EG 2007
Brewster Kahle: A free digital library
Brewster Kahle gradi besplatnu digitalnu knjižnicu
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Brewster Kahle gradi stvarno veliku digitalnu knjižnicu – svaka knjiga ikad objavljena, svaki film ikad emitiran, svi slojevi internetske prošlosti... Sve je to dostupno javnosti – osim ako netko drugi ne dođe do toga prvi.
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarian
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried. Full bio
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children.
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Ono najbolje što imamo stvarno trebamo učiniti dostupnim našoj djeci.
00:19
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve.
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Ako to ne napravimo, dobit ćemo generaciju kakvu zaslužujemo.
00:24
They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them.
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Oni će učiti iz onoga što im je dostupno.
00:27
And we, as now the elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is,
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I mi, sada kao elita, roditelji, knjižničari, profesionalci, što god je točno,
00:35
a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer
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grupa naših aktivnosti, zapravo pokušavamo ono najbolje što imamo za ponuditi
00:39
within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can.
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napraviti u dohvatu ljudi oko nas ili što šire možemo.
00:43
I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone.
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Počet ću i završiti ovaj govor s nekoliko stvari isklesanih u kamenu.
00:46
One is what's on the Boston Public Library.
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Jedna je ono što je na bostonskoj javnoj knjižnici.
00:50
Carved above their door is, "Free to All."
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Urezano je iznad vrata „Slobodno za sve“.
00:53
It's kind of an inspiring statement,
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To je inspirirajuća izjava
00:55
and I'll go back at the end of this.
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i vratit ću joj se na kraju ovoga.
00:57
I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge
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Ja sam knjižničar i ono što pokušavam jest skupiti sve radove znanja
01:02
to as many people as want to read it.
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za što više ljudi koji ih hoće pročitati.
01:06
And the idea of using technology is perfect for us.
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I ideja korištenja tehnologije savršena je za nas.
01:08
I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks.
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Mislim da imamo mogućnost izjednačiti se s Grcima.
01:12
It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians,
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Nije lagano izjednačiti se s Grcima. Ali s industrijalizacijom Egipćana
01:17
they were able to build the Library of Alexandria --
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koji su uspjeli izgraditi knjižnicu u Aleksandriji –
01:19
the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world.
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ideja o kopiji svake knjige svim ljudima na svijetu.
01:23
The problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it.
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Problem je bio što se moralo stvarno otići u Aleksandriju kako bi ju se moglo posjetiti.
01:26
On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened.
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S druge strane, ako ste to napravili, sjajne stvari bi se dogodile.
01:29
I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something.
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Mislim da možemo dostići Grke i postići nešto.
01:32
And I'm going to try to argue only one point today:
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Danas ću pokušati dokazati samo jednu stvar:
01:35
that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.
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univerzalni pristup sveukupnom znanju u našem je dohvatu.
01:40
So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking,
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Ako budem uspješan, tada ćete zapravo otići misleći
01:43
yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published,
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kako stvarno možemo postići veliku viziju da će sve što je ikada izdano
01:50
everything that was ever meant for distribution,
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i sve što je ikada bilo namijenjeno distribuciji
01:52
available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it.
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biti dostupno bilo kome na svijetu tko je ikada htio pristup tome.
01:56
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed,
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Da, postoje problemi oko toga kako bi novac trebao biti distribuiran
02:00
and that's still being refigured out.
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i to se još uvijek pokušava utvrditi.
02:02
But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand,
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Ali bih rekao kako ima mnogo novca i kako ima mnogo potražnje,
02:04
so we can actually achieve that.
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tako da to možemo i postići.
02:07
But I'm going to go over the technological, social
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No prijeći ću tehnološki i društveni dio
02:10
and sort of where are we as a whole, trying to get to that particular vision.
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i gdje smo pokušavajući postići ovu određenu viziju.
02:14
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website,
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Način preko kojeg ću pokušati to napraviti je poput Amazon.com stranice --
02:19
the books, music, video and just go step -- media type by media type,
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knjige, glazba, video i samo napraviti korak, vrsta medija preko medija,
02:24
just go and say, all right, how're we doing on this?
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samo dođite i recite, u redu, kako napredujemo s ovim?
02:27
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we?
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Znači, ako krenemo s knjigama, znate, gdje stojimo?
