Goldilocks style --
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剛剛好的溫度、恰好適合居住的溫度
06:47
this is pure fantasy,
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這純粹是幻想
06:49
and it's not coming from the climate scientists.
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這種想法並非出自氣候科學家
06:52
It's coming from the economists
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而是來自於經濟學家
06:54
imposing their mechanistic thinking
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經濟學家將機械性的思考
06:56
on the science.
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運用於科學上
06:58
The fact is that we simply don't know
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事實是我們根本不知道
07:00
when the warming that we create
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我們所造成的暖化
07:02
will be utterly overwhelmed
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何時會因為循環作用
07:04
by feedback loops.
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使得地球無法負荷
07:06
So once again,
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所以我再問
07:08
why do we take these crazy risks
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為何我們拿最寶貴的東西
07:10
with the precious?
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下這場賭注呢？
07:12
A range of explanations
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一連串的解釋
07:14
may be popping into your mind by now,
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可能正從你腦海中冒出
07:16
like "greed."
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像是貪婪
07:18
This is a popular explanation, and there's lots of truth to it,
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許多人都如此解釋，而當中也不乏道理
07:21
because taking big risks, as we all know,
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因為我們都知道，承擔極大風險
07:24
pays a lot of money.
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會帶來極大的利益
07:26
Another explanation that you often hear for recklessness
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大家常為輕率所做的另一個解釋
07:28
is hubris.
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是傲慢
07:30
And greed and hubris
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貪婪以及傲慢
07:32
are intimately intertwined
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兩者時常如影隨形
07:34
when it comes to recklessness.
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特別是在談到輕率之時
07:36
For instance, if you happen to be a 35-year-old banker
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例如，如果你恰巧是一位35歲的銀行家
07:39
taking home 100 times more
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所賺取的收入
07:41
than a brain surgeon,
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是腦外科醫師的100倍之多
07:43
then you need a narrative,
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那你就需要使用敘事技巧
07:45
you need a story
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並需要一個故事
07:47
that makes that disparity okay.
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讓收入差距合理化
07:49
And you actually don't have a lot of options.
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而事實上，你沒有太多選擇
07:52
You're either an incredibly good scammer,
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你要不是技術高超的騙子
07:55
and you're getting away with it -- you gamed the system --
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厲害到可以瞞天過海、掌握全局
07:57
or you're some kind of boy genius,
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要不就最好是個天才小子
07:59
the likes of which the world has never seen.
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且是全世界都沒見過的那種
08:02
Now both of these options -- the boy genius and the scammer --
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而這兩種呢--天才或騙子--
08:05
are going to make you vastly overconfident
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都會讓你變得過分自信
08:07
and therefore more prone
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也因此更有可能
08:09
to taking even bigger risks in the future.
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在未來冒更大的風險
08:13
By the way, Tony Hayward, the former CEO of BP,
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順帶一提，BP 的前總裁東尼．海沃德
08:16
had a plaque on his desk
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在他桌上有一銘牌
08:18
inscribed with this inspirational slogan:
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上面刻了這段引人發省的標語：
08:20
"What would you attempt to do
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「如果你知道自己不會失敗，
08:22
if you knew you could not fail?"
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那你會嘗試做什麼事？」
08:25
Now this is actually a popular plaque,
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這銘牌倒是挺流行的
08:28
and this is a crowd of overachievers,
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喜歡的人各個野心勃勃
08:30
so I'm betting that some of you have this plaque.
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我猜你們當中也有人有這銘牌
08:33
Don't feel ashamed.
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別感到羞愧
08:35
Putting fear of failure out of your mind
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將害怕失敗的心情拋諸腦後
08:37
can be a very good thing
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可以是一件好事
08:39
if you're training for a triathlon
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像是當你在接受鐵人三項之時
08:41
or preparing to give a TEDTalk,
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或當你在準備 TEDTalk 之時
08:44
but personally, I think people with the power
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但我個人認為，這些人擁有強大權利
08:46
to detonate our economy and ravage our ecology
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可以對經濟及生態造成破壞
08:49
would do better having
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他們的牆上若有伊卡魯斯的畫像
08:51
a picture of Icarus hanging from the wall,
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或許會成就更好的事
08:53
because -- maybe not that one in particular --
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因為--未必一定要掛伊卡魯斯的畫像--
08:56
but I want them thinking about the possibility of failure
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但我要他們想想失敗的可能性
08:59
all of the time.
