ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Gopnik - Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do.

Why you should listen

What’s it really like to see through the eyes of a child? Are babies and young children just empty, irrational vessels to be formed into little adults, until they become the perfect images of ourselves? On the contrary, argues Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley.

The author of The Philosophical BabyThe Scientist in the Crib and other influential books on cognitive development, Gopnik presents evidence that babies and children are conscious of far more than we give them credit for, as they engage every sense and spend every waking moment discovering, filing away, analyzing and acting on information about how the world works. Gopnik’s work draws on psychological, neuroscientific, and philosophical developments in child development research to understand how the human mind learns, how and why we love, our ability to innovate, as well as giving us a deeper appreciation for the role of parenthood.

She says: "What's it like to be a baby? Being in love in Paris for the first time after you've had 3 double espressos."

More profile about the speaker
Alison Gopnik | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Alison Gopnik: What do babies think?

Alison Gopnik:寶寶在想什麼呀?

Filmed:
4,341,974 views

「寶寶和幼兒就像人種的研究發展部門」,心理學家艾莉森(Alison Gopnik)如是說。她的研究探索在寶寶玩耍時,他們熟練複雜的情報收集和判斷。
- Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
What is going on
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嬰兒的腦袋內
00:17
in this baby's寶寶 mind心神?
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藏什麼玄機?
00:19
If you'd asked people this 30 years年份 ago,
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若你在三十年前問這個問題,
00:21
most people, including包含 psychologists心理學家,
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大多數的人,包括心理專家在內,
00:23
would have said that this baby寶寶 was irrational不合理的,
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會說,這個嬰兒愛哭鬧、
00:26
illogical不通, egocentric自我中心 --
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不通情理、自我中心──
00:28
that he couldn't不能 take the perspective透視 of another另一個 person
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他不能理解其他人的觀點
00:30
or understand理解 cause原因 and effect影響.
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或不了解因果關係。
00:32
In the last 20 years年份,
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在過去的20年裡,
00:34
developmental發展的 science科學 has completely全然 overturned朝天 that picture圖片.
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發展科學已完全顛覆了原有的見解。
00:37
So in some ways方法,
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就某方面而言,
00:39
we think that this baby's寶寶 thinking思維
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我們認為,寶寶的思考
00:41
is like the thinking思維 of the most brilliant輝煌 scientists科學家們.
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像是頂尖聰明的科學家的思考。
00:45
Let me give you just one example of this.
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讓我給你們舉個例子。
00:47
One thing that this baby寶寶 could be thinking思維 about,
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這寶寶可能思考的、
00:50
that could be going on in his mind心神,
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在他們腦內打轉的一件事,
00:52
is trying to figure數字 out
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是試著理解
00:54
what's going on in the mind心神 of that other baby寶寶.
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其他的寶寶在想什麼。
00:57
After all, one of the things that's hardest最難 for all of us to do
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畢竟,對我們所有人而言,超難的任務之一是
01:00
is to figure數字 out what other people are thinking思維 and feeling感覺.
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去弄清楚、摸明白別人正在想什麼和其感受。
01:03
And maybe the hardest最難 thing of all
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也許所有之中最難的是
01:05
is to figure數字 out that what other people think and feel
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去理解別人的思維和感受
01:08
isn't actually其實 exactly究竟 like what we think and feel.
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和我們自身的思考和感受是十分不同的。
01:10
Anyone任何人 who's誰是 followed其次 politics政治 can testify作證
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對政治權術熱衷的人能證實
01:12
to how hard that is for some people to get.
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對某些人而這有多麼的困難。
01:15
We wanted to know
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我們想知道
01:17
if babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子
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若寶寶和幼兒
01:19
could understand理解 this really profound深刻 thing about other people.
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能理解其他人內在深層的想法。
01:22
Now the question is: How could we ask them?
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則問題是:我們要如何問他們?
01:24
Babies嬰兒, after all, can't talk,
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寶寶畢竟不會說話,
01:26
and if you ask a three year-old
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若你要一個三歲的幼兒
01:28
to tell you what he thinks,
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告訴你他的想法,
01:30
what you'll你會 get is a beautiful美麗 stream of consciousness意識 monologue獨白
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你會得到一串極妙的意識流獨白,
01:33
about ponies小馬 and birthdays生日 and things like that.
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有關小馬、生日這一類的事情。
01:36
So how do we actually其實 ask them the question?
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那麼我們如何來提問呢?
01:39
Well it turns out that the secret秘密 was broccoli西蘭花.
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秘密就在綠花椰。
01:42
What we did -- Betty貝蒂 RapacholiRapacholi, who was one of my students學生們, and I --
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我和貝蒂(Betty Rapacholi),貝蒂是我的一個學生,
01:46
was actually其實 to give the babies嬰兒 two bowls of food餐飲:
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會給寶寶兩碗食物:
01:49
one bowl of raw生的 broccoli西蘭花
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一碗是生綠花椰
01:51
and one bowl of delicious美味的 goldfish金魚 crackers餅乾.
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一碗是美味的金魚燒薄脆餅。
01:54
Now all of the babies嬰兒, even in Berkley伯克利,
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全部的寶寶,即使是在伯克萊,
01:57
like the crackers餅乾 and don't like the raw生的 broccoli西蘭花.
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都喜歡金魚燒薄脆餅而不喜歡生綠花椰。
02:00
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
02:02
But then what Betty貝蒂 did
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可是貝蒂接著
02:04
was to take a little taste味道 of food餐飲 from each bowl.
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會嚐點每一個碗中的食物。
02:07
And she would act法案 as if she liked喜歡 it or she didn't.