02:31
Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it?
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Prvo morate, kao inženjer, procijeniti problem. Koliko je velik?
02:35
If you wanted to put all of the published works online
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Ako biste htjeli objaviti sva izdana djela na Internetu,
02:38
so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it?
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tako da svakome mogu biti dostupna, eto, koliki je to problem?
02:42
Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world
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Ne znamo zapravo, ali najveća je knjižnica izdanih djela na svijetu
02:46
is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes, 26 million volumes.
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Kongresna knjižnica – ima 26 milijuna svezaka, 26 milijuna svezaka.
02:50
It is, by far and away, the largest print library in the world.
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To je daleko najveća knjižnica na svijetu.
02:53
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte,
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I knjiga, ako imate knjigu koja je oko jedan megabajt,
02:57
so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word.
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tako – znate, ako biste ju imali u Microsoft Wordu.
03:01
So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes --
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Znači, jedan megabajt, 26 milijuna megabajta jest 26 terabajta,
03:05
it goes mega-, giga-, tera-. 26 terabytes.
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ide mega, giga, tera, 26 terabajta.
03:08
26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big,
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26 terabajta odgovara sustavu računala koji je otprilike ovoliko velik
03:11
on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars.
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na Linux sustavu i stoji oko 60.000 dolara.
03:16
So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage --
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Znači, za cijenu kuće – ili ovdje, garaže –
03:20
you can put, you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress.
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možete staviti – možete pokrenuti sve riječi iz Kongresne knjižice.
03:25
That's pretty neat.
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To je prilično zgodno.
03:27
Then the question is, what do you get?
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Sljedeće je pitanje: što dobijete?
03:29
You know, is it worth trying to get there?
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Znate, isplati li se truditi oko toga?
03:31
Do you actually want it online?
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Želimo li to uistinu na internetu?
03:33
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers
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Jedna od prvih stvari koju ljudi naprave jesu čitači knjiga
03:36
that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun.
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koji dopuštaju traženje unutar knjige, što je ustvari zabavno.
03:39
And you can download these things, and look around them in new and different ways.
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I možete preuzeti te stvari i proučavati ih na nove i različite načine;
03:42
And you can get at them remotely, if you happen to have a laptop.
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možete ih nabaviti na daljinu, u slučaju da imate prijenosno računalo.
03:48
There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-y interfaces
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Počinju se praviti sučelja na kojima se mogu okretati stranice
03:52
that look a whole lot like books in certain ways,
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i koja jako sliče knjigama na određeni način,
03:55
and you can search them, make little tabs, and it's kind of cute --
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i možete ih pretraživati, praviti male kartice, što je slatko na određen način –
03:57
still very book-like -- on your laptop.
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još uvijek jako slično knjigama – na svom prijenosnom računalu.
04:00
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop --
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Ali ne znam, čitati knjige na prijenosnom računalu –
04:03
whenever I pull up my laptop, it always feels like work.
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svaki put kad upalim prijenosno računalo, osjećam se kao da radim.
04:05
I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great.
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Mislim da je to jedan od razloga zašto je Kindle tako odličan.
04:08
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle.
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Ne moram se osjećati kao da sam na poslu čitajući Kindle;
04:11
It's starting to be a little bit more specified.
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počinje biti malo više određen.
04:14
But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like.
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Ali moram reći da postoje i starije tehnologije koje volim.
04:21
I like the physical book.
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Volim materijalnu knjigu.
04:24
And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things,
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I mislim da možemo koristiti tehnologiju za digitalizaciju stvari –
04:29
put them on the Net, and then download,
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staviti ih na internet i zatim preuzeti,
04:31
print them and bind them, and end up with books again.
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ispisati ih i uvezati i opet završiti imajući knjigu.
04:33
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this?
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I već smo rekli: koliko je to zapravo teško?
04:35
And it turns out to not be very hard.
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Ispada da nije toliko teško.
04:37
We actually went off to make a bookmobile.
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Zapravo smo krenuli s pravljenjem vozila knjiga.
04:39
And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish,
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I vozilo knjiga – veličine kombija sa satelitskom antenom,
04:41
a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books.
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ispisivačem, knjigovezačem i rezačem i djeca prave svoje knjige.
04:43
It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal, old book.