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無論何時都想到那可能性
09:01
So we have greed,
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所以我們都同意
09:03
we've got overconfidence/hubris,
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我們都變得過分自信/傲慢
09:05
but since we're here at TEDWomen,
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但既然我們來參與 TEDWomen
09:07
let's consider one other factor
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可以一同想想有什麼做法
09:09
that could be contributing in some small way
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或許可以貢獻一點微小力量
09:11
to societal recklessness.
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來抗衡社會的輕率魯莽
09:15
Now I'm not going to belabor this point,
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接下來這點，我不會說明過多
09:17
but studies do show that, as investors,
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不過據研究顯示，同為投資人
09:19
women are much less prone
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女性比起男性
09:21
to taking reckless risks than men,
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較少輕率地冒風險
09:24
precisely because, as we've already heard,
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這是因為，就如我們所知的
09:26
women tend not to suffer from overconfidence
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女性不會像男性那樣
09:29
in the same way that men do.
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過度地自我膨脹
09:31
So it turns out
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所以我們發現
09:33
that being paid less and praised less
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獲得較少的薪資及讚美
09:35
has its upsides --
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其實是有好處的--
09:37
for society at least.
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至少對社會而言是如此
09:39
The flipside of this
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反之
09:41
is that constantly being told
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不斷聽到他人對你說
09:43
that you are gifted, chosen
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你有天賦，是萬中選一的人才
09:45
and born to rule
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生來就要統御他人
09:47
has distinct societal downsides.
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這種說法對社會有害
09:50
And this problem -- call it the "perils of privilege" --
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且會產生問題--稱其為特權的危害--
09:53
brings us closer, I think,
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但我認為，也會讓我們了解
09:55
to the root of our collective recklessness.
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眾人行為輕率的根本原因
09:58
Because none of us -- at least in the global North --
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因為我們當中所有人--至少在北半球--
10:00
neither men nor women,
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不管男女
10:02
are fully exempt from this message.
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多少都受自我吹捧的言辭影響
10:05
Here's what I'm talking about.
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我所要談的就是這個
10:07
Whether we actively believe them
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不管我們是相信自我吹捧的言辭
10:09
or consciously reject them,
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或有意識的拒絕
10:11
our culture remains in the grips
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我們的文化依舊相信
10:13
of certain archetypal stories
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一些典型的故事
10:15
about our supremacy
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當中講述我們如何優秀
10:17
over others and over nature --
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比他人或大自然還要優秀
10:19
the narrative of the newly discovered frontier
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故事講述一個新天新地
10:22
and the conquering pioneer,
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由拓荒者所征服
10:24
the narrative of manifest destiny,
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這是一個關於天命的故事
10:26
the narrative of apocalypse and salvation.
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關於末日與救贖的故事
10:28
And just when you think these stories are fading into history,
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當你以為故事已淡入歷史
10:30
and that we've gotten over them,
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已被人遺忘時
10:32
they pop up in the strangest places.
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故事又在意想不到的地方跳出
10:35
For instance, I stumbled across this advertisement
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例如，我有次看到這則廣告
10:37
outside the women's washroom
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廣告在堪薩斯市機場
10:39
in the Kansas City airport.
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女性洗手間的外面
10:41
It's for Motorola's new Rugged cell phone,
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廣告在主打摩托羅拉Rugged系列新款手機
10:43
and yes, it really does say,
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而沒錯，廣告上寫著
10:45
"Slap Mother Nature in the face."
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甩大地之母一巴掌
10:47
And I'm not just showing it to pick on Motorola --
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我提出來不是要挑摩托羅拉的錯
10:49
that's just a bonus.
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不過是順帶指出錯誤
10:51
I'm showing it because --
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我提出廣告是因為--
10:53
they're not a sponsor, are they? --
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他們不是這場演講的贊助商吧？
10:55
because, in its own way,
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是因為，某方面來說
10:57
this is a crass version
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這則廣告是我們故事
10:59
of our founding story.