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她會假裝喜歡或不喜歡。
02:09
So half the time, she acted行動
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大半的時候,她假裝
02:11
as if she liked喜歡 the crackers餅乾 and didn't like the broccoli西蘭花 --
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喜歡金魚燒餅而不喜歡生綠花椰--
02:13
just like a baby寶寶 and any other sane明智的 person.
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就像寶寶和其他腦袋清楚的人。
02:16
But half the time,
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但另一半的時間,
02:18
what she would do is take a little bit of the broccoli西蘭花
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她會品嚐一點生綠花椰,
02:20
and go, "MmmmmMMMMM, broccoli西蘭花.
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並說:「嗯,嗯,嗯,嗯,綠花椰耶。
02:23
I tasted the broccoli西蘭花. MmmmmMMMMM."
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我嚐嚐綠花椰,嗯,嗯,嗯,嗯。」
02:26
And then she would take a little bit of the crackers餅乾,
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然後她試點薄餅,
02:28
and she'd go, "EwwEWW, yuck, crackers餅乾.
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並說,「噁,難吃!薄餅。
02:32
I tasted the crackers餅乾. EwwEWW, yuck."
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我嚐嚐看薄餅。噁,難吃!」
02:35
So she'd act法案 as if what she wanted
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所以她假裝她要的東西
02:37
was just the opposite對面 of what the babies嬰兒 wanted.
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正好與寶寶要的相反。
02:40
We did this with 15 and 18 month-old月齡 babies嬰兒.
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我們對15個月至18個月大的寶寶做這項測試。
02:42
And then she would simply只是 put her hand out and say,
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接著她會直接伸出她的手並說:
02:45
"Can you give me some?"
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「可以給我一些嗎?」
02:47
So the question is: What would the baby寶寶 give her,
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那麼問題來了:寶寶會給她什麼呢?
02:49
what they liked喜歡 or what she liked喜歡?
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是他們自身喜歡的或是她喜歡的呢?
02:51
And the remarkable卓越 thing was that 18 month-old月齡 babies嬰兒,
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驚人的是,18個月大的寶寶
02:54
just barely僅僅 walking步行 and talking,
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剛剛會走、勉強會說,
02:56
would give her the crackers餅乾 if she liked喜歡 the crackers餅乾,
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會給她薄餅,若她喜歡薄餅的話
02:59
but they would give her the broccoli西蘭花 if she liked喜歡 the broccoli西蘭花.
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但若她喜歡的話,他們會給她綠花椰。
03:02
On the other hand,
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另一方面,
03:04
15 month-olds月嬰兒 would stare at her for a long time
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15個月大的寶寶會盯著她一段時間
03:06
if she acted行動 as if she liked喜歡 the broccoli西蘭花,
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若她表現出喜歡綠花椰,
03:08
like they couldn't不能 figure數字 this out.
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他們會無法理解。
03:11
But then after they stared盯著 for a long time,
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但在他們盯了一陣子之後,
03:13
they would just give her the crackers餅乾,
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他們還是會給她薄餅,
03:15
what they thought everybody每個人 must必須 like.
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他們認為人人必定喜歡。
03:17
So there are two really remarkable卓越 things about this.
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所以由這可看出兩件值得注意的事:
03:20
The first one is that these little 18 month-old月齡 babies嬰兒
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第一個是這些18個月大的寶寶
03:23
have already已經 discovered發現
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已發現了
03:25
this really profound深刻 fact事實 about human人的 nature性質,
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人性深處的事實──
03:27
that we don't always want the same相同 thing.
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我們不總是想要相同的東西。
03:29
And what's more, they felt that they should actually其實 do things
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況且,他們覺得他們確實該做些什麼
03:31
to help other people get what they wanted.
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去幫其他人得到他們想要的。
03:34
Even more remarkably異常 though雖然,
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甚而更非同小可的是,
03:36
the fact事實 that 15 month-olds月嬰兒 didn't do this
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15個月大的寶寶沒這麼做的事實
03:39
suggests提示 that these 18 month-olds月嬰兒 had learned學到了
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暗示這些18個月大的寶寶已習得
03:42
this deep, profound深刻 fact事實 about human人的 nature性質
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這極深處的人性真相
03:45
in the three months個月 from when they were 15 months個月 old.
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在三個月內;在他們還是15個月大時。
03:48
So children孩子 both know more and learn學習 more
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所以孩子知道的多,也學的多,
03:50
than we ever would have thought.
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超過我們對他們的認知。
03:52
And this is just one of hundreds數以百計 and hundreds數以百計 of studies學習 over the last 20 years年份
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而這只是20年來數以千百計的研究之中的一例,
03:56
that's actually其實 demonstrated證明 it.
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能確切證實這一點。
03:58
The question you might威力 ask though雖然 is:
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你也許想問的是:
04:00
Why do children孩子 learn學習 so much?
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為何小孩學得這麼多呢?
04:03
And how is it possible可能 for them to learn學習 so much
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他們怎麼可能就在瞬間之轉
04:05
in such這樣 a short time?
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學這麼多呢?
04:07
I mean, after all, if you look at babies嬰兒 superficially表面上,
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我是指,若你單視寶寶的外表,
04:09
they seem似乎 pretty漂亮 useless無用.
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他們似乎相當沒用。
04:11
And actually其實 in many許多 ways方法, they're worse更差 than useless無用,
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而且確實在很多時候,他們何止是弱不禁風,
04:14
because we have to put so much time and energy能源
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因而我們必須投入大量的時間和精力
04:16
into just keeping保持 them alive.
