TEDxManchester
Aala El-Khani: What it's like to be a parent in a war zone
艾拉愛爾坎妮: 身為在戰區的父母會是怎樣的情況？
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當家被戰爭給毀滅時，父母要如何保護他們的孩子並協助他們感到安全？在這場溫暖真心的演說中，心理學家艾拉愛爾坎妮分享她的工作：支援受到敘利亞內戰影響的難民家庭，並向他們學習。她問：我們能如何協助這些慈愛的父母，來提供他們孩子所須的溫暖、安全的養育？
Aala El-Khani - Humanitarian psychologist
Aala El-Khani explores the needs of families affected by war and displacement and the mental health of children who have experienced armed conflict. Full bio
Aala El-Khani explores the needs of families affected by war and displacement and the mental health of children who have experienced armed conflict. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Worldwide, over 1.5 billion people
experience armed conflict.
experience armed conflict.
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全世界，有 15 億人經歷武裝衝突。
00:18
In response, people are forced
to flee their country,
to flee their country,
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他們因此被迫逃離祖國，
00:21
leaving over 15 million refugees.
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造成超過一千五百萬個難民。
00:25
Children, without a doubt,
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無疑的，孩童
00:26
are the most innocent
and vulnerable victims ...
and vulnerable victims ...
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是最無辜、最脆弱的受害者。
00:30
but not just from
the obvious physical dangers,
the obvious physical dangers,
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他們不只面臨明顯的實體危害，
00:33
but from the often unspoken effects
that wars have on their families.
that wars have on their families.
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還會受到戰爭對他們的
家庭造成的無聲影響。
家庭造成的無聲影響。
00:38
The experiences of war
leave children at a real high risk
leave children at a real high risk
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戰爭的經歷讓孩童有很高的風險，
00:41
for the development
of emotional and behavioral problems.
of emotional and behavioral problems.
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可能會發展出情緒和行為問題。
00:45
Children, as we can only imagine,
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我們只能想像，孩童
00:47
will feel worried, threatened and at risk.
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會感到擔心、被威脅、面臨風險。
00:50
But there is good news.
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但有個好消息，
00:52
The quality of care
that children receive in their families
that children receive in their families
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孩童的幸福比較會受到
00:56
can have a more significant
effect on their well-being
effect on their well-being
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他們在家中受到的照顧
之品質好壞所影響，
之品質好壞所影響，
00:59
than from the actual experiences of war
that they have been exposed to.
that they have been exposed to.
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他們所接觸的戰爭經歷
造成的影響相對沒這麼大。
造成的影響相對沒這麼大。
01:04
So actually, children can be protected
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其實，孩童可以被保護，
01:07
by warm, secure parenting
during and after conflict.
during and after conflict.
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方式是在衝突中及衝突後，
提供他們溫暖安全的養育。
提供他們溫暖安全的養育。
01:13
In 2011, I was a first-year PhD student
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2011 年時，
我是博士班一年級學生，
我是博士班一年級學生，
01:17
in the University of Manchester
School of Psychological Sciences.
School of Psychological Sciences.
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就讀曼徹斯特大學的心理科學系。
跟你們許多人一樣，
01:21
Like many of you here,
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01:22
I watched the crisis in Syria
unfold in front of me on the TV.
unfold in front of me on the TV.
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我在電視上看到敘利亞危機爆發。
01:26
My family is originally from Syria,
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我的家庭是來自敘利亞。
01:28
and very early on,
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非常早的時候，
01:30
I lost several family members
in really horrifying ways.
in really horrifying ways.
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我就以非常可怕的方式
失去了數名家人。
失去了數名家人。
01:33
I'd sit and I'd gather with my family
and watch the TV.
and watch the TV.
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我會坐著，和家人
聚在一起，看電視。
聚在一起，看電視。
01:37
We've all seen those scenes:
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我們都曾看過那些場景：
01:38
bombs destroying buildings,
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炸彈摧毀建築、
01:40
chaos, destruction
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混亂、毀滅、
01:43
and people screaming and running.
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人們尖叫、竄逃。
01:45
It was always the people screaming
and running that really got me the most,
and running that really got me the most,
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讓我最有感觸的總是
人們尖叫、竄逃的部份，
人們尖叫、竄逃的部份，
01:49
especially those
terrified-looking children.
terrified-looking children.