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的簡易版本
11:01
We slapped Mother Nature around and won,
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我們甩了大地之母一巴掌然後贏了
11:03
and we always win,
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我們總是勝利
11:05
because dominating nature is our destiny.
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因為征服大自然是我們的命運
11:08
But this is not the only fairytale we tell ourselves about nature.
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但關於大自然的神話，我們說的還不僅於此
11:11
There's another one, equally important,
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還有另一個，也不可忽視
11:14
about how that very same Mother Nature
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我們說同樣那位大地之母
11:16
is so nurturing and so resilient
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慷慨養育眾生，又能迅速復原
11:19
that we can never make a dent in her abundance.
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我們不可能減損其豐盛富足
11:22
Let's hear from Tony Hayward again.
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我們再聽聽BP老闆東尼．海沃德說的話
11:24
"The Gulf of Mexico is a very big ocean.
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「墨西哥灣的幅員廣闊
11:27
The amount of oil and dispersants that we are putting into it
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原油以及我們所注入的散油劑
11:30
is tiny in relation to the total water volume."
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相對整體水量，顯得微不足道」
11:33
In other words, the ocean is big;
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換句話說，海洋很大
11:35
she can take it.
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她承受得住
11:38
It is this underlying assumption of limitlessness
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有這種短視近利的假設
11:41
that makes it possible
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才會使得我們
11:43
to take the reckless risks that we do.
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輕率地去冒風險
11:46
Because this is our real master-narrative:
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真正主宰我們的故事，如此敘述：
11:49
however much we mess up,
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不過我們怎麼亂搞
11:51
there will always be more --
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總是有更多資源等著
11:53
more water, more land,
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有更多水、更多土地
11:56
more untapped resources.
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更多為開發的資源
11:58
A new bubble will replace the old one.
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新的泡沫會取代舊的
12:00
A new technology will come along
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新的科技會出現
12:02
to fix the messes we made with the last one.
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整頓我們使用舊科技所造成的混亂
12:05
In a way, that is the story
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從某方面來說，這故事
12:07
of the settling of the Americas,
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就是創建美洲大陸的故事
12:09
the supposedly inexhaustible frontier
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美洲應該是不會衰敗的新天地
12:11
to which Europeans escaped.
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歐洲人因此逃來此地
12:14
And it's also the story of modern capitalism,
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這故事也是現代資本主義的故事
12:17
because it was the wealth from this land
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因為從大地而出的財富
12:19
that gave birth to our economic system,
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造就了我們的經濟系統
12:22
one that cannot survive without perpetual growth
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此系統若不持續成長
12:25
and an unending supply
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若沒有新天地的無限供應
12:27
of new frontiers.
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便無法存續
12:29
Now the problem is
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但問題是
12:31
that the story was always a lie.
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這故事從來都是個謊言
12:33
The Earth always did have limits.
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地球一直以來都有其限制
12:35
They were just beyond our sights.
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只是我們看不到而已
12:37
And now we are hitting those limits
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但現在我們已來到臨界點
12:39
on multiple fronts.
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在許多方面皆如此
12:42
I believe that we know this,
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我想大家都明白目前的處境
12:44
yet we find ourselves trapped in a kind of narrative loop.
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卻發現自己困在某種敘事的輪迴當中
12:47
Not only do we continue to tell and retell
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我們不僅不停複述
12:50
the same tired stories,
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同樣的故事
12:52
but we are now doing so
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我們還狂熱地
12:54
with a frenzy and a fury
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將其付諸實踐
12:56
that, frankly, verges on camp.
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甚至將其誇張化
12:59
How else to explain the cultural space
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否則我們該怎麼解釋莎拉．裴林
13:02
occupied by Sarah Palin?
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佔領文化界的情形
13:04
Now on the one hand,
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一方面，她唆使大家
13:06
exhorting us to "drill, baby, drill,"
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鑽油吧寶貝，鑽！
13:08
because God put those resources into the ground
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因為上帝將資源藏至地底
13:11
in order for us to exploit them,
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就是要讓我們去榨取
13:14
and on the other, glorying in the wilderness
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另一方面，在她受歡迎的真人秀上
13:17
of Alaska's untouched beauty
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斐林大讚阿拉斯加人跡罕至
13:19
on her hit reality TV show.