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幫他們維持生存。
04:18
But if we turn to evolution演化
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但若我們轉向演化
04:20
for an answer回答 to this puzzle難題
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尋求謎題──
04:22
of why we spend so much time
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為何我們花這麼大量的時間
04:24
taking服用 care關心 of useless無用 babies嬰兒,
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照顧這些幫不上忙的寶寶──的解答。
04:27
it turns out that there's actually其實 an answer回答.
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原來是,確有其答案。
04:30
If we look across橫過 many許多, many許多 different不同 species種類 of animals動物,
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若我們放眼各種形形色色的動物,
04:33
not just us primates靈長類動物,
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不只是靈長類
04:35
but also including包含 other mammals哺乳動物, birds鳥類,
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而是也包括其他哺乳類、鳥類,
04:37
even marsupials有袋動物
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甚至是有袋動物
04:39
like kangaroos袋鼠 and wombats袋熊,
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像袋鼠和毛鼻袋熊
04:41
it turns out that there's a relationship關係
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結果是關聯到
04:43
between之間 how long a childhood童年 a species種類 has
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一個物種的幼兒時期有多長
04:47
and how big their brains大腦 are compared相比 to their bodies身體
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和他們的腦相較其身體有多大
04:51
and how smart聰明 and flexible靈活 they are.
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及他們多聰明和靈活度。
04:53
And sort分類 of the posterbirdsposterbirds for this idea理念 are the birds鳥類 up there.
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符合這想法的招牌鳥就在這兒。
04:56
On one side
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一面是
04:58
is a New Caledonian加里 crow烏鴉.
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一隻新克里當尼亞(the New Caledonian)烏鴉。
05:00
And crows烏鴉 and other corvidae鴉科, ravens烏鴉, rooks魯克斯 and so forth向前,
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烏鴉和其他渡鴉、兀鼻烏鴉、白嘴鴉等等
05:03
are incredibly令人難以置信 smart聰明 birds鳥類.
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是聰明得不得了的鳥。
05:05
They're as smart聰明 as chimpanzees黑猩猩 in some respects尊重.
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在方某些方面,牠們像黑猩猩一樣的聰明。
05:08
And this is a bird on the cover of science科學
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這是出現在科學雜誌封面的鳥類,
05:10
who's誰是 learned學到了 how to use a tool工具 to get food餐飲.
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已習得使用工具來獲得食物。
05:13
On the other hand,
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在另一面
05:15
we have our friend朋友 the domestic國內 chicken.
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是人類的朋友,家養雞。
05:17
And chickens and ducks鴨子 and geese and turkeys火雞
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而雞、鴨、鵝和火雞
05:20
are basically基本上 as dumb as dumps轉儲.
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根本是笨到不行。
05:22
So they're very, very good at pecking for grain糧食,
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所以他們非常非常在行啄食穀物,
05:25
and they're not much good at doing anything else其他.
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對其他的可就一竅不通了。
05:28
Well it turns out that the babies嬰兒,
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原來那些寶寶,
05:30
the New Caledonian加里 crow烏鴉 babies嬰兒, are fledglings幼鳥.
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新克里當尼亞(the New Caledonian)幼鳥正在學飛。
05:32
They depend依靠 on their moms媽媽
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牠們依賴母鳥
05:34
to drop下降 worms蠕蟲 in their little open打開 mouths嘴巴
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放入一條條的小蟲到牠們微開的嘴巴
05:37
for as long as two years年份,
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長達兩年的時間,
05:39
which哪一個 is a really long time in the life of a bird.
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在鳥的一生中,這段時間是相當長的。
05:41
Whereas the chickens are actually其實 mature成熟
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而雞長大成熟其實
05:43
within a couple一對 of months個月.
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在數個月內長。
05:45
So childhood童年 is the reason原因
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所以幼兒時期可作為理由
05:48
why the crows烏鴉 end結束 up on the cover of Science科學
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解釋為何烏鴉最後成為『科學』雜誌的封面,
05:50
and the chickens end結束 up in the soup pot.
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而雞最終淪落到湯鍋裏。
05:52
There's something about that long childhood童年
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那漫長的幼兒時期有某種重要的東西
05:55
that seems似乎 to be connected連接的
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似乎是與
05:57
to knowledge知識 and learning學習.
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知識和學習有關。
05:59
Well what kind of explanation說明 could we have for this?
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對這點我們有什麼要說的呢?
06:02
Well some animals動物, like the chicken,
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嗯,某些動物,像是雞
06:05
seem似乎 to be beautifully精美 suited合適的
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似乎是極為適合
06:07
to doing just one thing very well.
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做某一件事且相當稱合。
06:09
So they seem似乎 to be beautifully精美 suited合適的
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所以牠們似乎是極為適合
06:12
to pecking grain糧食 in one environment環境.
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在某種環境啄食穀物。
06:14
Other creatures生物, like the crows烏鴉,
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其他生物,像是烏鴉
06:16
aren't very good at doing anything in particular特定,
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不特出善於做某件事,
06:18
but they're extremely非常 good
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但牠們極為擅長
06:20
at learning學習 about laws法律 of different不同 environments環境.
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習得不同環境的法則。
06:22
And of course課程, we human人的 beings眾生
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而當然,我們人類
06:24
are way out on the end結束 of the distribution分配 like the crows烏鴉.
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分配的結果,遠遠勝出烏鴉。
06:27
We have bigger brains大腦 relative相對的 to our bodies身體
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相對我們的身體,我們有較大的腦,
06:29
by far than any other animal動物.
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迄今比起其他任何動物而言。
06:31
We're smarter聰明, we're more flexible靈活,
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我們更聰明、我們更懂得變通、
06:33
we can learn學習 more,
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我們能學得更多、
06:35
we survive生存 in more different不同 environments環境,
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我們可在更多各種不同的環境下存活,
06:37
we migrated遷移 to cover the world世界 and even go to outer space空間.
