EG 2007
Brewster Kahle: A free digital library
Brewster Kahbl建構一個免費的數位圖書館
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Brewster Kahle正在建構一個龐大的數位圖書館 --每一本出版過的書，每一部發行過的電影，網路上曾有的每一種資料類型... 都免費提供給大眾-- 除非有人更早達成這個目標。
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarian
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried. Full bio
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children.
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我們必須將最好的資訊提供給我們的下一代，讓他們隨手可得
00:19
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve.
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如果我們不這麼做，我們會有自作自受的下一代
00:24
They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them.
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他們會從任何在身邊可得到的資訊學習
00:27
And we, as now the elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is,
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社會菁英、家長、圖書館員、專業人士以及其他各界人士
00:35
a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer
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已發展各式各樣的活動來提供最好的資訊
00:39
within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can.
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讓我們身邊的人隨手可得，並儘量將範圍擴大
00:43
I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone.
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在這場演講開頭以及結束，我都會提到刻在石碑上的文字
00:46
One is what's on the Boston Public Library.
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其中一段文字是刻在波士頓公共圖書館的石碑上
00:50
Carved above their door is, "Free to All."
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石碑上刻著，"全面開放免費使用"
00:53
It's kind of an inspiring statement,
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這是句相當具有啟發性的宣言
00:55
and I'll go back at the end of this.
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我將會再演講結束時再一次的提到它，
00:57
I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge
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我是一個圖書館員，我的工作是將知識
01:02
to as many people as want to read it.
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提供給任何想要閱讀的人們
01:06
And the idea of using technology is perfect for us.
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運用科技技術對我們而言已是相當的理想了
01:08
I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks.
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我認為我們有機會超越希臘人
01:12
It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians,
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要超越希臘人並不容易。但是靠著如埃及人般的勤勉
01:17
they were able to build the Library of Alexandria --
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他們建立了亞歷山大圖書館--
01:19
the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world.
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收藏全世界每一本書的想法
01:23
The problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it.
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問題是你必需親自到亞歷山大
01:26
On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened.
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另一方面，如果你到了亞歷山大，就會發生偉大的事件
01:29
I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something.
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我認為我們可以超越希臘人並有所成就
01:32
And I'm going to try to argue only one point today:
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今天我只强調一個觀點：
01:35
that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.
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知識由全人類共享這個理想已在伸手可及的範圍
01:40
So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking,
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如果我成功了，日後你會這麼想
01:43
yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published,
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我們達成偉大的目標--將所有曾經出版
01:50
everything that was ever meant for distribution,
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以及所有曾經想要出版的知識
01:52
available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it.
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提供給所有想要取得知識的人們
01:56
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed,
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是的,我們有資金分配的問題
02:00
and that's still being refigured out.
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我們正在重新估算
02:02
But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand,
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但是我們有充份的資金，同時也有大量的需求
02:04
so we can actually achieve that.
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因此我們真的可以達成這個目標
02:07
But I'm going to go over the technological, social
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但是我會逐步探討在技術層面、社會層面
02:10
and sort of where are we as a whole, trying to get to that particular vision.
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以及目前進行的成果以達到這個目標
02:14
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website,
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我進行的步驟類似亞馬遜網站
02:19
the books, music, video and just go step -- media type by media type,
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逐步的依照圖書、音樂、影片等媒體類型進行
02:24
just go and say, all right, how're we doing on this?
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好的那我們該如何進行?
02:27
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we?
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如果我們從書籍開始，目前的進展如何？
02:31
Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it?
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如同一位工程師，首先你必須要界定問題。有多少數量的圖書？
02:35
If you wanted to put all of the published works online
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假如你希望將所有已出版的圖書數位化
02:38
so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it?
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所有人都可以在網路上看到，這個問題會有多大?
02:42
Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world
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我們不知道確實的數字，但是世界上最大的實體圖書館
02:46
is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes, 26 million volumes.
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美國國會國家圖書館--它的館藏量是二千六百萬冊圖書
02:50
It is, by far and away, the largest print library in the world.
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它是目前世界上最大的實體圖書館
02:53
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte,
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一本電子書大約需要一百萬位元(megabyte)的記憶體
02:57
so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word.