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的野性之美
13:22
The twin message is as comforting as it is mad.
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矛盾的訊息既瘋狂又慰撫人心
13:25
Ignore those creeping fears
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叫我們忽略潛伏的恐懼
13:27
that we have finally hit the wall.
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忘記我們已走到盡頭
13:29
There are still no limits.
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告訴自己沒有極限
13:31
There will always be another frontier.
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永遠有新的天地
13:34
So stop worrying and keep shopping.
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所以不要擔憂，繼續購物
13:37
Now, would that this were just about
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如果這只是莎拉．斐林
13:39
Sarah Palin and her reality TV show.
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及她的真人秀就好了
13:41
In environmental circles,
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在環保的圈子當中
13:43
we often hear that, rather than shifting to renewables,
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多數時候，我們非但沒有永續方案
13:46
we are continuing with business as usual.
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反而持續舊有方法
13:49
This assessment, unfortunately,
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不幸的是，就算如此
13:51
is far too optimistic.
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也過於樂觀
13:53
The truth is that we have already exhausted
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事實是我們已經用盡
13:56
so much of the easily accessible fossil fuels
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容易取得的石化燃料
13:59
that we have already entered
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我們已經開始
14:01
a far riskier business era,
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更危險的交易
14:04
the era of extreme energy.
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進入極端能源的時代
14:06
So that means drilling for oil in the deepest water,
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這表示我們往最深的水域鑽油
14:09
including the icy Arctic seas,
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包括在冰冷的極地海域鑽油
14:11
where a clean-up may simply be impossible.
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要在那裡清理油污，幾乎是不可能的
14:14
It means large-scale hydraulic fracking for gas
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為了天然氣，採用大規模水力破裂法
14:17
and massive strip-mining operations for coal,
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為了煤碳，開始大規模露天開採
14:19
the likes of which we haven't yet seen.
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規模之大，前所未見
14:22
And most controversially, it means the tar sands.
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爭議更多的，是開採焦油砂
14:25
I'm always surprised by how little
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加拿大之外的人
14:27
people outside of Canada
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對艾伯塔省的焦油砂，所知甚少
14:29
know about the Alberta Tar Sands,
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我對此感到訝異
14:31
which this year are projected to become
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從焦油砂提煉出的油
14:33
the number one source of imported oil
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預計在今年，成為美國
14:36
to the United States.
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進口石油的主要來源
14:38
It's worth taking a moment to understand this practice,
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我們該花點時間，了解開採過程
14:41
because I believe it speaks to recklessness
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因為我認為，沒有比過程本身
14:43
and the path we're on
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更能看出我們的輕率
14:45
like little else.
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以及我們所選擇的道路
14:47
So this is where the tar sands live,
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這就是焦油砂的所在地
14:50
under one of the last magnificent
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位在世界最後一片
14:52
Boreal forests.
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美麗的北方森林之下
14:54
The oil is not liquid.
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重油並非液態
14:56
You can't just drill a hole and pump it out.
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無法透過鑽洞、抽油的方式
14:58
Tar sand's oil is solid,
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焦油砂的油是固態的
15:00
mixed in with the soil.
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當中混著泥砂
15:02
So to get at it,
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要獲得焦油砂
15:04
you first have to get rid of the trees.
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首先得砍掉所有的樹
15:07
Then, you rip off the topsoil
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接著挖開表土
15:09
and get at that oily sand.
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然後才開採油膩的砂石
15:12
The process requires a huge amount of water,
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開採過程要用到大量的水
15:15
which is then pumped into massive toxic tailing ponds.
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之後將水排到大型、有毒的礦渣池
15:19
That's very bad news for local indigenous people
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對住在當地下游的原住民來說
15:22
living downstream
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這是件壞事
15:24
who are reporting alarmingly high cancer rates.