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特別是那些看來嚇壞的孩童。
01:53
I was a mother to two young,
typically inquisitive children.
typically inquisitive children.
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我是個母親，有兩個小孩，
都是典型的好奇寶寶，
都是典型的好奇寶寶，
01:57
They were five and six then,
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當時他們分別是五歲和六歲。
01:58
at an age where they typically
asked lots and lots of questions,
asked lots and lots of questions,
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在那個年齡，
他們通常會問很多問題，
他們通常會問很多問題，
02:01
and expected real, convincing answers.
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且期望得到真實、有說服力的答案。
02:05
So, I began to wonder
what it might be like
what it might be like
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所以我開始納悶，如果在
02:07
to parent my children
in a war zone and a refugee camp.
in a war zone and a refugee camp.
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戰區和難民營中養育我的孩子
會是怎樣的狀況？
會是怎樣的狀況？
02:12
Would my children change?
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我的孩子會改變嗎？
02:14
Would my daughter's bright,
happy eyes lose their shine?
happy eyes lose their shine?
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我女兒那明亮快樂的雙眼
會失去光芒嗎？
會失去光芒嗎？
02:18
Would my son's really relaxed and carefree
nature become fearful and withdrawn?
nature become fearful and withdrawn?
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我兒子那悠閒自在的天性
會變得恐懼退縮嗎？
會變得恐懼退縮嗎？
02:24
How would I cope?
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我要如何處理？
02:27
Would I change?
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我會改變嗎？
02:30
As psychologists and parent trainers,
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我們這些心理學家
和父母訓練者知道，
和父母訓練者知道，
02:32
we know that arming parents
with skills in caring for their children
with skills in caring for their children
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提供父母照顧孩子的技能，
02:36
can have a huge effect
on their well-being,
on their well-being,
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對於他們的幸福能有很大的影響。
02:40
and we call this parent training.
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我們稱這為父母訓練。
02:42
The question I had was,
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我的問題是，
02:44
could parent training programs
be useful for families
be useful for families
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父母訓練專案對於那些
02:48
while they were still in war zones
or refugee camps?
or refugee camps?
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還在戰區或難民營的家庭會有用嗎？
02:51
Could we reach them
with advice or training
with advice or training
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我們是否能接觸到他們，
提供建議或是訓練，
提供建議或是訓練，
02:54
that would help them
through these struggles?
through these struggles?
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來協助他們渡過這些困難？
02:57
So I approached my PhD supervisor,
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所以我去找了我的
博士學位指導教授，
博士學位指導教授，
03:00
Professor Rachel Calam,
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瑞秋卡蘭博士，
03:02
with the idea of using my academic skills
to make some change in the real world.
to make some change in the real world.
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告訴她我的想法是用我的
學術技能在真實世界上做出改變。
學術技能在真實世界上做出改變。
03:06
I wasn't quite sure
what exactly I wanted to do.
what exactly I wanted to do.
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我不太確定我到底想做什麼，
03:10
She listened carefully and patiently,
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她很仔細且耐心地聽著，
03:11
and then to my joy she said,
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接著她說的話讓我很高興：
03:13
"If that's what you want to do,
and it means so much to you,
and it means so much to you,
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「如果那是你想做的事、
且對你有如此重大的意義，
且對你有如此重大的意義，
03:16
then let's do it.
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那就做吧！
03:17
Let's find ways to see if parent programs
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我們來找看看有什麼方法
可以使父母專案
可以使父母專案
03:20
can be useful for families
in these contexts."
in these contexts."
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也能對那些情境中的
家庭有所幫助。」
家庭有所幫助。」
03:23
So for the past five years,
myself and my colleagues --
myself and my colleagues --
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所以過去五年，我自己和我同事──
03:26
Prof. Calam and Dr. Kim Cartwright --
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卡蘭教授和金卡特萊博士──
03:29
have been working
on ways to support families
on ways to support families
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致力於尋找方法來支持那些
03:31
that have experienced
war and displacement.
war and displacement.
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經歷了戰爭與遷移的家庭。
03:35
Now, to know how to help families
that have been through conflict
that have been through conflict
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若要知道如何幫助
那些經歷過衝突的家庭、
那些經歷過衝突的家庭、
03:39
support their children,
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如何支援他們的孩子，
03:40
the first step must obviously be
to ask them what they're struggling with,
to ask them what they're struggling with,
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第一步驟很明顯是要詢問
他們的困難是什麼，
他們的困難是什麼，
03:44
right?