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如果使用的檔案格式是Word
03:01
So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes --
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一本電子書一百萬位元(megabyte)，二千六百萬個百萬位元就是26兆位元(terabytes)
03:05
it goes mega-, giga-, tera-. 26 terabytes.
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百萬位元(mega)、十億位元(giga)、兆位元(tera)、26兆位元(terabytes)
03:08
26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big,
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26兆位元檔案所需電腦系統大概有這麼大
03:11
on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars.
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以Linux硬碟運轉，大概需要60,000美元
03:16
So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage --
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以一間房子的價格--或者是在這附近一個車庫的價格
03:20
you can put, you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress.
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你就可以運轉美國國會圖書館的所有文字資料
03:25
That's pretty neat.
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這真的很酷
03:27
Then the question is, what do you get?
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接下來的問題是：你得到什麼？
03:29
You know, is it worth trying to get there?
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這麼做值得嗎?
03:31
Do you actually want it online?
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真的需要數位化？
03:33
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers
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首先做到的是讀者
03:36
that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun.
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可以搜尋圖書內全文，這點相當有趣
03:39
And you can download these things, and look around them in new and different ways.
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你可以下載，用新的、不同的方式瀏覽
03:42
And you can get at them remotely, if you happen to have a laptop.
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如果你有台筆記型電腦，你可以遠端下載
03:48
There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-y interfaces
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目前已有一些頁面翻轉界面
03:52
that look a whole lot like books in certain ways,
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看起來很像一本書
03:55
and you can search them, make little tabs, and it's kind of cute --
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你可以搜尋全文，設定小標籤 ，相當的有趣
03:57
still very book-like -- on your laptop.
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在你的筆記型電腦上看起來像是一本書
04:00
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop --
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但是我不太肯定，是否要用筆記型電腦看書
04:03
whenever I pull up my laptop, it always feels like work.
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每當打開我的筆記型電腦，就覺得像是在工作
04:05
I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great.
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這就是為什麼Kindle如此的棒
04:08
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle.
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我用Kindle看書時不會覺得我在工作
04:11
It's starting to be a little bit more specified.
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接下來要談到比較特定的內容
04:14
But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like.
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我必須承認我比較偏好舊的技術
04:21
I like the physical book.
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我喜歡紙本書
04:24
And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things,
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我們可以利用科技將圖書數位化
04:29
put them on the Net, and then download,
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將電子書放到網路上讓人下載
04:31
print them and bind them, and end up with books again.
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列印電子書、裝訂、再變成一本書
04:33
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this?
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我們可以問，這件事難不難？
04:35
And it turns out to not be very hard.
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事實上並不困難
04:37
We actually went off to make a bookmobile.
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我們已著手製造了一台流動圖書館
04:39
And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish,
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流動圖書館--廂型車的大小配備一台小耳朶
04:41
a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books.
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一台印表機、一台裝訂機以及截切機，小孩可以列印自己的書
04:43
It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal, old book.
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下載、列印以及裝訂一本普通的舊書的成本約三塊美元
04:49
And they actually come out kind of nice looking.
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印出來的書看起來還不錯
04:51
You can actually get really good-looking books
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事實上，印出來的書相當好看
04:54
for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this.
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以每頁1分美金的價格，也就是製作成本
04:58
So the idea of -- this technology actually may end up
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這種技術觀念可能最後可能發展成
05:01
putting books back in people's hands again.
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將紙本書送回大家手中
05:03
There are some other bookmobiles running around.
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有其他幾台流動圖書館四處巡迴
05:05
This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond -- Thoreau's works.
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這是Eric Eldred在瓦爾登湖(Walden Pond)，梭羅(Thoreau的)作品
05:09
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services,
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這張照片是他在被公園管理當局趕走之前拍攝的
05:12
for competing with the bookstore there.
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因為他會與那裡的書店競爭生意
05:15
In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around.
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在印度，也有幾台流動圖書館四處巡迴
05:18
And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria,
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這是亞歷山大圖書館的開幕日
05:21
the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt.
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在埃及，新開幕的亞歷山大圖書館
05:25
It was quite popularly attended.
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有相當多的民眾參與
05:27
And kids starting to make their own books,
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孩子列印自己的書
05:30
and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.
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拿著第一本屬於自己的書的快樂小孩
05:33
So the idea of being able to use this technology
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運用這種技術
05:35
to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro,
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再回到紙本書，我做的事好像是在走回頭路
05:38
but I think it still has its place.