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我們遷徙遍佈世界各地;甚至還出走至外太空。
06:40
And our babies嬰兒 and children孩子 are dependent依賴的 on us
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而我們的寶寶和孩子依賴我們
06:43
for much longer than the babies嬰兒 of any other species種類.
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為期又更長久,相較其他的物種來說。
06:46
My son兒子 is 23.
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我的兒子23歲了
06:48
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
06:50
And at least最小 until直到 they're 23,
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至少到了23歲,
06:52
we're still popping those worms蠕蟲
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我們仍迅速地把一條條的蟲子
06:54
into those little open打開 mouths嘴巴.
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放入一張張微開的嘴巴。
06:57
All right, why would we see this correlation相關?
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沒錯,為何我們會視其有密切關係呢?
07:00
Well an idea理念 is that that strategy戰略, that learning學習 strategy戰略,
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一個想法──策略,學習策略
07:04
is an extremely非常 powerful強大, great strategy戰略 for getting得到 on in the world世界,
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是一個高效能、重要的策略,以便在這世界中生存下來,
07:07
but it has one big disadvantage壞處.
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但卻有一大缺失。
07:09
And that one big disadvantage壞處
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那一個大缺失是
07:11
is that, until直到 you actually其實 do all that learning學習,
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在你確實地完成所有的學習之前,
07:14
you're going to be helpless無助.
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你將無法照顧自己。
07:16
So you don't want to have the mastodon乳齒象 charging充電 at you
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所以你不要等巨象(mastodon)衝向你
07:19
and be saying to yourself你自己,
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才對自己說:
07:21
"A slingshot彈弓 or maybe a spear might威力 work. Which哪一個 would actually其實 be better?"
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「一副彈弓或者一把標槍也許有用。哪一個會比較好?」
07:25
You want to know all that
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你得徹底了解一切,
07:27
before the mastodons乳齒象 actually其實 show顯示 up.
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在巨象出現之前。
07:29
And the way the evolutions變陣 seems似乎 to have solved解決了 that problem問題
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演化似乎已解決那個問題,方法是
07:32
is with a kind of division of labor勞動.
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運用一種工作分配。
07:34
So the idea理念 is that we have this early period when we're completely全然 protected保護.
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可以說,這概念是人類有完全受保護的這個早期階段;
07:37
We don't have to do anything. All we have to do is learn學習.
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我們不必做任何事,我們所要做的是學習而已。
07:40
And then as adults成年人,
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那麼身為成人,
07:42
we can take all those things that we learned學到了 when we were babies嬰兒 and children孩子
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我們可以採取在我們還是幼童時期所學的一切
07:45
and actually其實 put them to work to do things out there in the world世界.
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實際付諸實行並且為這世界做點什麼。
07:48
So one way of thinking思維 about it
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這麼想吧!
07:50
is that babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子
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寶寶和幼兒
07:52
are like the research研究 and development發展 division of the human人的 species種類.
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就像是人種的研發部門。
07:55
So they're the protected保護 blue藍色 sky天空 guys
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所以他們是襁褓中純真的小傢伙,
07:58
who just have to go out and learn學習 and have good ideas思路,
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他們只是必須走出來並學習,產生好點子
08:00
and we're production生產 and marketing營銷.
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而我們則是生產和行銷部門。
08:02
We have to take all those ideas思路
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我們必須採用所有點子,
08:04
that we learned學到了 when we were children孩子
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這些點子是我們還是小孩子時所學習的,
08:06
and actually其實 put them to use.
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並確實地落實這些想法。
08:08
Another另一個 way of thinking思維 about it
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這麼想也行!
08:10
is instead代替 of thinking思維 of babies嬰兒 and children孩子
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與其認為寶寶和孩童
08:12
as being存在 like defective缺陷 grownups大人,
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像是弱勢的成人,
08:14
we should think about them
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我們應該將他們想成
08:16
as being存在 a different不同 developmental發展的 stage階段 of the same相同 species種類 --
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是相同物種而各不相同的發展階段──
08:18
kind of like caterpillars毛毛蟲 and butterflies蝴蝶 --
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有點像是毛毛蟲和蝴蝶
08:21
except that they're actually其實 the brilliant輝煌 butterflies蝴蝶
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除了他們確實是閃亮的蝴蝶,
08:23
who are flitting飛來飛去 around the garden花園 and exploring探索,
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在花園裡飛來飛去和探索,
08:26
and we're the caterpillars毛毛蟲
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而我們是毛毛蟲,
08:28
who are inching微調 along沿 our narrow狹窄, grownup長大, adult成人 path路徑.
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緩緩移向狹隘的成長、成人路徑。
08:31
If this is true真正, if these babies嬰兒 are designed設計 to learn學習 --
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如果這是真的、如果這些寶寶是被設計來學習的──
08:34
and this evolutionary發展的 story故事 would say children孩子 are for learning學習,
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演化的故事會說,孩子是出生來學習的
08:37
that's what they're for --
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那是他們與生俱來的能力──
08:39
we might威力 expect期望
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我們可能期待
08:41
that they would have really powerful強大 learning學習 mechanisms機制.
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他們會有功能十分強大的學習機制。
08:43
And in fact事實, the baby's寶寶 brain
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而實際上,寶寶的腦
08:46
seems似乎 to be the most powerful強大 learning學習 computer電腦
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就像是在這星球功能最多的
08:48
on the planet行星.
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學習電腦。
08:50
But real真實 computers電腦 are actually其實 getting得到 to be a lot better.
