ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells.

Why you should listen

Professor Paula T. Hammond is the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Chair Professor in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the MIT Energy Initiative and a founding member of the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology. She has recently been named the new head of the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE). She is the first woman and the first person of color appointed to the post. She also served as the Executive Officer (Associate Chair) of the Chemical Engineering Department (2008-2011).

Professor Hammond was elected into the 2013 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also the recipient of the 2013 AIChE Charles M. A. Stine Award, which is bestowed annually to a leading researcher in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of materials science and engineering, and the 2014 Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research. She was also selected to receive the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Teal Innovator Award in 2013. She has been listed in the prestigious Highly Cited Researchers 2014 list, published by Thomson Reuters in the Materials Science category. This list contains the world's most influential researchers across 21 scientific disciplines based on highly cited papers in the 2002-2012 period. She is also included in the report: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014.

Professor Hammond serves as an Associate Editor of the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano. She has published over 250 scientific papers and holds over 20 patents based on her research at MIT. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Biological and Medical Engineers, and the American Chemical Society Polymer Division. In 2010, she was named the Scientist of the Year by the Harvard Foundation.

Professor Hammond received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 1984, and her M.S. from Georgia Tech in 1988 and earned her Ph.D. in 1993 from MIT.

More profile about the speaker
Paula Hammond | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Paula Hammond: A new superweapon in the fight against cancer