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但還是有它存在的價值
05:41
And being from the Silicon Valley, sort of utopian
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有點源自於矽谷，有點源自於烏托邦
05:45
sort of world,
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還有點源自於全球化
05:47
we thought, if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda,
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我認為如果我們可以在烏干達的農村運用這種技術
05:50
we might have something.
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我們也許會有所成就
05:52
So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out.
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因此我們從世界銀行取得資金來試行
05:56
And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley,
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我們可以在30天內出發，從矽谷找幾位工作人員
06:00
fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first Internet connection
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飛到烏干達，買一台車，設定網路連線
06:06
at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted,
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在烏干達國家圖書館，找出他們真正的需要
06:09
and get a program going making books in rural Uganda.
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在烏干達的農村設定印書程序
06:12
And it actually -- so technologically, it works.
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在技術層面，它是行的通的
06:15
What we found out of this is we didn't have the right books.
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從這個事件，我們發現沒有合適的圖書
06:19
So the books were in the library. We could get it to people, if they're digitized,
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圖書都存放在圖書館內。數位化讓大家可以取得
06:22
but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized.
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但是我們還不清楚如何完成數位化
06:25
Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China.
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所有人都認為解決的方法是交由印度與中國處理
06:30
And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment.
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我們曾試圖這麼做，待會再提到這點
06:32
There are some newer technologies for delivering
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目前有較新的傳輸技術
06:35
that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well.
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其成果也相當令人振奮
06:38
One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine.
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一台客製化圖書印製機器看起來像小題大作的魯比高堡機器
06:41
We have one of these things now. It's completely cool.
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現在我們有一台這樣的機器。這相當酷
06:43
It's all conveyor belt, and it makes a book.
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全用輸送帶運轉，可以列印圖書
06:48
And it's called the "Espresso Book Machine,"
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我們將它命名為"快速圖書製造機"
06:50
and in about 10 minutes, you can press a button and make a book.
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按下按紐十分鐘就印好一本書
06:54
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain,
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在這個領域中，還有另一件事情令我相當興奮
07:00
beyond these sort of kiosk-y things where you can get books on demand,
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除了有點像是資訊站的客製化印製圖書機器
07:04
is some of these new little screens that are coming out.
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還有一些新款的小筆電
07:08
And one of my favorites in this is the $100 laptop.
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其中我最喜歡的是百元筆電
07:12
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here,
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我無意要捷足先登
07:18
but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader.
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但我們已開始使用這台機器做為電子書閱讀器
07:23
So here's one of the beta units and you can --
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這是其中一款測試機型--
07:29
it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader.
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它已成為一台相當好看的電子書閱讀器
07:37
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it,
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我們有一個快速破解法，可以放入我們的電子書
07:41
and it turns out that 200 dots per inch
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它的解析度可以達到200dpi(解析度)
07:44
means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good.
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也就是說放入經由掃描的圖書，效果相當不錯
07:47
At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300 dot print laser printer.
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200dpi，相當於雷射印表機的300dpi
07:51
We're in good enough shape.
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我們目前的狀況相當好
07:53
You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily.
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你很容易就可以閱讀經由掃描的電子書
07:56
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about.
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電子書的觀念正在發展
08:00
But how do you go about doing all this scanning?
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但要如何完成所有的掃描作業?
08:02
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing.
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因此我們嘗試要將圖書送到印度處理
08:05
And there was a project with, funded by the National Science Foundation --
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由全國科學基金會贊助一項企畫
08:10
sent a bunch of scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books.
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送出一批掃描機，原本美國的圖書館要提供圖書
08:14
Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send their books.
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他們沒有提供圖書--他們不願意提供他們的館藏
08:17
So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India.
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因此我們買了十萬本書送到印度
08:19
And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India.
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然後我們才了解為什麼不要將圖書送到印度
08:22
The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books.
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我們學到的經驗是，要自己掃描自己的書
08:26
If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better,
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如果你真的在意這本書，你就會好好的掃描
08:30
especially if they're valuable books.
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尤其是珍貴的圖書
08:32
If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them,
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如果是新書你可以把他弄壞
08:34
because you could just buy another one,
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因為你只需再買一本
08:36
that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning.