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而真正的電腦事實上漸漸愈來愈好。
08:53
And there's been a revolution革命
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有一個大改革近來持續的在進行,
08:55
in our understanding理解 of machine learning學習 recently最近.
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是針對我們所知道的機械學習。
08:57
And it all depends依靠 on the ideas思路 of this guy,
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是由這個人的點子所創造出來的,
09:00
the Reverend牧師 Thomas托馬斯 Bayes貝葉斯,
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教士湯瑪士‧貝茲(Reverend Thomas Bayes),
09:02
who was a statistician統計員 and mathematician數學家 in the 18th century世紀.
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是18世紀時的一位統計學和數學家。
09:05
And essentially實質上 what Bayes貝葉斯 did
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基本上,貝茲(Bayes)所做的是
09:08
was to provide提供 a mathematical數學的 way
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提出一個數學方法
09:10
using運用 probability可能性 theory理論
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使用或然率理論
09:12
to characterize表徵, describe描述,
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以描出、描繪出
09:14
the way that scientists科學家們 find out about the world世界.
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科學家所發現關於這個世界的一切。
09:16
So what scientists科學家們 do
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所以科學家在做的事是
09:18
is they have a hypothesis假設 that they think might威力 be likely容易 to start開始 with.
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他們提出想要著手的假說。
09:21
They go out and test測試 it against反對 the evidence證據.
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他們進行測試假說、比對證據。
09:23
The evidence證據 makes品牌 them change更改 that hypothesis假設.
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依測試的結果,他們改變假設。
09:25
Then they test測試 that new hypothesis假設
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接著又測試新的假設,
09:27
and so on and so forth向前.
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像這樣不斷的進行下。
09:29
And what Bayes貝葉斯 showed顯示 was a mathematical數學的 way that you could do that.
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Bayes讓我們看到,你能以數學的方式來完成。
09:32
And that mathematics數學 is at the core核心
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數學是我們目前有的
09:34
of the best最好 machine learning學習 programs程式 that we have now.
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最佳機械學習程式的核心部分。
09:36
And some 10 years年份 ago,
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約十年前
09:38
I suggested建議 that babies嬰兒 might威力 be doing the same相同 thing.
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我提出嬰兒可能也會做這類事。
09:42
So if you want to know what's going on
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若你要知道
09:44
underneath those beautiful美麗 brown棕色 eyes眼睛,
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寶寶美麗棕色的眼內含著什麼心思,
09:46
I think it actually其實 looks容貌 something like this.
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我認為很可能就如同這一般。
09:48
This is Reverend牧師 Bayes's貝葉斯 notebook筆記本.
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這是教士貝茲的筆記。
09:50
So I think those babies嬰兒 are actually其實 making製造 complicated複雜 calculations計算
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所以我認為寶寶實際上正在作複雜的心計,
09:53
with conditional有條件的 probabilities概率 that they're revising修訂
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他們更正條件可能性
09:56
to figure數字 out how the world世界 works作品.
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以明瞭世界如何運作。
09:58
All right, now that might威力 seem似乎 like an even taller order訂購 to actually其實 demonstrate演示.
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沒錯,就像是有較難的順序來實際證明。
10:02
Because after all, if you ask even grownups大人 about statistics統計,
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畢竟,若你問一般的大人關於統計學,
10:04
they look extremely非常 stupid.
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他們看來就只會賣傻。
10:06
How could it be that children孩子 are doing statistics統計?
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小孩又怎麼懂統計學呢?
10:09
So to test測試 this we used a machine that we have
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為了測試這點,我們使用一台儀器
10:11
called the BlicketBlicket Detector探測器.
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稱為『Blicket探測器』(Blicket Detector)
10:13
This is a box that lights燈火 up and plays播放 music音樂
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這是一台會發光及播放音樂的盒子
10:15
when you put some things on it and not others其他.
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當放某樣東西在上面。
10:18
And using運用 this very simple簡單 machine,
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使用這個簡單的儀器,
10:20
my lab實驗室 and others其他 have doneDONE dozens許多 of studies學習
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我的實驗室及其他實驗室做了很多的研究,
10:22
showing展示 just how good babies嬰兒 are
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顯示這些寶寶
10:24
at learning學習 about the world世界.
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學習有關這個世界的能力。
10:26
Let me mention提到 just one
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讓我舉個例子
10:28
that we did with TumarTumar Kushner庫什納, my student學生.
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這是我和學生吐瑪(Tumar Kushner)進行的研究。
10:30
If I showed顯示 you this detector探測器,
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若你們看到這個探測器,
10:32
you would be likely容易 to think to begin開始 with
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你可能會想到的首先是,
10:34
that the way to make the detector探測器 go
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讓這個探測器運作的方法是
10:36
would be to put a block on top最佳 of the detector探測器.
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放一塊積木在探測器頂端。
10:39
But actually其實, this detector探測器
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但實際上,這個探測器
10:41
works作品 in a bit of a strange奇怪 way.
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以一種怪怪的方式運作。
10:43
Because if you wave a block over the top最佳 of the detector探測器,
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因為如你在探測器的頂端揮動一塊東西,
10:46
something you wouldn't不會 ever think of to begin開始 with,
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你料想不到的事發生了,
10:49
the detector探測器 will actually其實 activate啟用 two out of three times.
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三次有兩次這個探測器會啓動。
10:52
Whereas, if you do the likely容易 thing, put the block on the detector探測器,
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然而,你可能會做的事──把那東西放在探測器的頂端,
10:55
it will only activate啟用 two out of six times.
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六次有兩次這個探測器會啓動。
10:59
So the unlikely不會 hypothesis假設
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所以這不可能的假說
11:01
actually其實 has stronger evidence證據.