寶拉.哈蒙德: 對抗癌症的新超級武器

Filmed:
1,601,223 views

癌症,是一種非常聰明且善於適應環境的疾病。寶拉.哈蒙德(Paula Hammond),一位醫學研究人員和教育者,她說,我們需要一種嶄新且強勁的攻擊模式來擊潰它。她和她在麻省理工的同事,研發出一種,只有人類頭髮寬度的百分之一的奈米級粒子,它可以治療最具攻擊性、抗藥性的癌症。讓我們一起瞭解這個分子級的超級武器,並加入哈蒙德的任務,一起對抗這個會影響我們所有人的疾病——癌症。
- Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Cancer癌症 affects影響 all of us --
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癌症會影響所有人--
00:15
especially特別 the ones那些 that come
back over and over again,
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尤其是那些反覆發作,
00:18
the highly高度 invasive侵入的
and drug-resistant耐藥性 ones那些,
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具高入侵性、抗藥性的癌症,
即使我們給病患做最好的治療,
00:21
the ones那些 that defy違抗 medical treatment治療,
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00:23
even when we throw our best最好 drugs毒品 at them.
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病況也毫無起色。
00:27
Engineering工程 at the molecular分子 level水平,
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分子工程
00:30
working加工 at the smallest最少 of scales,
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在極微小的尺度運作,
00:32
can provide提供 exciting扣人心弦 new ways方法
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可以提供令人振奮的新方法
00:35
to fight鬥爭 the most aggressive侵略性
forms形式 of cancer癌症.
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來跟最具攻擊性的癌症搏鬥。
00:39
Cancer癌症 is a very clever聰明 disease疾病.
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癌症是一種非常聰明的疾病。
00:42
There are some forms形式 of cancer癌症,
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很幸運的,我們能運用現有的藥物和手術
來有效地治療ㄧ些癌症。
00:43
which哪一個, fortunately幸好, we've我們已經 learned學到了
how to address地址 relatively相對 well
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00:48
with known已知 and established既定
drugs毒品 and surgery手術.
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00:52
But there are some forms形式 of cancer癌症
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但是針對其他的癌症,
00:54
that don't respond響應 to these approaches方法,
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這些治療完全無效,
00:56
and the tumor survives生存 or comes back,
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腫瘤仍舊會繼續生存或者再度復發。
00:59
even after an onslaught猛攻 of drugs毒品.
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即使我們持續投放最強烈的藥物。
01:02
We can think of these
very aggressive侵略性 forms形式 of cancer癌症
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我們可以把那些
非常具攻擊性的癌症,
01:06
as kind of supervillains的supervillains in a comic滑稽 book.
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想像成漫畫書中的超級壞蛋。
01:09
They're clever聰明, they're adaptable適應性強,
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它們既聰明,
又善於適應環境,
01:12
and they're very good at staying alive.
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而且擅長求生。
01:15
And, like most supervillains的supervillains these days,
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而且就像現今的超級壞蛋一樣,
01:18
their superpowers超級大國 come
from a genetic遺傳 mutation突變.
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它們的超能力來自基因突變。
01:24
The genes基因 that are modified改性
inside these tumor cells細胞
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那些腫瘤細胞內變異的基因
01:27
can enable啟用 and encode編碼 for new
and unimagined無法想像 modes模式 of survival生存,
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能夠編譯出一種嶄新、
令人難以想像的生存模式,
01:32
allowing允許 the cancer癌症 cell細胞 to live生活 through通過
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使癌細胞在歷經最好的化療之後
01:35
even our best最好 chemotherapy化療 treatments治療.
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仍然能夠存活下來。
01:38
One example is a trick
in which哪一個 a gene基因 allows允許 a cell細胞,
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例如,癌細胞有一種基因
01:43
even as the drug藥物 approaches方法 the cell細胞,
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能夠在藥物接近細胞還沒發揮作用之前,
讓細胞把藥物推走。
01:46
to push the drug藥物 out,
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01:49
before the drug藥物 can have any effect影響.
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01:52
Imagine想像 -- the cell細胞 effectively有效
spits吐奶 out the drug藥物.
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你可以把它想像成
細胞成功地把藥物吐出來。
01:56
This is just one example
of the many許多 genetic遺傳 tricks技巧
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這只是超級壞蛋--癌症
01:59
in the bag of our supervillain超級大, cancer癌症.
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眾多基因把戲中的一個例子而已。
02:01
All due應有 to mutant突變體 genes基因.
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原因皆是突變基因。
02:04
So, we have a supervillain超級大
with incredible難以置信 superpowers超級大國.
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當我們面對一個擁有
驚人能力的超級壞蛋,
02:09
And we need a new and powerful強大
mode模式 of attack攻擊.
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我們需要一種
嶄新而強勁的攻擊模式。
02:13
Actually其實, we can turn off a gene基因.
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實際上,我們可以讓基因無法運作。
02:17
The key is a set of molecules分子
known已知 as siRNA的siRNA.
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其關鍵是一種
被稱為siRNA的組分子,
02:21
siRNA的siRNA are short sequences序列 of genetic遺傳 code
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它是一種短遺傳密碼序列,
02:25
that guide指南 a cell細胞 to block a certain某些 gene基因.
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它能使細胞阻斷某個特定基因。
02:28
Each siRNA的siRNA molecule分子
can turn off a specific具體 gene基因
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每個 siRNA 分子可以關閉
02:32
inside the cell細胞.
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細胞內一個特定的基因。
02:35
For many許多 years年份 since以來 its discovery發現,
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自從發現它後,多年來科學家們
都對基因阻斷器在醫療方面的應用很感興趣。
02:37
scientists科學家們 have been very excited興奮
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02:39
about how we can apply應用
these gene基因 blockers阻滯劑 in medicine醫學.
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02:43
But, there is a problem問題.
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但是有一個問題:
02:44
siRNA的siRNA works作品 well inside the cell細胞.