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高品質的掃描並不難
08:40
But do things that you love.
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做你喜歡的事
08:43
But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books --
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印度人已經掃描一些他們自己的圖書--
08:46
about 300,000 now -- doing very well.
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目前約有三十萬冊--做的相當好
08:48
The Chinese did over a million, and the Egyptians are about 30,000.
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中國人已掃描超過百萬冊，埃及人大約已掃描三萬冊
08:53
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library.
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如果這件事必須進行，就讓我們在圖書館內進行
08:59
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down
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要如何進行，要如何完成
09:01
so that it's a cost point that we could afford?
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我們是否負擔得起經費?
09:03
And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page.
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我們以每頁10分美金來估算
09:06
If it's basically the cost of xeroxing to basically digitize, OCR, package it up,
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全部的費用基本上包含影印、數位化以及光學文學辨識
09:12
make it so that you could download, print and bind it -- the whole shebang --
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來完成下載、列印以及裝訂全部的工作流程
09:15
we would have achieved something.
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我們就可以有所成就
09:17
So we started out trying to figure out. How do we get to 10 cents?
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因此我們試著將預算如何控制在10分美金
09:19
And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well --
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我們嘗試這些機器人設備， 它們運作的相當好
09:22
sort of these auto-page-turning things.
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有點像自動翻頁機
09:24
If we can have Mars Rovers, you'd think you could turn pages.
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如果我們可以製造火星漫遊號(Mars Rovers)，也就可以製造翻頁機
09:28
But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there.
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但是事實上要翻頁非常困難，兩頁中間沒有空間
09:32
So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner,
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最後我們製造出自己的圖書掃描機
09:38
and with two digital, high-grade, professional digital cameras,
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二台高品質專業數位攝影機
09:42
controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book,
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可調控的博物館級燈光--即使是黑白的圖書
09:45
you can go and get the proper intonation.
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你可以調整到適合的色調
09:49
So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job.
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基本上你可以做的即美觀又體面
09:52
This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job
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這不是一台傳真機，就要要做好一件事
09:56
as you're going through these libraries.
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如同你進到圖書館
09:59
And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume.
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如果我們大量的進行，我們可以做到每頁10分美金
10:03
This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto.
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這是在多倫多大學的情況
10:06
And actually, it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage.
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事實上是付基本工資
10:09
People seem to love it.
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大家似乎很喜歡
10:11
Yes, it's a little boring, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it.
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是的，有些無趣，但是有些人已進入禪定
10:15
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:18
And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about,
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特別是你關注的有趣圖書
10:20
in languages that you can read.
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使用你自己的語言
10:22
We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this, at getting 10 cents a page.
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我們已經有辦法做到控制在每頁10分美金
10:28
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book.
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因此每頁10分美金，每本書平均300頁，一本書30元美金
10:32
The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing --
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如果你要描掃美國國會圖書館的圖書-全部數位化
10:36
26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right?
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有二千六百萬冊圖書--大約需要七億五百萬美金
10:40
But a million books, I think, actually would be a pretty good start,
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但是一百萬冊圖書--是個相當不錯的開始
10:44
and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill.
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需要三千萬的資金。資金並不高
10:47
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries.
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我們的做法是進駐到圖書館¾
10:50
We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries,
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我們在三個國家共有八個掃描中心
10:54
and libraries are up for having their books scanned.
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有些圖書館期望掃描他們的館藏
10:57
The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA,
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Getty正將他們的圖書搬到UCLA
11:00
which is where we have one these scanning centers,
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在那裡有我們有一個掃描中心
11:03
and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous.
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掃描已超過版權保護期限的圖書，效果好極了
11:07
So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility.
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我們開始負起機構責任
11:10
The thing we're missing is the 10 cents.
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我們欠缺的是那10分美金
11:13
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows.
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如果可以做到每頁10分美金，其他的就沒有問題
11:16
We've scanned about 200,000 books.
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我們已經掃描了二十萬本圖書
11:19
Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month,
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目前我們一個月大約掃描一萬五千本圖書
11:22
and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there.
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開始增加到二倍的數量
11:26
So all in all, that's going very well.
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總而言之，進行的相當順利
11:29
And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright
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我們開始從掃描超過版權保護的圖書
11:32
into the out-of-print world.