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Stoji tri dolara za preuzimanje, ispis i uvezivanje normalne stare knjige.
04:49
And they actually come out kind of nice looking.
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Zapravo ispadnu čak i lijepog izgleda.
04:51
You can actually get really good-looking books
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Možete dobiti stvarno lijepe knjige
04:54
for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this.
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za prosjek od jednog penija po stranici; recimo da je to cijena dijelova da bismo mogli to napraviti.
04:58
So the idea of -- this technology actually may end up
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Ideja o tehnologiji zapravo može
05:01
putting books back in people's hands again.
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vratiti knjige natrag ljudima u ruke.
05:03
There are some other bookmobiles running around.
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Postoje još neka vozila knjiga.
05:05
This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond -- Thoreau's works.
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Ovo je Eric Eldred praveći knjige u Walden Pondu, Thoreauova djela.
05:09
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services,
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To je trenutak prije nego je izbačen od strane Parks Service-a
05:12
for competing with the bookstore there.
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jer je bio konkurencija lokalnoj knjižari.
05:15
In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around.
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U Indiji postoji još nekoliko vozila knjiga.
05:18
And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria,
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Ovo je dan otvorenja knjižnice u Aleksandriji,
05:21
the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt.
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nove knjižnice u Aleksandriji, Egipat.
05:25
It was quite popularly attended.
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Bila je dosta posjećena.
05:27
And kids starting to make their own books,
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I djeca počinju praviti svoje knjige
05:30
and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.
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i sretno dijete s prvom knjigom koju je ikad posjedovalo.
05:33
So the idea of being able to use this technology
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I tako ideja o mogućnosti korištenja tehnologije
05:35
to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro,
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koja bi se vratila papiru zvuči malo zastarjelo,
05:38
but I think it still has its place.
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ali mislim da još ima svoje mjesto.
05:41
And being from the Silicon Valley, sort of utopian
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Budući da sam iz Silikonske doline, utopije na neki način,
05:45
sort of world,
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i – svijeta,
05:47
we thought, if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda,
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mislimo da, ako uspijemo u ruralnoj Ugandi,
05:50
we might have something.
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možda imamo nešto ovdje.
05:52
So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out.
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Čak smo dobili i nešto sredstava od Svjetske banke kako bismo to probali.
05:56
And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley,
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Otkrili smo kako u 30-ak dana možemo uzeti i doletjeti s nekoliko ljudi iz Silikonske doline,
06:00
fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first Internet connection
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kupiti automobil, postaviti prvu internetsku mrežu
06:06
at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted,
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u Naciolnoj knjižnici Ugande, otkriti što žele
06:09
and get a program going making books in rural Uganda.
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i pokrenuti program praveći knjige u ruralnoj Ugandi.
06:12
And it actually -- so technologically, it works.
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I to stvarno – tehnološki, radi.
06:15
What we found out of this is we didn't have the right books.
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Što smo otkrili jest da nismo imali prave knjige.
06:19
So the books were in the library. We could get it to people, if they're digitized,
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Knjige su bile u knjižnici. Možemo ih približiti ljudima ako su digitalizirane,
06:22
but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized.
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ali nismo znali kako ih digitalizirati.
06:25
Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China.
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Svi su mislili da je odgovor poslati ih u Indiju i Kinu.
06:30
And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment.
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I tako smo pokušali to i obradit ću to za par trenutaka.
06:32
There are some newer technologies for delivering
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Postoje novije tehnologije za dostavu
06:35
that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well.
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onog što se dogodilo, koje su, zapravo, isto uzbudljive.
06:38
One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine.
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Jedna je 'ispis-na-zahtjev stroj' koji izgleda kao Rube Glodbergov stroj.
06:41
We have one of these things now. It's completely cool.
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Imamo jedan takav sada. Stvarno je super.
06:43
It's all conveyor belt, and it makes a book.
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To je pojas transportera i radi knjige.
06:48
And it's called the "Espresso Book Machine,"
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Zove se 'Espresso stroj za knjige'
06:50
and in about 10 minutes, you can press a button and make a book.
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i u roku od 10 minuta možete pritisnuti dugme i napraviti knjigu.