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siRNA 在細胞裡運作良好,
02:47
But if it gets得到 exposed裸露 to the enzymes
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但是如果它接觸到
存在於我們的血液或者
身體組織中的酵素,
02:50
that reside居住 in our bloodstream血液
or our tissues組織,
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02:53
it degrades降級 within seconds.
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它就會在瞬間降解。
02:55
It has to be packaged包裝, protected保護
through通過 its journey旅程 through通過 the body身體
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它在身體運行的旅途上
需要被包裝,受到保護
03:00
on its way to the final最後 target目標
inside the cancer癌症 cell細胞.
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直到抵達最終目標
--癌細胞裡面。
03:03
So, here's這裡的 our strategy戰略.
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所以這是我們的策略:
03:06
First, we'll dose劑量 the cancer癌症 cell細胞
with siRNA的siRNA, the gene基因 blocker阻滯劑,
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我們給癌細胞一劑 siRNA,
也就是基因阻斷器,
03:10
and silence安靜 those survival生存 genes基因,
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來抑制讓癌細胞存活的基因的表現,
接著利用化學藥物把癌細胞擊垮。
03:11
and then we'll whopwhop it with a chemo化療 drug藥物.
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03:14
But how do we carry攜帶 that out?
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但是我們怎樣進行呢?
03:16
Using運用 molecular分子 engineering工程,
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運用分子工程,
03:19
we can actually其實 design設計 a superweapon超級武器
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我們可以設計出一種能在血液中
自由游走的超級武器,
03:23
that can travel旅行 through通過 the bloodstream血液.
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03:25
It has to be tiny enough足夠
to get through通過 the bloodstream血液,
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它要小得可以穿過血流,
03:28
it's got to be small enough足夠
to penetrate穿透 the tumor tissue組織,
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穿過腫瘤組織,
03:32
and it's got to be tiny enough足夠
to be taken採取 up inside the cancer癌症 cell細胞.
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微小得可以留在癌細胞內。
03:37
To do this job工作 well,
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為了順利完成這個任務,
03:38
it has to be about one one-hundredth第一百
the size尺寸 of a human人的 hair頭髮.
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它的大小必須是
人類頭髮的百分之一。
03:44
Let's take a closer接近 look
at how we can build建立 this nanoparticle納米粒子.
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現在請近距離看看我們
如何製造這個奈米粒子。
03:49
First, let's start開始
with the nanoparticle納米粒子 core核心.
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首先由奈米粒子的核心開始。
03:51
It's a tiny capsule膠囊 that contains包含
the chemotherapy化療 drug藥物.
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它是一只含有化療藥物
的細小膠囊。
03:56
This is the poison that will
actually其實 end結束 the tumor cell's細胞 life.
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那是一種真正能結束
癌細胞生命的毒藥。
04:00
Around this core核心, we'll wrap a very thin,
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我們將會在這顆核心的周圍
04:03
nanometers-thin納米薄 blanket of siRNA的siRNA.
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包裹一層非常薄的
siRNA 奈米膜。
04:06
This is our gene基因 blocker阻滯劑.
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這是我們的基因阻斷器。
04:09
Because siRNA的siRNA is strongly非常
negatively charged帶電,
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因為 siRNA 是強力負極電荷,
04:12
we can protect保護 it
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所以我們可以利用一層
正極的聚合物保護膜來保護siRNA。
04:14
with a nice不錯, protective保護的 layer
of positively積極 charged帶電 polymer聚合物.
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04:19
The two oppositely相反 charged帶電
molecules分子 stick together一起
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兩個異性電分子
因為互相吸引
04:22
through通過 charge收費 attraction引力,
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繼而黏在一起,
04:24
and that provides提供 us
with a protective保護的 layer
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並提供了一層保護層
04:26
that prevents防止 the siRNA的siRNA
from degrading降解 in the bloodstream血液.
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防止 siRNA 在血流中降解。
04:30
We're almost幾乎 doneDONE.
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我們差不多完成了。
04:31
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:32
But there is one more big obstacle障礙
we have to think about.
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但是我們還要
考慮到一個大障礙。
04:37
In fact事實, it may可能 be the biggest最大
obstacle障礙 of all.
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其實可能是所有
障礙中最大的一個。
04:39
How do we deploy部署 this superweapon超級武器?
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我們怎樣善用這種超級武器呢?
04:41
I mean, every一切 good weapon武器
needs需求 to be targeted針對,
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每種優良的武器
都需要瞄準目標。
04:44
we have to target目標 this superweapon超級武器
to the supervillain超級大 cells細胞
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我們要把超級武器
瞄準腫瘤內的
04:48
that reside居住 in the tumor.
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超級壞蛋細胞。
04:50
But our bodies身體 have a natural自然
immune-defense免疫防禦 system系統:
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但是我們體內有一種
天然的免疫防衛系統:
04:53
cells細胞 that reside居住 in the bloodstream血液
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血流裡有一種細胞
04:55
and pick out things that don't belong屬於,
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能夠辨認出原本
不存在於身體的東西,
04:58
so that it can destroy破壞 or eliminate消除 them.
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繼而破壞或消滅它們。
05:00
And guess猜測 what? Our nanoparticle納米粒子
is considered考慮 a foreign國外 object目的.
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猜猜看怎麼了?我們的奈米粒子
被視為一種外來物。
05:05
We have to sneak潛行 our nanoparticle納米粒子
past過去 the tumor defense防禦 system系統.
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我們要把奈米粒子
偷渡過腫瘤防護系統時,
05:09
We have to get it past過去 this mechanism機制
of getting得到 rid擺脫 of the foreign國外 object目的
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必須掩飾它,讓它通過
身體排除外物的機制,
05:16
by disguising如假包換 it.