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對吧？
03:45
I mean, it seems obvious.
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我的意思是，這似乎很明顯。
03:46
But it's often those
that are the most vulnerable,
that are the most vulnerable,
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但通常，我們實際上卻不會去問
03:49
that we're trying to support,
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那些最脆弱的的人、
03:50
that we actually don't ask.
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我們試圖去支援的人。
03:52
How many times have we just assumed
we know exactly the right thing
we know exactly the right thing
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我們多常會直接假設，
我們很清楚要協助
我們很清楚要協助
03:55
that's going to help someone or something
without actually asking them first?
without actually asking them first?
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某人或某事時該做的是什麼，
卻沒有真正先問當事人？
卻沒有真正先問當事人？
03:59
So I travelled to refugee camps
in Syria and in Turkey,
in Syria and in Turkey,
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所以我旅行到敘利亞和
土耳其的難民營，
土耳其的難民營，
04:03
and I sat with families, and I listened.
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和許多家庭坐下來談，我傾聽他們，
04:06
I listened to their parenting challenges,
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我傾聽他們
在養育上的挑戰是什麼，
在養育上的挑戰是什麼，
04:09
I listened to their parenting struggles
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我傾聽他們
在養育上的困難是什麼，
在養育上的困難是什麼，
04:11
and I listened to their call for help.
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我傾聽他們的求助。
04:13
And sometimes that was just paused,
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有時候會中斷停下來，
04:15
as all I could do was hold hands with them
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因為我能做的只有握住他們的手，
04:17
and just join them
in silent crying and prayer.
in silent crying and prayer.
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和他們一起默默地落淚和禱告。
04:20
They told me about their struggles,
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他們告訴我他們的困難，
04:23
they told me about the rough,
harsh refugee camp conditions
harsh refugee camp conditions
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他們告訴我難民營的條件
有多簡陋惡劣，
有多簡陋惡劣，
04:26
that made it hard to focus
on anything but practical chores
on anything but practical chores
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讓他們很難聚焦做任何事，
只能做家庭雜務，
只能做家庭雜務，
04:30
like collecting clean water.
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比如收集乾淨的水。
04:32
They told me how they watched
their children withdraw;
their children withdraw;
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他們告訴我他們如何看著孩子退縮，
04:35
the sadness, depression, anger,
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那悲傷、沮喪、憤怒、
04:39
bed-wetting, thumb-sucking,
fear of loud noises,
fear of loud noises,
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尿床、吮手指、害怕大聲的噪音、
04:42
fear of nightmares --
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害怕惡夢……
04:44
terrifying, terrifying nightmares.
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非常非常恐怖的惡夢。
04:46
These families had been through
what we had been watching on the TV.
what we had been watching on the TV.
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這些家庭經歷了
我們在電視上看到的那些狀況。
我們在電視上看到的那些狀況。
04:51
The mothers --
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那些母親們……
04:52
almost half of them
were now widows of war,
were now widows of war,
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幾乎有一半在戰爭中喪偶，
04:54
or didn't even know
if their husbands were dead or alive --
if their husbands were dead or alive --
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或是不知道丈夫是生是死。
04:57
described how they felt
they were coping so badly.
they were coping so badly.
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她們訴說著她們
覺得自己處理得有多糟。
覺得自己處理得有多糟。
05:01
They watched their children change
and they had no idea how to help them.
and they had no idea how to help them.
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她們看著自己的孩子改變，
卻不知道怎麼幫助他們，
卻不知道怎麼幫助他們，
05:05
They didn't know how to answer
their children's questions.
their children's questions.
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她們不知道怎麼回答孩子的問題。
05:09
What I found incredibly astonishing
and so motivational
and so motivational
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讓我覺得最震驚且最激勵我的事，
05:12
was that these families were
so motivated to support their children.
so motivated to support their children.
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是這些家庭很積極
想要支持他們的孩子。
想要支持他們的孩子。
05:17
Despite all these challenges they faced,
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儘管他們面臨這些挑戰，
05:20
they were trying to help their children.