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確實有更強而有力的測試結果。
11:03
It looks容貌 as if the waving揮手
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好像在說,揮動是
11:05
is a more effective有效 strategy戰略 than the other strategy戰略.
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比起另一個更有效的策略。
11:07
So we did just this; we gave four year-olds歲的孩子 this pattern模式 of evidence證據,
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所以我們這麼做:我們給四歲的孩子們這個測試結果的模式,
11:10
and we just asked them to make it go.
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我們只要求這些孩子讓它動。
11:12
And sure enough足夠, the four year-olds歲的孩子 used the evidence證據
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可確定的是,這四歲的孩子使用該測試結果,
11:15
to wave the object目的 on top最佳 of the detector探測器.
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在探測器頂部揮動物體。
11:18
Now there are two things that are really interesting有趣 about this.
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關於這個,有兩件有趣的事。
11:21
The first one is, again, remember記得, these are four year-olds歲的孩子.
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第一件是,提醒你們,這些是四歲的孩子。
11:24
They're just learning學習 how to count計數.
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他們正學著數數。
11:26
But unconsciously不知不覺,
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但在無意中,
11:28
they're doing these quite相當 complicated複雜 calculations計算
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他們正進行著這種相當複雜的心計,
11:30
that will give them a conditional有條件的 probability可能性 measure測量.
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他們從此獲得條件可能性方法。
11:33
And the other interesting有趣 thing
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另一件有趣的事是
11:35
is that they're using運用 that evidence證據
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他們用那測試結果
11:37
to get to an idea理念, get to a hypothesis假設 about the world世界,
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獲得想法;獲得有關這世界的假說,
11:40
that seems似乎 very unlikely不會 to begin開始 with.
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開始似乎是不大可能地發生。
11:43
And in studies學習 we've我們已經 just been doing in my lab實驗室, similar類似 studies學習,
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我們在我的實驗室做的相似研究,
11:46
we've我們已經 show顯示 that four year-olds歲的孩子 are actually其實 better
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結果顯示,四歲孩子實際上很能
11:48
at finding發現 out an unlikely不會 hypothesis假設
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發現一個不大可能的假說,
11:51
than adults成年人 are when we give them exactly究竟 the same相同 task任務.
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比起做相同測試的成人而言。
11:54
So in these circumstances情況,
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所以在這些情況下,
11:56
the children孩子 are using運用 statistics統計 to find out about the world世界,
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孩子使用統計發現關於這世界的一切,
11:59
but after all, scientists科學家們 also do experiments實驗,
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可是,畢竟科學家也做實驗;
12:02
and we wanted to see if children孩子 are doing experiments實驗.
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我們要看看是否孩子會做實驗。
12:05
When children孩子 do experiments實驗 we call it "getting得到 into everything"
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小孩子作實驗,我們稱其為『對什麼都好奇』
12:08
or else其他 "playing播放."
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或者『玩耍』。
12:10
And there's been a bunch of interesting有趣 studies學習 recently最近
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近來有一連串有趣的實驗
12:13
that have shown顯示 this playing播放 around
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已顯示,這種四處玩耍
12:16
is really a kind of experimental試驗 research研究 program程序.
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實際是種實驗性的研究活動。
12:18
Here's這裡的 one from CristineCristine Legare'sLegare的 lab實驗室.
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這有一項來自Cristine Legare的實驗室的研究。
12:21
What CristineCristine did was use our BlicketBlicket Detectors探測器.
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Cristine使用『Blicket Detectors』來作實驗
12:24
And what she did was show顯示 children孩子
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她讓孩子看
12:26
that yellow黃色 ones那些 made製作 it go and red ones那些 didn't,
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黃色的探測器會動而紅色則不會動。
12:28
and then she showed顯示 them an anomaly不規則.
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然後,她讓他們看一個不尋常的現象。
12:31
And what you'll你會 see
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你們就要見到
12:33
is that this little boy男孩 will go through通過 five hypotheses假設
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這個小男孩經歷五個假設
12:36
in the space空間 of two minutes分鐘.
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就在短短的兩分鐘內。
12:39
(Video視頻) Boy男孩: How about this?
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(錄影片段)男孩:「這樣如何?
12:43
Same相同 as the other side.
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與另一邊一樣。」
12:46
Alison艾莉森 Gopnik高普尼克: Okay, so his first hypothesis假設 has just been falsified偽造.
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愛莉森:「好,他的第一個假設已剛被證明無效。」
12:55
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
12:57
Boy男孩: This one lighted發光的 up, and this one nothing.
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男孩:「這個會發光;這個不會。」
13:00
AGAG: Okay, he's got his experimental試驗 notebook筆記本 out.
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愛莉森:「好,他搬出他的實驗筆電。」
13:06
Boy男孩: What's making製造 this light up.
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男孩:「是什麼讓它發光啊!」
13:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
13:20
I don't know.
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「我不知道。」
13:22
AGAG: Every一切 scientist科學家 will recognize認識 that expression表達 of despair絕望.
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愛莉森:「每個科學家會辨認出的絶望表情。」
13:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
13:29
Boy男孩: Oh, it's because this needs需求 to be like this,
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男孩:「喔!是因為這個需要就像這個;
13:35
and this needs需求 to be like this.
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而這個需要就像這個。」
13:37
AGAG: Okay, hypothesis假設 two.
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愛莉森:「好,假設二。」
13:40
Boy男孩: That's why.
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男孩:「這就是原因。
13:42
Oh.
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噢。」
13:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
13:49
AGAG: Now this is his next下一個 idea理念.
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愛莉森:好,這是他的第三個想法。
13:51
He told the experimenter實驗者 to do this,
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他告訴實驗者這麼做:
13:53
to try putting it out onto the other location位置.