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05:17
So we add one more
negatively charged帶電 layer
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於是我們再增加
一層負極電膜,
05:21
around this nanoparticle納米粒子,
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包圍這個奈米粒子,
05:23
which哪一個 serves供應 two purposes目的.
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這有兩個目的。
05:25
First, this outer layer is one
of the naturally自然 charged帶電,
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第一,外層是天然電荷,
05:29
highly高度 hydrated水合 polysaccharides多醣
that resides所在 in our body身體.
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那是人體內的高水合多醣。
05:33
It creates創建 a cloud of water molecules分子
around the nanoparticle納米粒子
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它可以在奈米粒子周圍
製造一層水分子。
05:38
that gives us an invisibility隱形
cloaking隱形 effect影響.
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這有隱形斗蓬的效果。
05:42
This invisibility隱形 cloak披風 allows允許
the nanoparticle納米粒子
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這隱形斗篷讓奈米粒子
05:44
to travel旅行 through通過 the bloodstream血液
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能夠藉著血液的流動,
05:46
long and far enough足夠 to reach達到 the tumor,
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移動到足以到達腫瘤的距離,
05:49
without getting得到 eliminated淘汰 by the body身體.
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而不會被身體消滅。
05:52
Second第二, this layer contains包含 molecules分子
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第二,這層高水合多醣含有
05:56
which哪一個 bind捆綁 specifically特別 to our tumor cell細胞.
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可以和腫瘤細胞
結合的分子。
06:00
Once一旦 bound, the cancer癌症 cell細胞
takes up the nanoparticle納米粒子,
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一旦結合了,癌細胞
就會吸收奈米粒子。
06:04
and now we have our nanoparticle納米粒子
inside the cancer癌症 cell細胞
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現在奈米粒子就在
癌細胞的內部,
06:09
and ready準備 to deploy部署.
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準備展開行動了。
06:11
Alright好的! I feel the same相同 way. Let's go!
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好,我也有同感。出發吧!
06:13
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
06:20
The siRNA的siRNA is deployed部署 first.
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首先調動 siRNA。
06:24
It acts行為 for hours小時,
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它需要數小時才見效。
06:25
giving enough足夠 time to silence安靜
and block those survival生存 genes基因.
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因為要足夠的時間去抑制
癌細胞生存基因的表現,
06:31
We have now disabled
those genetic遺傳 superpowers超級大國.
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我們現在已經使這些基因
的超能力無法運作。
06:35
What remains遺跡 is a cancer癌症 cell細胞
with no special特別 defenses防禦.
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剩下來的是沒有
特殊防禦的癌細胞。
06:38
Then, the chemotherapy化療 drug藥物
comes out of the core核心
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接下來,化療藥物
從核心釋放,
06:41
and destroys破陣 the tumor cell細胞
cleanly乾淨 and efficiently有效率的.
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徹底且有效率地
破壞腫瘤細胞。
06:46
With sufficient足夠 gene基因 blockers阻滯劑,
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只要我們有足夠的基因阻斷器,
06:48
we can address地址 many許多
different不同 kinds of mutations突變,
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就能對付不同種類的突變,
06:51
allowing允許 the chance機會 to sweep out tumors腫瘤,
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有機會能剿滅腫瘤,
06:54
without leaving離開 behind背後 any bad guys.
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讓壞蛋一個也不剩地消失。
06:56
So, how does our strategy戰略 work?
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所以我們的策略是如何進行的?
07:01
We've我們已經 tested測試 these nanostructure納米結構
particles粒子 in animals動物
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我們利用動物測試
這些奈米結構粒子,
07:05
using運用 a highly高度 aggressive侵略性 form形成
of triple-negative三陰性 breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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運用極具攻擊性的
三陰性乳腺癌做實驗。
07:09
This triple-negative三陰性 breast乳房 cancer癌症
exhibits展品 the gene基因
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三陰性乳腺癌的基因表現
07:11
that spits吐奶 out cancer癌症 drug藥物
as soon不久 as it is delivered交付.
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讓癌症藥物一接近它就被排除。
07:15
Usually平時, doxorubicin多柔比星 -- let's call
it "doxDOX" -- is the cancer癌症 drug藥物
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通常,阿黴素是治療乳癌
07:20
that is the first line of treatment治療
for breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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第一線療程的藥物。
07:24
So, we first treated治療 our animals動物
with a doxDOX core核心, doxDOX only.
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於是我們首先只投放
阿黴素來治療動物。
07:30
The tumor slowed放緩 their rate of growth發展,
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腫瘤生長速度減緩了,
07:32
but they still grew成長 rapidly急速,
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但仍生長迅速,
07:34
doubling加倍 in size尺寸
over a period of two weeks.
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在兩週後,腫瘤的大小
就增加了一倍。
07:37
Then, we tried試著
our combination組合 superweapon超級武器.
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接下來,我們試了
我們的綜合超級武器,
07:41
A nanolayer納米層 particle粒子 with siRNA的siRNA
against反對 the chemo化療 pump,
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用化療泵注射
siRNA奈米粒子,
07:45
plus, we have the doxDOX in the core核心.
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加上,在內核放置阿黴素。
07:48
And look -- we found發現 that not only
did the tumors腫瘤 stop growing生長,
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看!我們發現
腫瘤不僅停止生長
07:53
they actually其實 decreased下降 in size尺寸
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而且還縮小,
07:55
and were eliminated淘汰 in some cases.
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有些腫瘤甚至完全消失
07:58
The tumors腫瘤 were actually其實 regressing回歸.
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腫瘤真的復原了。
08:01
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:09
What's great about this approach途徑