06:54
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain,
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Još nešto zbog čega sam jako uzbuđen u ovom posebnom području,
07:00
beyond these sort of kiosk-y things where you can get books on demand,
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osim ovih kiosku nalik strojeva gdje možete nabaviti knjigu na zahtjev,
07:04
is some of these new little screens that are coming out.
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neki su od ovih malih ekrana koji izlaze na tržište.
07:08
And one of my favorites in this is the $100 laptop.
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I jedan od meni omiljenih prijenosno je računalo po 100 dolara.
07:12
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here,
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Ne želim privući pozornost na sebe,
07:18
but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader.
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ali uzeli smo i koristili te naprave kao čitače e-knjiga.
07:23
So here's one of the beta units and you can --
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Ovdje je jedna od beta jedinica i možete –
07:29
it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader.
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ispada zapravo dosta lijep čitač e-knjige.
07:37
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it,
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Napravili smo kratak pokušaj i stavili smo jednu od naših knjiga na njega
07:41
and it turns out that 200 dots per inch
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i ispada da 200 točaka po inču
07:44
means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good.
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znači da možete staviti sve knjige na njega i da to dobro izgleda.
07:47
At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300 dot print laser printer.
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200 točaka po inču, to je na neki način ekvivalent laserskom ispisivaču od 300 točaka.
07:51
We're in good enough shape.
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U dobroj smo formi.
07:53
You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily.
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Možete otići i čitati skenirane knjige dosta jednostavno.
07:56
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about.
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I tako se pojavila ideja elektronskih knjiga.
08:00
But how do you go about doing all this scanning?
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Ali kako skenirati sve to?
08:02
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing.
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Tako smo pomislili, u redu, eto, isprobajmo poslati sve knjige u Indiju.
08:05
And there was a project with, funded by the National Science Foundation --
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Tamo je bio projekt s – financiran od Nacionalne znanstvene zaklade,
08:10
sent a bunch of scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books.
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poslana je hrpa skenera i američke knjižnice su trebale poslati knjige.
08:14
Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send their books.
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Ali nisu – nisu htjele poslati svoje knjige.
08:17
So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India.
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I tako smo kupili 100.000 knjiga i poslali ih u Indiju.
08:19
And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India.
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Onda smo naučili zašto ne treba slati knjige u Indiju.
08:22
The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books.
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Lekcija koju smo naučili jest: skenirajte vlastite knjige.
08:26
If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better,
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Ako vam je stvarno stalo do knjiga, skenirat ćete ih bolje,
08:30
especially if they're valuable books.
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posebno ako su vrijedne.
08:32
If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them,
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Ako su to nove knjige i ako ih možete samo, znate, iskasapiti
08:34
because you could just buy another one,
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jer možete kupiti novu,
08:36
that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning.
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onda to nije nešto posebno u smislu visoko kvalitetnog skeniranja.
08:40
But do things that you love.
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Ali radite stvari koje volite.
08:43
But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books --
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Indijci su skenirali dosta svojih knjiga –
08:46
about 300,000 now -- doing very well.
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oko 300.000 zasad – napreduju dosta dobro.
08:48
The Chinese did over a million, and the Egyptians are about 30,000.
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Kinezi su skenirali njih milijun, a Egipćani 30.000.
08:53
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library.
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Poslali smo – pomislih, u redu, ako ćemo morati napraviti ovo, napravimo to u knjižnici.
08:59
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down
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Kako ćemo krenuti s tim i napraviti to i kako ćemo završiti s tim,
09:01
so that it's a cost point that we could afford?
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a da si možemo to priuštiti?
09:03
And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page.
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I tako smo izabrali cijenu od 10 centa po stranici.
09:06
If it's basically the cost of xeroxing to basically digitize, OCR, package it up,
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Ako je u osnovi trošak kopiranja i digitaliziranja, OCR, pakiraj ga,
09:12
make it so that you could download, print and bind it -- the whole shebang --
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napravi tako da ju možemo preuzeti, ispisati i uvezati cijeli paket,
09:15
we would have achieved something.
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tada bismo nešto postigli.
09:17
So we started out trying to figure out. How do we get to 10 cents?
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Tako smo počeli, pokušavajući shvatiti kako doći do 10 centi?
09:19
And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well --
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I probali smo različite robote, koji su radili dosta dobro –
09:22
sort of these auto-page-turning things.
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otprilike automatsko okretanje stranica.