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他們仍然試著協助他們的孩子，
05:22
They were making attempts
at seeking support from NGO workers,
at seeking support from NGO workers,
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他們試圖求助的對象
包括非政府組織人員、
包括非政府組織人員、
05:26
from refugee camp teachers,
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難民營老師、
05:28
professional medics,
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專業醫務員、
05:29
other parents.
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及其他父母。
05:31
One mother I met had only been
in a camp for four days,
in a camp for four days,
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我見到一位母親，她才到營中四天，
05:34
and had already made two attempts
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就已經做了兩項嘗試，
05:35
at seeking support
for her eight-year-old daughter
for her eight-year-old daughter
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試著尋求支助，幫助她那飽受
05:38
who was having terrifying nightmares.
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可怕惡夢所苦的八歲女兒。
05:42
But sadly, these attempts
are almost always useless.
are almost always useless.
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但不幸的是，
那些嘗試幾乎總是無用的。
那些嘗試幾乎總是無用的。
05:45
Refugee camp doctors, when available,
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當難民營醫生能接受看診時，
05:47
are almost always too busy,
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他們幾乎總是很忙碌，
05:49
or don't have the knowledge or the time
for basic parenting supports.
for basic parenting supports.
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或是沒有知識或時間
來協助養育方面的問題。
來協助養育方面的問題。
05:54
Refugee camp teachers and other parents
are just like them --
are just like them --
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難民營老師和其他父母的
狀況都和他們一樣──
狀況都和他們一樣──
05:58
part of a new refugee community
who's struggling with new needs.
who's struggling with new needs.
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都是新難民社區的一部份，
且為了新的需求而掙扎著。
且為了新的需求而掙扎著。
06:03
So then we began to think.
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所以我們開始想，
06:05
How could we help these families?
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我們要如何協助這些家庭？
06:09
The families were struggling with things
much bigger than they could cope with.
much bigger than they could cope with.
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這些家庭所遇到的困難
遠超過他們能處理的程度。
遠超過他們能處理的程度。
06:13
The Syrian crisis made it clear
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敘利亞危機讓我們知道，
06:15
how incredibly impossible it would be
to reach families on an individual level.
to reach families on an individual level.
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想在個人層級上去接觸家庭
是非常不可能的。
是非常不可能的。
06:20
How else could we help them?
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我們還能用什麼
其他方式協助他們？
其他方式協助他們？
06:22
How would we reach families
at a population level
at a population level
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我們要如何在非常非常恐怖的時期，
06:26
and low costs
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在群體居民的層級上，
06:29
in these terrifying, terrifying times?
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以低成本接觸到家庭？
06:32
After hours of speaking to NGO workers,
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在和非政府組織人員
談了數小時後，
談了數小時後，
06:35
one suggested a fantastic innovative idea
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有個人提出一項非常創新的好建議，
06:37
of distributing parenting
information leaflets via bread wrappers --
information leaflets via bread wrappers --
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用包麵包的紙
來發送養育資訊的傳單。
來發送養育資訊的傳單。
06:43
bread wrappers that were being delivered
to families in a conflict zone in Syria
to families in a conflict zone in Syria
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人道主義工作者會把包麵包的紙
送到敘利亞衝突區的家庭中。
06:47
by humanitarian workers.
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06:49
So that's what we did.
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所以我們就那麼做了。
06:51
The bread wrappers haven't changed
at all in their appearance,
at all in their appearance,
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包麵包的紙在外表上完全沒改變，
06:54
except for the addition
of two pieces of paper.
of two pieces of paper.
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只是多了額外的兩張紙：
06:56
One was a parenting information leaflet
that had basic advice and information
that had basic advice and information
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一張是養育資訊傳單，
上面有基本建議和資訊，
上面有基本建議和資訊，
07:01
that normalized to the parent
what they might be experiencing,
what they might be experiencing,
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都是一般父母自身
可能正在經歷的狀況、
可能正在經歷的狀況、
他們的孩子可能正在經歷的狀況。
07:05
and what their child
might be experiencing.
might be experiencing.
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07:07
And information on how they could
support themselves and their children,
support themselves and their children,
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傳單上也提供如何支持
他們自己和孩子的相關資訊，
他們自己和孩子的相關資訊，
07:11
such as information like spending
time talking to your child,
time talking to your child,
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這些資訊包括
比如花時間和孩子說話、
比如花時間和孩子說話、
07:15
showing them more affection,
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對他們展現更多感情、
07:17
being more patient with your child,
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對孩子更有耐心、
07:19
talking to your children.