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他們得癌的機率十分驚人
15:27
Now looking at these images,
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現在看看這些影像
15:29
it's difficult to grasp the scale of this operation,
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其作業規模超乎想像
15:32
which can already be seen from space
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從外太空都看得到
15:35
and could grow to an area the size of England.
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範圍可能達到英國那樣的大小
15:38
I find it helps actually
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我發現，看那用來搬運砂石的卡車
15:40
to look at the dump trucks that move the earth,
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有助於了解其規模
15:42
the largest ever built.
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這是有史以來最大的卡車
15:44
That's a person down there by the wheel.
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輪子下邊是一個人
15:46
My point is that
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我要說的是
15:48
this is not oil drilling.
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這不是在鑽油
15:50
It's not even mining.
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甚至不是在採礦
15:52
It is terrestrial skinning.
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這是在破壞地表
15:54
Vast, vivid landscapes
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幅員廣闊的地貌
15:56
are being gutted,
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被掏空
15:58
left monochromatic gray.
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剩下單調的灰色
16:00
Now I should confess that as [far as] I'm concerned
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我承認自己很擔心
16:03
this would be an abomination
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就算這過程不會造成碳排放
16:05
if it emitted not one particle of carbon.
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開採還是會令人厭惡
16:07
But the truth is that, on average,
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而事實是，平均而言
16:10
turning that gunk into crude oil
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由焦油砂提煉重油
16:13
produces about three times more greenhouse gas pollution
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在加拿大
16:16
than it does to produce conventional oil
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會比傳統的產油方式
16:18
in Canada.
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排放三倍的溫室氣體
16:20
How else to describe this,
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該怎麼說呢？
16:22
but as a form of mass insanity?
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只能說是集體瘋狂
16:25
Just when we know we need to be learning
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就在我們剛了解到
16:28
to live on the surface of our planet,
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必須依賴地表資源
16:30
off the power of sun, wind and waves,
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依賴陽光、風力、潮汐而活時
16:33
we are frantically digging
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我們卻瘋狂地挖掘，要獲得
16:35
to get at the dirtiest,
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我們想到最髒、
16:37
highest-emitting stuff imaginable.
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污染度最高的東西
16:40
This is where our story of endless growth
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這就是無盡的成長
16:42
has taken us,
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所帶我們來到的地方
16:44
to this black hole at the center of my country --
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一個位在家鄉中心的黑洞
16:47
a place of such planetary pain
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一個行星的傷痛
16:49
that, like the BP gusher,
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就像BP的漏油
16:51
one can only stand to look at it for so long.
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讓人不忍卒睹
16:55
As Jared Diamond and others have shown us,
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如作家賈德．戴蒙及其他人告訴我們的
16:58
this is how civilizations commit suicide,
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文明就是如此走向毀滅
17:01
by slamming their foot on the accelerator
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就在我們該踩剎車之時
17:04
at the exact moment
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我們卻在那一刻
17:06
when they should be putting on the brakes.
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大力踩下油門
17:08
The problem is that our master-narrative
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問題是我們的故事主線
17:11
has an answer for that too.
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卻也為此行為圓場：
17:13
At the very last minute, we are going to get saved
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我們會在最後一刻被救起
17:16
just like in every Hollywood movie,
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就像在所有好萊塢電影裡
17:18
just like in the Rapture.
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或像在末日被提升天一樣
17:21
But, of course, our secular religion is technology.
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當然，我們俗世的信仰是科技
17:24
Now, you may have noticed
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你可能已經發現
17:27
more and more headlines like these.
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有越來越多頭條像這些
17:29
The idea behind this form of "geoengineering" as it's called,
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地球工程這個名稱背後的想法是
17:32
is that, as the planet heats up,
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當地球溫度升高時
17:34
we may be able to shoot sulfates and aluminum particles
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我們也許能將硫化物及鋁分子
17:37
into the stratosphere
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注入到平流層
17:39
to reflect some of the sun's rays
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可以將部分陽光
17:41
back to space,
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反射回外太空
17:43
thereby cooling the planet.