09:24
If we can have Mars Rovers, you'd think you could turn pages.
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Ako možemo imati Mars Rovers, pomislili biste da možete okretati stranice.
09:28
But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there.
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Ali ispada kako je prilično teško okretati stranice i tu nema volumena.
09:32
So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner,
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I tako – na kraju smo sami napravili svoj skener
09:38
and with two digital, high-grade, professional digital cameras,
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s dvije digitalne visoko kvalitetne profesionalne kamere,
09:42
controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book,
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kontroliranim muzejskim osvjetljenjem -- i tako, iako je crno-bijela knjiga,
09:45
you can go and get the proper intonation.
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možete dobiti odgovarajuću intonaciju.
09:49
So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job.
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Tako ste u stvari napravi lijep posao koji se poštuje.
09:52
This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job
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Ovo nije faks-uređaj, ovo je – ideja je napraviti lijep posao
09:56
as you're going through these libraries.
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kako idemo duž ove knjižnice.
09:59
And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume.
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I uspjeli smo postići 10 centi po stranici, ako vodimo stvari u volumenima.
10:03
This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto.
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Ovako to izgleda na Sveučilištu u Torontu.
10:06
And actually, it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage.
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I zapravo ispada da isplaćuje svoju plaću.
10:09
People seem to love it.
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Čini se da ljudi to vole.
10:11
Yes, it's a little boring, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it.
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Da, malo je dosadno, ali neki ljudi jednostavno uđu u Zen s tim.
10:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:18
And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about,
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Posebno ako su to zanimljive knjige do kojih vam je stalo,
10:20
in languages that you can read.
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u jezicima koje znate čitati.
10:22
We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this, at getting 10 cents a page.
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Uspjeli smo, zapravo, napraviti dosta dobar posao s postizanjem 10 centi po stranici.
10:28
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book.
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10 centi po stranici, 300 stranica normalne knjige u prosjeku, 30 dolara po knjizi.
10:32
The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing --
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Kongresna knjižnica, ako napravite cijelu tu stvar –
10:36
26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right?
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26 milijuna knjiga – to je oko 750 milijuna dolara, točno?
10:40
But a million books, I think, actually would be a pretty good start,
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Ali milijun knjiga – mislim da je to prilično dobar početak
10:44
and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill.
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koji bi stajao 30 milijuna dolara. To nije toliko velik budžet.
10:47
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries.
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Što smo uspjeli napraviti jest prodrijeti u knjižnice.
10:50
We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries,
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Sada imamo osam centara za skeniranje u tri zemlje
10:54
and libraries are up for having their books scanned.
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i knjižnice su za skeniranje njihovih knjiga.
10:57
The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA,
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Getty, ovdje, seli svoje knjige u UCLA,
11:00
which is where we have one these scanning centers,
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gdje imamo jedan od tih centara za skeniranje,
11:03
and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous.
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i skenira svoje knjige kojima su istekla autorska prava, što je sjajno.
11:07
So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility.
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Počinjemo imati odgovornost institucije.
11:10
The thing we're missing is the 10 cents.
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Ono što nam nedostaje jest 10 centi.
11:13
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows.
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Ako možemo dobiti 10 centi, sve ostalo proći će lako.
11:16
We've scanned about 200,000 books.
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Skenirali smo oko 200.000 knjiga.
11:19
Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month,
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Sada skeniramo oko 15.000 knjiga mjesečno
11:22
and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there.
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i počinje se pripremati još jedan čimbenik od dva navedena.
11:26
So all in all, that's going very well.
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Tako, sve u svemu, to ide dosta dobro.
11:29
And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright
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Na taj način počinjemo se micati s knjiga kojima su istekla autorska prava
11:32
into the out-of-print world.
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prema svijetu izvan tiska.
11:34
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright, library stuff,
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Mislim o – mičemo se s autorskih prava knjižnica i
11:38
and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world.
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Amazon.com dolazi iz tiskanog svijeta
11:43
And I think we'll meet in the middle some place,
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te mislim kako ćemo se sresti u sredini nekog mjesta
11:45
and have the classic thing that you have,
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i imati klasičnu stvar koju imate,
11:47
which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel.
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a to je sustav izdavaštva i sustav knjižnica koji rade paralelno.
11:51
And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them.