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和孩子說話。
07:21
The other piece of paper
was a feedback questionnaire,
was a feedback questionnaire,
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另一張紙是回饋問卷，
07:23
and of course, there was a pen.
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當然，也有附一枝筆。
07:26
So is this simply leaflet distribution,
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所以，這只不過是發傳單？
07:29
or is this actually a possible means
of delivering psychological first aid
of delivering psychological first aid
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或是這真的是種可行的手段，
能提供溫暖、安全、慈愛的養育，
能提供溫暖、安全、慈愛的養育，
07:33
that provides warm,
secure, loving parenting?
secure, loving parenting?
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將心理急救遞送過去給他們？
07:36
We managed to distribute
3,000 of these in just one week.
3,000 of these in just one week.
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我們只在一週內
就成功發送出 3000 份，
就成功發送出 3000 份，
07:42
What was incredible was
we had a 60 percent response rate.
we had a 60 percent response rate.
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很不可思議的是回應率有 60%，
07:45
60 percent of the 3,000
families responded.
families responded.
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三千個家庭中有 60% 回覆了問卷。
07:50
I don't know how many
researchers we have here today,
researchers we have here today,
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我不知道今天
在現場有多少研究者，
在現場有多少研究者，
07:52
but that kind of response
rate is fantastic.
rate is fantastic.
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但這種回應率實在太棒了。
07:54
To have that in Manchester
would be a huge achievement,
would be a huge achievement,
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在曼徹斯特若有這種回應率
就可以算是很大的成就，
就可以算是很大的成就，
07:58
let alone in a conflict zone in Syria --
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何況是在敘利亞的衝突區。
08:00
really highlighting how important
these kinds of messages were to families.
these kinds of messages were to families.
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這突顯出這類資訊
對那些家庭有多重要。
對那些家庭有多重要。
08:07
I remember how excited and eager we were
for the return of the questionnaires.
for the return of the questionnaires.
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我還記得收到回覆的回卷時，
我們有多興奮和熱切。
我們有多興奮和熱切。
08:11
The families had left
hundreds of messages --
hundreds of messages --
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那些家庭留下了數以百計的訊息──
08:13
most incredibly positive and encouraging.
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大部份都非常正面且鼓舞人心。
08:16
But my favorite has got to be,
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但我最愛的是這一則：
08:17
"Thank you for not forgetting
about us and our children."
about us and our children."
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「謝謝你們沒有忘記
我們和我們的孩子。」
我們和我們的孩子。」
08:22
This really illustrates
the potential means
the potential means
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這真的說明了將心理急救
08:24
of the delivery of psychological
first aid to families,
first aid to families,
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遞送到家庭中的可行手段，
08:27
and the return of feedback, too.
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同時還可得到回饋。
08:29
Just imagine replicating this
using other means
using other means
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想像一下套用其他手段
來複製這做法，
來複製這做法，
08:31
such as baby milk distribution,
or female hygiene kits,
or female hygiene kits,
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比如兒童牛奶配送、
或是女性衛生包、
或是女性衛生包、
08:36
or even food baskets.
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甚至食物籃。
08:40
But let's bring this closer to home,
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但是我們先把這帶到
離家近一點的地方，
離家近一點的地方，
08:41
because the refugee crisis
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因為難民危機
08:43
is one that is having an effect
on every single one of us.
on every single one of us.
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對我們每個人都有影響。
08:46
We're bombarded with images daily
of statistics and of photos,
of statistics and of photos,
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我們每天被統計數字
和照片給轟炸著。
和照片給轟炸著。
08:51
and that's not surprising,
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那並不讓人意外，
08:52
because by last month,
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因為上個月，
08:54
over one million refugees
had reached Europe.
had reached Europe.
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有超過一百萬難民抵達歐洲，
08:57
One million.
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一百萬！
08:58
Refugees are joining our communities,
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難民開始加入我們的社區，
09:02
they're becoming our neighbors,
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他們變成我們的鄰居，
09:03
their children are attending
our children's schools.
our children's schools.