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讓地球降溫
17:46
The wackiest plan -- and I'm not making this up --
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最瘋狂的計劃 --而這不是我編的--
17:48
would put what is essentially a garden hose
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是將18.5英里長的水管
17:51
18-and-a-half miles high into the sky,
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利用氣球支撐
17:54
suspended by balloons,
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伸入高空
17:56
to spew sulfur dioxide.
447
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噴灑二氧化硫
17:58
So, solving the problem of pollution with more pollution.
448
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製造更多污染，以解決污染問題
18:01
Think of it as the ultimate junk shot.
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可以把它視作終極的「垃圾彈」
18:05
The serious scientists involved in this research
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真正參與研究的科學家
18:07
all stress that these techniques
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都強調這項技術
18:09
are entirely untested.
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未經證實
18:11
They don't know if they'll work,
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他們不知道是否真正有效
18:13
and they have no idea
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他們也不知道
18:15
what kind of terrifying side effects they could unleash.
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會帶出什麼可怕的副作用
18:18
Nevertheless, the mere mention of geoengineering
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儘管如此，光是提出地球工程
18:21
is being greeted in some circles,
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就被一些圈子
18:23
particularly media circles,
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特別是媒體圈
18:25
with a relief tinged with euphoria.
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以欣喜之心接受
18:27
An escape hatch has been reached.
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好似找到了逃生出口
18:29
A new frontier has been found.
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找到了新天新地
18:31
Most importantly,
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更重要的是
18:33
we don't have to change our lifestyles after all.
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我們不用改變生活形態
18:35
You see, for some people,
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你得知道，對某些人來說
18:37
their savior is a guy in a flowing robe.
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他們的救主穿著一件袍子
18:39
For other people, it's a guy with a garden hose.
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對其他人而言，是個拿著水管的傢伙
18:43
We badly need some new stories.
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我們亟需新的故事
18:46
We need stories that have different kinds of heroes
468
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我們需要有不同英雄
18:49
willing to take different kinds of risks --
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這些英雄要能承擔不同風險--
18:52
risks that confront recklessness head on,
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能夠對付輕率的風險
18:54
that put the precautionary principle into practice,
471
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確實採取預防措施
18:57
even if that means through direct action --
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就算要採取直接行動，也會去行
19:00
like hundreds of young people willing to get arrested,
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就像有上百位年輕人被逮捕
19:02
blocking dirty power plants
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因為他們圍堵高污染的發電廠
19:04
or fighting mountaintop-removal coal mining.
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或阻止在山頂開採煤礦
19:07
We need stories
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我們需要新的故事
19:09
that replace that linear narrative of endless growth
477
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取代無盡成長的線性敘事
19:12
with circular narratives
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開始循環的敘事方式
19:14
that remind us
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提醒我們
19:16
that what goes around comes around.
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因果循環不斷
19:18
That this is our only home.
481
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這是我們唯一的家
19:20
There is no escape hatch.
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沒有逃生出口
19:22
Call it karma, call it physics,
483
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稱之為因緣也好，物理也好
19:25
action and reaction, call it precaution --
484
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作用力與反作用力，或稱為謹慎預防
19:28
the principle that reminds us
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這些原則提醒我們
19:30
that life is too precious to be risked
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生命太寶貴
19:32
for any profit.
487
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不值得為利益去冒風險
19:34
Thank you.
488
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謝謝
19:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Naomi Klein - Journalist, activistNaomi Klein is a public intellectual, journalist and activist.
Why you should listen
In her first book, No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies, Naomi Klein made a strong case against the takeover of public life by global corporations and brands. She ended that pre-internet essay suggesting as a counterpoint that everyone could become their own "personal brand." In her most recent book, No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need, she analyzes how social media has made the idea of personal branding commonplace -- and how it helped Donald Trump become the first brand-president.
Klein's other books The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism and This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate have also energized the global conversation. Klein is a board member of climate-action group 350.org and one of the organizers of Canada’s Leap Manifesto, and in 2015 she helped launch Pope Francis’s historic encyclical on ecology. In 2016, she received the Sydney Peace Prize for "inspiring us to stand up locally, nationally and internationally to demand a new agenda for sharing the planet that respects human rights and equality."
Naomi Klein | Speaker | TED.com