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轉為掃描絶版書
11:34
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright, library stuff,
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我們的來源是超過版權保護的圖書館藏書
11:38
and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world.
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亞馬遜的來源是有版權的圖書
11:43
And I think we'll meet in the middle some place,
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我們會在某個中間點會合
11:45
and have the classic thing that you have,
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以傳統的方法運作
11:47
which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel.
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也就是出版系統與圖書館系統平行運作
11:51
And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them.
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我們發展一套計畫來掃描絶版書，不過是借來的
11:57
Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure.
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我不太能定義何謂借來的
11:59
But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library,
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就是從波士頓公共圖書館借來絕版書
12:04
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute及其他一些圖書館
12:08
that are starting to participate in this program,
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開始參與這個計畫
12:10
to try out this model of where does a library stop
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在圖書館無法到達的地方嘗試這種模式
12:13
and where does the bookstore take over.
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以及在書店林立的地方嘗試這種模式
12:16
So all in all, it's possible to do this in large scale.
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總而言之，儘可能將範圍擴大
12:20
We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online.
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我們也回溯微縮片，將它數位化
12:25
So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month
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每頁10分美金，我們每個月掃描15,000冊圖書館
12:28
and we've got about 250,000 books online,
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我們大約有250,000冊圖書數位化
12:31
counting all the other projects that are starting to add in.
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預估正在加入的其他計畫
12:33
So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp.
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我要表達的是，圖書已隨手可得
12:37
The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal.
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整個計畫的實行並沒有特別因難
12:43
Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions,
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需要千萬美金的資金，一、二億美金的資金
12:47
but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online.
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但是只要做這一次，大致上就可以將歷史上的出版品數位化
12:54
And then, there's business model issues
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接下來就是商業模式的議題
12:56
about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people.
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如何有效的推廣給一般民眾
13:00
But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise,
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以我們技術層面以及法律常識的認知
13:04
at least for the out of print and out of copyright,
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至少絕版書以及超過版權保護期限的
13:07
we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online.
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我們建議要全面的數位化
13:12
Now let's go for audio, and I'm going to go through these.
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我接著要談聲音檔的數位化
13:15
So how much is there?
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聲音檔的容量有多大?
13:17
Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks
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就我們所知道的，已發行的唱片約二、三百萬張
13:20
having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs --
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重刻盤、黑膠唱片、CD--
13:25
or at least that's the largest archives of published materials
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至少會是已發行資料的最大資料庫
13:28
we've been able to sort of point at.
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我們可以朝這個方向進行
13:30
It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk
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一張唱片數位化需要10元美金
13:34
and put it online, if you're doing things in volume.
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這是大量數位化的費用
13:38
But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny.
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我們發現版權問題相當具有爭議性
13:41
This is a fairly heavily litigated area,
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這個領域的法律訴訟相當嚴重
13:43
so we've found that there are niches in the music world
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因此我們找到音樂世界裡的利基
13:46
that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system.
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在傳統商業發行系統被嚴重地忽略
13:49
And we've been starting to make these available by going
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我們開始讓這些檔案在網路上流通
13:53
and offering shelf space on the Net.
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以及提供檔案空間
13:55
In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right?
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在美國捐贈是不需任何付費的。是不是?
13:59
If you give something to a charity or to the public,
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如果你捐贈給慈善機構或一般大眾
14:06
you get a pat on the back and a tax donation --
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你會得到別人的稱讚或是捐贈可以退稅--
14:08
except on the Net, where you can go broke.
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網路世界例外，你會因而破產
14:10
If you put up a video of your garage band, and it starts getting heavily accessed,
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如果將你的的影片配上音樂放到網路，讓影片廣泛流傳
14:15
you can lose your guitars or your house.
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你可能會因此失去你的吉他或你的房子
14:17
This doesn't make any sense.
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這完全没有道理
14:19
So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free,
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因此我們免費提供無限的網站空間，無限的頻寬
14:24
to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library.
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讓所有人分享屬於圖書館的資源
14:27
And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock 'n' rollers.
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我們有許多供應者。其中之一是搖滾樂
14:31
The rock 'n' rollers had a tradition of sharing,
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搖滾樂有分享的傳統
14:33
as long as nobody made any money. You could --
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只要你不因此獲利。你可以--
14:35
concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings,
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音樂會的錄音，不是用於商業之上
14:37
but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead.