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他們的孩子會跟
我們的孩子上同一間學校。
我們的孩子上同一間學校。
09:07
So we've adapted the leaflet
to meet the needs of European refugees,
to meet the needs of European refugees,
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所以我們修改了傳單
以符合歐洲難民的需求。
以符合歐洲難民的需求。
09:11
and we have them online, open-access,
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我們把它們放上網，開放取用，
09:13
in areas with a really high
refugee influx.
refugee influx.
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放在有大量難民湧入的區域，
09:16
For example, the Swedish healthcare
uploaded it onto their website,
uploaded it onto their website,
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比如，瑞士健康照顧
就把它上傳到他們的網站上。
就把它上傳到他們的網站上。
09:19
and within the first 45 minutes,
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才上傳 45 分鐘，
09:21
it was downloaded 343 times --
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就有 343 次下載。
09:25
really highlighting how important it is
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這顯示出，非常重要的是要
09:27
for volunteers, practitioners
and other parents
and other parents
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讓志工、醫生、及其他父母
09:29
to have open-access,
psychological first-aid messages.
psychological first-aid messages.
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能取得公開取用的心理急救訊息。
09:35
In 2013, I was sitting on the cold,
hard floor of a refugee camp tent
hard floor of a refugee camp tent
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在 2013 年，我在難民營的帳篷中
坐在冰冷的硬地板上，
坐在冰冷的硬地板上，
09:41
with mothers sitting around me
as I was conducting a focus group.
as I was conducting a focus group.
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我在進行一個焦點團體訪談，
許多母親圍繞在我身邊。
許多母親圍繞在我身邊。
09:45
Across from me stood an elderly lady
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我對面站著一個老女人，
09:47
with what seemed to be
a 13-year-old girl lying beside her,
a 13-year-old girl lying beside her,
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有個看似 13 歲的女孩
躺在她身邊，
躺在她身邊，
09:51
with her head on the elderly lady's knees.
190
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頭放在老女人的膝蓋上。
09:54
The girl stayed quiet
throughout the focus group,
throughout the focus group,
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整過個程中女孩很安靜，
09:56
not talking at all,
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完全沒說話，
09:58
with her knees
curled up against her chest.
curled up against her chest.
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整個人蜷曲著，膝蓋靠向胸部。
10:01
Towards the end of the focus group,
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在焦點團體訪談尾聲，
10:02
and as I was thanking
the mothers for their time,
the mothers for their time,
195
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2976
我正在感謝母親們花時間來，
10:05
the elderly lady looked at me
while pointing at the young girl,
while pointing at the young girl,
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老女人看著我，手指向那女孩，
10:08
and said to me, "Can you help us with...?"
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對我說：「你能幫幫我們嗎……？」
10:12
Not quite sure what she expected me to do,
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我不太確定她期望我做什麼，
10:14
I looked at the young girl and smiled,
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我微笑看著小女孩，
10:16
and in Arabic I said,
200
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1376
我用阿拉伯語說：
10:17
"Salaam alaikum. Shu-ismak?"
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2016
「Salaam alaikum. Shu-ismak?」
10:19
"What's your name?"
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1200
「你好，你叫什麼名字？」
10:21
She looked at me really
confused and unengaged,
confused and unengaged,
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她看著我，表情困惑，
完全在狀況外。
完全在狀況外。
10:24
but then said, "Halul."
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1600
但接著她說：「赫魯爾。」
10:26
Halul is the pet's name
for the Arabic female name, Hala,
for the Arabic female name, Hala,
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赫魯爾是寵物用的名字，
來自阿拉伯女性名字赫拉，
來自阿拉伯女性名字赫拉，
10:31
and is only really used
to refer to really young girls.
to refer to really young girls.
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只會用來稱呼非常小的女孩。
10:35
At that point I realized that actually
Hala was probably much older than 13.
Hala was probably much older than 13.
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那時，我了解到赫拉的
實際年齡很可能遠大於 13 歲。
實際年齡很可能遠大於 13 歲。
10:39
It turns out Hala was a 25-year-old
mother to three young children.
mother to three young children.
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結果赫拉是 25 歲，
且是三個孩子的媽。
且是三個孩子的媽。
10:44
Hala had been a confident,
bright, bubbly, loving, caring mother
bright, bubbly, loving, caring mother
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對她的孩子來說，赫拉過去
是個有自信、聰明、活潑、
是個有自信、聰明、活潑、
10:48
to her children,
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慈愛、關懷的母親，
10:50
but the war had changed all of that.