is that it can be personalized個性化.
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這個方法最棒的地方是
可以個人化。
08:13
We can add many許多 different不同 layers of siRNA的siRNA
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我們針對不同的突變和腫瘤的防護機制
添加不同層次的 siRNA,
08:16
to address地址 different不同 mutations突變
and tumor defense防禦 mechanisms機制.
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08:20
And we can put different不同 drugs毒品
into the nanoparticle納米粒子 core核心.
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我們也可以把不同的藥物
放進毫微粒核心。
08:23
As doctors醫生 learn學習 how to test測試 patients耐心
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當醫生學習如何替病人檢測
08:27
and understand理解 certain某些
tumor genetic遺傳 types類型,
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以及了解特定腫瘤的基因類型時,
08:30
they can help us determine確定 which哪一個 patients耐心
can benefit效益 from this strategy戰略
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他們可以幫助我們
決定哪類病人
08:34
and which哪一個 gene基因 blockers阻滯劑 we can use.
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可以受惠於這個療法
和採用哪種基因阻斷器。
08:38
Ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 strikes罷工
a special特別 chord with me.
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卵巢癌對我而言
具有特別的意義。
08:41
It is a very aggressive侵略性 cancer癌症,
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它是一種很具攻擊性的癌症,
08:43
in part部分 because it's discovered發現
at very late晚了 stages階段,
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部分原因是因為它通常在
病症末期才被診斷出來,
08:46
when it's highly高度 advanced高級
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那時候癌細胞已經根深蒂固
08:47
and there are a number
of genetic遺傳 mutations突變.
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而且它有多種基因突變。
08:50
After the first round回合 of chemotherapy化療,
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經過第一輪化療後,
08:53
this cancer癌症 comes back
for 75 percent百分 of patients耐心.
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有 75% 的病人
會再次復發癌症。
08:58
And it usually平時 comes back
in a drug-resistant耐藥性 form形成.
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而且它通常會以
抗藥性的型態回到身體。
惡性的卵巢癌
09:02
High-grade高分 ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症
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09:03
is one of the biggest最大
supervillains的supervillains out there.
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是最壞的超級壞蛋之一。
09:06
And we're now directing導演 our superweapon超級武器
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我們現在要把我們的
超級武器瞄準它,
09:08
toward its defeat打敗.
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希望能夠將它擊潰。
09:11
As a researcher研究員,
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作為一個研究員,
09:12
I usually平時 don't get to work with patients耐心.
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我通常不會替病患做臨床治療。
09:16
But I recently最近 met會見 a mother母親
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但最近我遇見一位卵巢癌倖存者媽媽
Mimi和她的女兒Paige,
09:18
who is an ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 survivor倖存者,
Mimi咪咪, and her daughter女兒, Paige佩奇.
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09:24
I was deeply inspired啟發
by the optimism樂觀 and strength強度
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我深受他們母女兩人的
樂觀和力量啟發,
09:28
that both mother母親 and daughter女兒 displayed顯示
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09:31
and by their story故事 of courage勇氣 and support支持.
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她們的故事展現了
勇氣和互相扶持。
09:35
At this event事件, we spoke
about the different不同 technologies技術
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在活動中,我們談論關於
治療癌症的不同科技。
09:38
directed針對 at cancer癌症.
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09:40
And Mimi咪咪 was in tears眼淚
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Mimi 的雙眼泛淚
09:41
as she explained解釋 how learning學習
about these efforts努力
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她說她了解我們
這些努力的成果
09:44
gives her hope希望 for future未來 generations,
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可以讓她對下一代
充滿了希望,
09:46
including包含 her own擁有 daughter女兒.
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包括她的親生女兒。
09:49
This really touched感動 me.
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這令我非常感動。
09:51
It's not just about building建造
really elegant優雅 science科學.
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我們不只是做
精密的科學研究,
09:55
It's about changing改變 people's人們 lives生活.
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還能改變人們的人生。
09:58
It's about understanding理解
the power功率 of engineering工程
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這是在分子尺度中
10:01
on the scale規模 of molecules分子.
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運用工程的力量。
10:03
I know that as students學生們 like Paige佩奇
move移動 forward前鋒 in their careers職業生涯,
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我知道在像Paige
這樣的學生,在進入職涯後,
10:07
they'll他們會 open打開 new possibilities可能性
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他們會開創很多
嶄新的可能性,
10:09
in addressing解決 some of the big
health健康 problems問題 in the world世界 --
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來解決世界上的
重大醫療衛生議題——
10:12
including包含 ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症, neurological神經
disorders障礙, infectious傳染病 disease疾病 --
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包括卵巢癌、
精神疾病、傳染病
10:18
just as chemical化學 engineering工程 has
found發現 a way to open打開 doors for me,
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就像化學工程已
為我開了一扇門,
10:22
and has provided提供 a way of engineering工程
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提供我世上最小的分子規模工程,
來治癒世上大規模的人類。
10:25
on the tiniest最小的 scale規模,
that of molecules分子,
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10:28
to heal癒合 on the human人的 scale規模.
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10:31
Thank you.
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謝謝
10:32
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Sophie Wu
Reviewed by Yi-Fan Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells.