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但是音樂會的錄音，從Grateful Dead樂團開始
14:40
And we get about two or three bands a day signing up.
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每天約有一、二個樂團加入簽約
14:43
They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day.
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他們每天簽下約40或50場音樂會的授權
14:48
We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did,
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我們有四萬場音樂會，Grateful Dead樂團的所有音樂會
14:51
up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material.
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已上傳至網路，因此人們可以看到和聽到
14:57
So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny.
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因此聲音檔是可以建立的，但是版權問題令人相當苦惱
15:01
We've got a lot of collections now --
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目前我們有大量的收藏--
15:03
a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time.
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數百萬件--隨著時間成長
15:07
Moving images: if you think of theatrical releases,
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影片：如果你想到的商業電影
15:09
there are not that many of them.
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商業電影並不多
15:11
As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever
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最多大約有15萬到20萬部電影
15:15
that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many.
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他們是商業發行電影。只是數量並不多
15:20
But half of those were Indian.
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但是半數是印度電影
15:22
But anyway, it's doable,
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無論如何，這件事是可行的
15:24
but we've only found about a thousand of these things that --
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但是我們只發現約有一千部商業電影--
15:27
to be out of copyright.
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是超過版權保護期限的
15:29
So we've digitized those and made those available.
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因此我們將它數位化，讓他們可以流通
15:31
But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies
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但是我們發現有許多其他類型的電影
15:33
that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films.
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我們尚未發展的還有--檔案影片
15:36
We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films,
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我們還發現有許多政治影片，許多業餘影片
15:41
all sorts of things that are basically needing a home, a permanent home.
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各類電影基本上需要一個家，一個永久的家
15:46
So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular.
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因此我們已開始讓他們流通，非常受到歡迎
15:50
We're not quite a YouTube.
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我們和YouTube不太一樣
15:52
We tended towards longer-term things
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我們偏向於較長的影片
15:54
and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies,
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還可以重新編輯以製作新的電影影片
15:58
which has just been great fun.
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這會有相當大的樂趣
16:01
Television comes quite a bit larger.
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電視檔案的容量更大
16:03
We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day.
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我們開始每天24小時的錄下20個電視頻道的節目
16:06
It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen.
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有點像是有史以來最大的TiVo數位電視錄影機
16:10
It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television --
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目前全球的電視檔案大約有5PB--
16:13
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC --
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蘇俄，中國， 日本，伊拉克，半島電視台，BBC，CNN ，ABC，CBS，NBC--
16:18
24 hours a day.
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每天24小時
16:20
We only put one week up,
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我們只保留一週的內容
16:22
which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11,
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最主要是為了成本考量，9/11
16:27
sort of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world see?
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從2001/9/11開始:一週內，全世界如何看這件事?
16:31
CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets.
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CNN說巴基斯坦人在街頭跳舞慶祝
16:35
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out.
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他們有嗎？讓我們看巴基斯坦的電視找到真象
16:38
How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote
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我們如何會有判斷性的思考，如果我們不能引用
16:42
and being able to compare what happened in the past?
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以及比較過去發生的事件?
16:45
And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable,
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電視內容很少被錄製，很少被引用
16:49
except by Jon Stewart, who does a fabulous job.
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除了Jon Steward，他做的非常棒
16:53
So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp.
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我認為電視內容我們掌控的很好
16:57
So 15 dollars per video hour, and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour,
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每小時的影片需要15美元，每小時的電影約需要100到150美元
17:02
we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively
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我們可以不需花很多錢就可以將這些資料
17:06
and have them up on the Net.
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放到網路上
17:08
And we've got, now, a lot of these materials.
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目前我們已有許多這類型的資料
17:10
So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there.
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我們有十萬件以上的影片放到網路上
17:13
So books, music, video, software. There's only 50,000 titles of it.
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圖書、音樂、影片、軟體--只有五萬個標題
17:18
Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections.
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大多的議題是法律議題以及違反版權保護
17:24
But we've worked through some of those,
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但是我們已克服其中一些問題
17:26
but we've still got real problems in Washington.
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但是我們在華盛頓遇到真正的難題
17:28
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web.
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我們以World Wide Web著名
17:31
We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996.
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自從1996我們在World Wide Web儲存檔案
17:33
We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months.