211
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1960
但戰爭改變了一切。
10:53
She had lived through bombs
being dropped in her town;
being dropped in her town;
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她經歷過炸彈被投在她的小鎮上，
10:57
she had lived through explosions.
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她經歷過爆炸。
11:00
When fighter jets
were flying around their building,
were flying around their building,
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當戰機在他們的樓房附近飛行，
11:02
dropping bombs,
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投下炸彈，
11:04
her children would be screaming,
terrified from the noise.
terrified from the noise.
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她的孩子會尖叫，害怕那噪音，
11:06
Hala would frantically grab pillows
and cover her children's ears
and cover her children's ears
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赫拉會瘋狂地抓枕頭
來蓋住孩子的耳朵，
來蓋住孩子的耳朵，
11:10
to block out the noise,
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擋住噪音，
11:11
all the while screaming herself.
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她自己則一直尖叫。
11:14
When they reached the refugee camp
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當他們到達難民營，
11:15
and she knew they were finally
in some kind of safety,
in some kind of safety,
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她知道他們終於得到某種安全了，
11:19
she completely withdrew
to acting like her old childhood self.
to acting like her old childhood self.
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她完全退縮回去，
行為舉止回到孩童時期，
行為舉止回到孩童時期，
11:23
She completely rejected her family --
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她完全排拒她的家庭、
11:26
her children, her husband.
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1960
她的孩子、她的先生。
11:29
Hala simply could no longer cope.
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赫拉就是再也無法承受了。
11:32
This is a parenting struggle
with a really tough ending,
with a really tough ending,
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這是個養育的掙扎困境，
而結局很困苦。
而結局很困苦。
11:35
but sadly, it's not uncommon.
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但很讓人悲傷的是，這很常見。
11:37
Those who experience
armed conflict and displacement
armed conflict and displacement
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經歷過武裝衝突和遷移的人，
11:40
will face serious emotional struggles.
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會要面對嚴重的情緒掙扎。
11:43
And that's something we can all relate to.
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那是我們都能懂的，
11:46
If you have been through
a devastating time in your life,
a devastating time in your life,
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如果你在人生中有經過
讓你身心交瘁的時期，
讓你身心交瘁的時期，
11:50
if you have lost someone
or something you really care about,
or something you really care about,
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如果你失去過
你非常在乎的人或物，
你非常在乎的人或物，
11:55
how would you continue to cope?
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你要如何繼續承受下去？
11:58
Could you still be able
to care for yourself and for your family?
to care for yourself and for your family?
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你仍然能夠照顧
你自己和你的家庭嗎？
你自己和你的家庭嗎？
12:03
Given that the first years
of a child's life are crucial
of a child's life are crucial
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孩子生命中的前幾年，
對他們的身體和情緒
能否健康發展，是很關鍵的。
能否健康發展，是很關鍵的。
12:06
for healthy physical
and emotional development,
and emotional development,
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12:09
and that 1.5 billion people
are experiencing armed conflict --
are experiencing armed conflict --
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而那十五億人在經歷武裝衝突──
12:14
many of whom are now
joining our communities --
joining our communities --
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當中許多人加入了我們的社區──
12:17
we cannot afford to turn a blind eye
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我們不能視若無睹，
12:19
to the needs of those
who are experiencing war and displacement.
who are experiencing war and displacement.
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3720
不能忽略那些經歷了
戰爭和遷移的人的需求。
戰爭和遷移的人的需求。
12:24
We must prioritize
these families' needs --
these families' needs --
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我們得優先處理這些家庭的需求，
12:27
both those who are internally displaced,
and those who are refugees worldwide.
and those who are refugees worldwide.
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包括留在國內被迫遷移的人、
以及全世界的難民。
以及全世界的難民。
12:33
These needs must be prioritized
by NGO workers, policy makers,
by NGO workers, policy makers,
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5016
這些需求需要被優先處理，
由非政府組織人員、政策制訂者、
由非政府組織人員、政策制訂者、
12:38
the WHO, the UNHCR
and every single one of us
and every single one of us
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世界衛生組織、聯合國難民署、
以及我們每個人一同努力，
以及我們每個人一同努力，
12:42
in whatever capacity it is
that we function in our society.
that we function in our society.