Why you should listen

Professor Paula T. Hammond is the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Chair Professor in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the MIT Energy Initiative and a founding member of the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology. She has recently been named the new head of the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE). She is the first woman and the first person of color appointed to the post. She also served as the Executive Officer (Associate Chair) of the Chemical Engineering Department (2008-2011).

Professor Hammond was elected into the 2013 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also the recipient of the 2013 AIChE Charles M. A. Stine Award, which is bestowed annually to a leading researcher in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of materials science and engineering, and the 2014 Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research. She was also selected to receive the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Teal Innovator Award in 2013. She has been listed in the prestigious Highly Cited Researchers 2014 list, published by Thomson Reuters in the Materials Science category. This list contains the world's most influential researchers across 21 scientific disciplines based on highly cited papers in the 2002-2012 period. She is also included in the report: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014.

Professor Hammond serves as an Associate Editor of the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano. She has published over 250 scientific papers and holds over 20 patents based on her research at MIT. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Biological and Medical Engineers, and the American Chemical Society Polymer Division. In 2010, she was named the Scientist of the Year by the Harvard Foundation.

Professor Hammond received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 1984, and her M.S. from Georgia Tech in 1988 and earned her Ph.D. in 1993 from MIT.

More profile about the speaker
Paula Hammond | Speaker | TED.com