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試著把它放到另一個上方;
13:57
Not working加工 either.
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也不能運轉。
14:02
Boy男孩: Oh, because the light goes only to here,
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男孩:「哦,是因為燈只在這兒發亮。
14:06
not here.
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不在這兒。
14:09
Oh, the bottom底部 of this box
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哦,這個盒子的底部
14:12
has electricity電力 in here,
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有電在這兒,
14:14
but this doesn't have electricity電力.
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但這沒有電耶。」
14:16
AGAG: Okay, that's a fourth第四 hypothesis假設.
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愛莉森:好,這是他的第四個假說。
14:18
Boy男孩: It's lighting燈光 up.
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男孩:「它發光了!
14:20
So when you put four.
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所以你放四個
14:26
So you put four on this one to make it light up
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所以你放四個在這個上面,讓它發光
14:29
and two on this one to make it light up.
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而放兩個在這一個上面,它發光。」
14:31
AGAG: Okay,there's his fifth第五 hypothesis假設.
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愛莉森:好,這是他的第五個假說。
14:33
Now that is a particularly尤其 --
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這是一個特別......
14:36
that is a particularly尤其 adorable可愛的 and articulate說出 little boy男孩,
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這是一個十足可愛又口齒伶俐的小男孩,
14:39
but what CristineCristine discovered發現 is this is actually其實 quite相當 typical典型.
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但克莉絲汀發現這其實相當典型。
14:42
If you look at the way children孩子 play, when you ask them to explain說明 something,
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若你看那些孩子玩的方式,要他們解釋,
14:45
what they really do is do a series系列 of experiments實驗.
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他們其實是在做一連串的試驗。
14:48
This is actually其實 pretty漂亮 typical典型 of four year-olds歲的孩子.
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這實際上是相當典型的四歲孩子。
14:51
Well, what's it like to be this kind of creature生物?
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那麼當這樣的生物會像什麼呢?
14:54
What's it like to be one of these brilliant輝煌 butterflies蝴蝶
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當這樣聰明的蝴蝶會是怎麼樣的呢?
14:57
who can test測試 five hypotheses假設 in two minutes分鐘?
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而且他們能在兩分鐘內測試五個假設耶?
15:00
Well, if you go back to those psychologists心理學家 and philosophers哲學家,
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若是科學家或哲學家
15:03
a lot of them have said
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他們很多人會說
15:05
that babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子 were barely僅僅 conscious意識
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寶寶和幼童幾乎沒有意識到
15:07
if they were conscious意識 at all.
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是否他們意識到。
15:09
And I think just the opposite對面 is true真正.
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我認為事實正好相反。
15:11
I think babies嬰兒 and children孩子 are actually其實 more conscious意識 than we are as adults成年人.
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我認為寶寶和小孩事實上比大人的腦袋還清醒。
15:14
Now here's這裡的 what we know about how adult成人 consciousness意識 works作品.
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這是眾所皆知的成人意識運作模式。
15:17
And adults'成人 attention注意 and consciousness意識
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成人的注意力和意識
15:19
look kind of like a spotlight聚光燈.
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看似有點像聚光燈。
15:21
So what happens發生 for adults成年人
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就成人的情形而言,
15:23
is we decide決定 that something's什麼是 relevant相應 or important重要,
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我們成人決定什麼是具相關性或是重要的、
15:25
we should pay工資 attention注意 to it.
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應給予特別關注。
15:27
Our consciousness意識 of that thing that we're attending出席 to
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當那項東西是我們所關注的,意識
15:29
becomes extremely非常 bright and vivid生動,
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變得極為明亮又活潑,
15:32
and everything else其他 sort分類 of goes dark黑暗.
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而其他的就略顯得灰暗。
15:34
And we even know something about the way the brain does this.
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我們還知道大腦在這種情況下的運作模式。
15:37
So what happens發生 when we pay工資 attention注意
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那麼當我們專注時,
15:39
is that the prefrontal前額葉 cortex皮質, the sort分類 of executive行政人員 part部分 of our brains大腦,
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前額葉腦皮質,我們腦部的執行部分
15:42
sends發送 a signal信號
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送出訊號
15:44
that makes品牌 a little part部分 of our brain much more flexible靈活,
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我們大腦的一小部分便更靈活、
15:46
more plastic塑料, better at learning學習,
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更可塑、狀態更佳,在學習的時候,
15:48
and shuts啟閉 down activity活動
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值此同時,停止了
15:50
in all the rest休息 of our brains大腦.
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腦部其他部分的活動。
15:52
So we have a very focused重點, purpose-driven目標導向 kind of attention注意.
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所以說,我們的專注力是十分集中、以目的為導向。
15:56
If we look at babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子,
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若我們來看看寶寶和幼兒,
15:58
we see something very different不同.
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我們看到的又大大的不同了。
16:00
I think babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子
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我認為寶寶和幼兒
16:02
seem似乎 to have more of a lantern燈籠 of consciousness意識
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又更似意識燈籠,
16:04
than a spotlight聚光燈 of consciousness意識.
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而較不像意識聚光燈。
16:06
So babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子 are very bad
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所以說,寶寶和幼兒不善於
16:09
at narrowing變窄 down to just one thing.
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縮小範圍只專注一件事。
16:12
But they're very good at taking服用 in lots of information信息
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但他們很擅長立即接收大量
16:15
from lots of different不同 sources來源 at once一旦.