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每二個月我們為所有網站儲存所有的頁面
17:39
And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet,
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事實上這是由Alexa Internet開發
17:43
which donates this collection to the Internet Archive.
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再將這份收藏捐給網際網路資料庫
17:47
And it's been growing along for the last 11 years, and it's a fantastic resource.
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過去11年一再成長，已是個了不起的資源
17:53
And we've made a Wayback Machine
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我們製造了一個「時空倒流機」
17:55
that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were.
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你可以看到網站以往的頁面
17:59
If you go and search on something -- this is Google.com,
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這是當年的Google網站
18:03
the different versions of it that we have,
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和我們目前使用的是不同的版本
18:05
this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release,
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這個看起來像是測試版
18:07
and this is what it looked like at Stanford.
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這個看起來像是在史丹福
18:09
So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from.
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你可以大略知道它是如何發展
18:13
Mostly, people want to see their old stuff out of this.
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大多數的人想從這裡看他們以往的頁面
18:16
If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one,
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從亞歷山大圖書館第一版我們學到一件事
18:20
which is probably best known for burning,
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亞歷山大圖書館因被燒毀而聞名
18:24
is, don't just have one copy.
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不可只有一個備份
18:26
So we've started to -- we've made another copy of all of this
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因此我們拷貝一個備份
18:32
and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria.
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我們真的把它放回亞歷山大圖書館
18:35
So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria.
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這是亞歷山大圖書館網際網路資料庫的照片
18:38
And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam.
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目前我們在阿姆斯特丹也有一個備份
18:42
So, we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco,
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我們應該放一份在舊金山的聖安德里斯斷層
18:46
flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East. Right, so anyway ...
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阿姆斯特丹的漲潮地帶以及中東
18:51
so we're hedging our bets here.
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所以我們在押賭注
18:54
If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape.
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如果我們多放在幾個地方，我們就可以完好無傷
18:59
There's a political and social question out of this.
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從這裡洐生出一個政治及社會問題
19:01
Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private?
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數位化之後，它是公共的還是私人的？
19:05
There's some large companies that have seen this vision,
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有一些大公司看到這個遠景
19:07
that are doing large-scale digitization,
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大規模的進行數位化
19:09
but they're locking up the public domain.
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但他們局限在公共領域
19:11
The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in?
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問題是：這真的是我們要居住的世界？
19:14
What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward?
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繼續發展下去，公共與私人的角色如何界定？
19:18
How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries
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圖書館與出版界將如何運作
19:22
and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up?
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使得雙方在發展時可以相互受益？
19:27
So universal access to all knowledge --
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全體人類都能取得所有的知識--
19:30
I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind,
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這會是人類最大的成就之一
19:33
like the man on the moon, or the Gutenberg Bible, or the Library of Alexandria.
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如同月球漫步，古騰堡聖經，或亞歷山大圖書館。
19:37
It could be something that we're remembered for,
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人們會記得我們
19:39
for millennia, for having achieved.
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在千禧年的所達到的成就
19:42
And as I said before, I'll end with something
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正如之前我提到的，在演講結束時
19:44
that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library.
343
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刻在卡內基圖書館門上的文字
19:47
Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country --
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卡內基--美國偉大的資本家--
19:49
carved above his legacy, "Free to the People."
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在他的遺產上刻著:「全民免費」
19:53
Thank you very much.
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謝謝
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarianBrewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried.
Why you should listen
Brewster Kahle's stated goal is "Universal access to all knowledge," and his catalog of inventions and institutions created for this purpose read like a Web's Greatest Hits list. In 1982 he helped start Thinking Machines, a supercomputer company specializing in text searching, and would go on to invent the Internet's first publishing and distributed search system, WAIS, whose customers included the New York Times and the United States Senate.
But most notably, perhaps, Kahle is founder and director of the Internet Archive, a free service which steadfastly archives World Wide Web documents, even as they are plowed over by breakneck trends in commerce, culture and politics. (On his Wayback Machine, you can view pages as they appeared in web antiquity -- say, Yahoo! in 1996.) As a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, he works to keep such information free and reachable.
Kahle is a key supporter of the Open Content Alliance and has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He and his wife operate a nonprofit organization, the Kahle/Austin Foundation, which funds the Internet Archive.
Brewster Kahle | Speaker | TED.com