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用我們在社會上的功能
來盡一份心力。
來盡一份心力。
12:47
When we begin to recognize
the individual faces of the conflict,
the individual faces of the conflict,
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當我們能開始辨認出
衝突中每一張臉孔，
衝突中每一張臉孔，
12:52
when we begin to notice
those intricate emotions on their faces,
those intricate emotions on their faces,
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當我們能開始注意到
他們臉孔上錯綜複雜的情緒，
他們臉孔上錯綜複雜的情緒，
12:57
we begin to see them as humans, too.
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我們也就開始
將他們視為人類來看待了。
將他們視為人類來看待了。
13:00
We begin to see
the needs of these families,
the needs of these families,
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我們會開始看見這些家庭的需求，
13:02
and these are the real human needs.
250
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這些需求是真正的人類需求。
13:05
When these family needs are prioritized,
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當這些家庭需求能被優先處理，
13:08
interventions for children
in humanitarian settings
in humanitarian settings
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在人道主義環境中
為孩童進行的干預手段，
為孩童進行的干預手段，
13:11
will prioritize and recognize the primary
role of the family in supporting children.
role of the family in supporting children.
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將會重視和認可
家庭是支持孩童的最主要角色。
家庭是支持孩童的最主要角色。
13:17
Family mental health
will be shouting loud and clear
will be shouting loud and clear
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在全球及國際議程中，
家庭心理健康將會
家庭心理健康將會
13:20
in global, international agenda.
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大聲且清楚地發聲。
13:23
And children will be less likely
to enter social service systems
to enter social service systems
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而孩童比較不會需要進入
重新安置國家中的
重新安置國家中的
13:26
in resettlement countries
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社會服務體制，
13:28
because their families
would have had support earlier on.
would have had support earlier on.
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因為他們的家庭會
在那之前就提供支持。
在那之前就提供支持。
13:32
And we will be more open-minded,
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我們也會比較開放、
13:35
more welcoming, more caring
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比較歡迎、比較關懷、
13:37
and more trusting to those
who are joining our communities.
who are joining our communities.
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也比較相信那些加入我們社區的人。
13:41
We need to stop wars.
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我們必須要停止戰爭，
13:44
We need to build a world where children
can dream of planes dropping gifts,
can dream of planes dropping gifts,
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我們需要打造一個世界，
讓孩童作的夢是飛機投下禮物，
讓孩童作的夢是飛機投下禮物，
13:49
and not bombs.
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而不是炸彈。
13:51
Until we stop armed conflicts
raging throughout the world,
raging throughout the world,
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在我們阻止武裝衝突
在世界上猖獗之前，
在世界上猖獗之前，
13:55
families will continue to be displaced,
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家庭仍然會持續被迫遷移，
13:58
leaving children vulnerable.
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造成孩童變得脆弱。
14:00
But by improving parenting
and caregiver support,
and caregiver support,
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但藉由改善養育和照顧者支援，
14:03
it may be possible to weaken the links
between war and psychological difficulties
between war and psychological difficulties
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也許有可能減弱戰爭
對孩童及其家庭的心理困難
對孩童及其家庭的心理困難
14:08
in children and their families.
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產生的影響。
14:10
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
14:12
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aala El-Khani - Humanitarian psychologistAala El-Khani explores the needs of families affected by war and displacement and the mental health of children who have experienced armed conflict.
Why you should listen
Dr. Aala El-Khani develops and researches innovative ways to reach families that have experienced conflict with parenting support and training. She has conducted prize-winning field research with refugee families and families in conflict zones, exploring their parenting challenges and the positive impact parenting support can provide. Her work has significantly contributed to an agenda of producing materials which together form psychological first aid for families affected by conflict and displacement.
El-Khani s a humanitarian psychologist, and she works as a consultant for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as well as a Research Associate at the University of Manchester at the Division of Psychology and Mental Health. Her current work collaborates the efforts of the UNODC and the University of Manchester in developing and evaluating family skills programs in countries such as Afghanistan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.
El-Khani is passionate about highlighting the significant role that caregivers play in protecting their children during conflict and displacement. She has trained NGO workers, school teachers and affected families internationally on family skills and research methods.
Aala El-Khani | Speaker | TED.com