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來自四面八方、五花八門的訊息。
16:17
And if you actually其實 look in their brains大腦,
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而且若看看他們的腦內
16:19
you see that they're flooded with these neurotransmitters神經遞質
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你瞧他們腦內充斥著神經元傳導物質
16:22
that are really good at inducing感應 learning學習 and plasticity可塑性,
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能誘發學習和可塑性,
16:24
and the inhibitory抑制 parts部分 haven't沒有 come on yet然而.
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而抑制的部分則一直未啓動。
16:27
So when we say that babies嬰兒 and young年輕 children孩子
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因而,當我們說寶寶和幼兒
16:29
are bad at paying付款 attention注意,
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不善於專注
16:31
what we really mean is that they're bad at not paying付款 attention注意.
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我們實際上指的是他們不善於不專注。
16:35
So they're bad at getting得到 rid擺脫
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所以說,他們是不善於拒絶
16:37
of all the interesting有趣 things that could tell them something
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所有能引起他們興趣的有趣事物
16:39
and just looking at the thing that's important重要.
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而只關注重要的部分。
16:41
That's the kind of attention注意, the kind of consciousness意識,
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這種專注力,這種意識力
16:44
that we might威力 expect期望
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是我們能夠期待的,
16:46
from those butterflies蝴蝶 who are designed設計 to learn學習.
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從這些天賦予其學習的蝴蝶。
16:48
Well if we want to think about a way
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我們若要想個辦法
16:50
of getting得到 a taste味道 of that kind of baby寶寶 consciousness意識 as adults成年人,
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讓成人一嚐那種寶寶的意識感知,
16:54
I think the best最好 thing is think about cases
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我認為最棒的例子是
16:56
where we're put in a new situation情況 that we've我們已經 never been in before --
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我們被放在一個我們未曾經驗的全新的情境中,像是
16:59
when we fall秋季 in love with someone有人 new,
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當我們與新對象戀愛了
17:01
or when we're in a new city for the first time.
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或首次到一座新城市
17:04
And what happens發生 then is not that our consciousness意識 contracts合同,
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此時我們的意識不是收縮
17:06
it expands展開,
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而是擴張,
17:08
so that those three days in Paris巴黎
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以便在巴黎的這三天
17:10
seem似乎 to be more full充分 of consciousness意識 and experience經驗
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更為充滿感官意識和經驗
17:12
than all the months個月 of being存在
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而不是數個月
17:14
a walking步行, talking, faculty學院 meeting-attending會議,參加 zombie殭屍 back home.
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閒逛、談話、參加職員會議的疲憊不堪就回家了。
17:18
And by the way, that coffee咖啡,
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順便一提,咖啡,
17:20
that wonderful精彩 coffee咖啡 you've been drinking downstairs樓下,
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你在樓下喝的香純咖啡
17:22
actually其實 mimics模仿 the effect影響
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就有與寶寶的神經元傳導物質
17:24
of those baby寶寶 neurotransmitters神經遞質.
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相仿的效果。
17:26
So what's it like to be a baby寶寶?
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當一個寶寶是怎樣的呢?
17:28
It's like being存在 in love
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就像是愛戀在巴黎
17:30
in Paris巴黎 for the first time
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於首度造訪時,
17:32
after you've had three double-espressos雙特濃咖啡.
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就在三杯特濃濃縮咖啡下肚後。
17:34
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
17:37
That's a fantastic奇妙 way to be,
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那是一個妙招,
17:39
but it does tend趨向 to leave離開 you waking醒來 up crying哭了 at three o'clock in the morning早上.
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但那肯定會讓你在凌晨三點醒來哭。
17:43
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
17:46
Now it's good to be a grownup長大.
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當個大人是好的。
17:48
I don't want to say too much about how wonderful精彩 babies嬰兒 are.
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我不想說太多關於當寶寶是多麼美妙;
17:50
It's good to be a grownup長大.
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當個大人是好的。
17:52
We can do things like tie領帶 our shoelaces鞋帶 and cross交叉 the street by ourselves我們自己.
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我們能自己綁鞋帶、自己過馬路。
17:55
And it makes品牌 sense that we put a lot of effort功夫
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我們努力讓寶寶
17:57
into making製造 babies嬰兒 think like adults成年人 do.
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像個大人一樣的思考是合情合理的。
18:01
But if what we want is to be like those butterflies蝴蝶,
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但若我們想的是,像那些蝴蝶,
18:04
to have open-mindedness開明, open打開 learning學習,
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思想開放、廣泛學習
18:07
imagination想像力, creativity創造力, innovation革新,
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天馬行空地想像、自由創意及大膽革新,
18:09
maybe at least最小 some of the time
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至少有些時候
18:11
we should be getting得到 the adults成年人
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我們得讓成人
18:13
to start開始 thinking思維 more like children孩子.
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開始更像孩子般地思考。
18:15
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Resa CC
Reviewed by Ana Choi

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Gopnik - Child development psychologist
Alison Gopnik takes us into the fascinating minds of babies and children, and shows us how much we understand before we even realize we do.

Why you should listen

What’s it really like to see through the eyes of a child? Are babies and young children just empty, irrational vessels to be formed into little adults, until they become the perfect images of ourselves? On the contrary, argues Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley.

The author of The Philosophical BabyThe Scientist in the Crib and other influential books on cognitive development, Gopnik presents evidence that babies and children are conscious of far more than we give them credit for, as they engage every sense and spend every waking moment discovering, filing away, analyzing and acting on information about how the world works. Gopnik’s work draws on psychological, neuroscientific, and philosophical developments in child development research to understand how the human mind learns, how and why we love, our ability to innovate, as well as giving us a deeper appreciation for the role of parenthood.

She says: "What's it like to be a baby? Being in love in Paris for the first time after you've had 3 double espressos."

More profile about the speaker
Alison Gopnik | Speaker | TED.com