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Tako počinjemo raditi na programu koji bi radio neispisana djela, ali posuđujući ih.
11:57
Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure.
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Što točno znači posuđivanje, nisam siguran.
11:59
But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library,
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Ali svejedno, posuđivanje neispisanih djela od bostonske javne knjižnice,
12:04
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries
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Woods Hole oceanografskog instituta i još nekoliko knjižnica
12:08
that are starting to participate in this program,
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koje počinju sudjelovati u tom programu,
12:10
to try out this model of where does a library stop
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isprobavajući taj model gdje knjižnice prestaju,
12:13
and where does the bookstore take over.
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a knjižare preuzimaju.
12:16
So all in all, it's possible to do this in large scale.
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Tako, sve u svemu, to je moguće u velikim razmjerima.
12:20
We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online.
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Isto tako, obrađujemo mikrofilm i stavljamo ga na Internet.
12:25
So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month
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Potrošimo 10 centi po stranici, skeniramo 15.000 knjiga mjesečno
12:28
and we've got about 250,000 books online,
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i imamo oko 250.000 knjiga na Internetu,
12:31
counting all the other projects that are starting to add in.
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brojeći sve ostale projekte koje počinjemo dodavati.
12:33
So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp.
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Što želim naglasiti jest: knjige su na dohvatu ruke.
12:37
The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal.
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Ideja obrade svih djela ne zvuči tako veliko.
12:43
Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions,
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Da, dođe desetke milijune dolara, niske stotine milijuna,
12:47
but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online.
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ali s jednim pokušajem imamo u osnovi cijelu povijest ispisane literature na Internetu.
12:54
And then, there's business model issues
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Zatim dolaze problemi poslovnog modela:
12:56
about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people.
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kako ga pokušati učinkovito promovirati i približiti ljudima.
13:00
But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise,
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No na dohvatu nam je ruke i, što se tiče zakona,
13:04
at least for the out of print and out of copyright,
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barem za izvan tiska i bez autorskih prava,
13:07
we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online.
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savjetujemo kako to treba biti dostupno i da se cijela stvar stavi na internet.
13:12
Now let's go for audio, and I'm going to go through these.
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Sada krenimo na glazbu i obradimo to.
13:15
So how much is there?
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Koliko je ima?
13:17
Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks
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Najbolje što možemo reći jest da postoji oko dva do tri milijuna diskova
13:20
having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs --
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ikad objavljenih – 78-ice, dugačke ploče i CD-ovi –
13:25
or at least that's the largest archives of published materials
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ili je to barem najveća arhiva objavljenog materijala
13:28
we've been able to sort of point at.
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koju smo dosad uspjeli razvrstati.
13:30
It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk
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Uzeti disk i staviti ga na Internet stoji oko 10 dolara po komadu,
13:34
and put it online, if you're doing things in volume.
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ako radite stvari u volumenima.
13:38
But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny.
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Ali otkrili smo da su problemi oko autorskih prava dosta upitni.
13:41
This is a fairly heavily litigated area,
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To je dosta teško pravno područje;
13:43
so we've found that there are niches in the music world
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tako smo našli niše u glazbenom svijetu
13:46
that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system.
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koje nisu poslužene katastrofalno dobro od strane sustava komercijalnog izdavaštva.
13:49
And we've been starting to make these available by going
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Počeli smo ih praviti dostupnima odlazeći
13:53
and offering shelf space on the Net.
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i nudeći slobodan prostor na Internetu.
13:55
In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right?
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U SAD-u ništa ne košta dati nekome nešto. Jesam li u pravu?
13:59
If you give something to a charity or to the public,
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Ako date nešto dobrotvornoj udruzi ili javnosti,
14:06
you get a pat on the back and a tax donation --
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dobijete tapkanje po leđima i oslobođenje od plaćanja poreza –
14:08
except on the Net, where you can go broke.
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osim na Internetu gdje možete bankrotirati.
14:10
If you put up a video of your garage band, and it starts getting heavily accessed,
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Ako postavite video svog benda i počne biti često posječen,
14:15
you can lose your guitars or your house.
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možete izgubiti svoje gitare ili svoju kuću.
14:17
This doesn't make any sense.
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To nema nikakvog smisla.
14:19
So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free,
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Tako smo ponudili neograničenu pohranu i neograničenu propusnost zauvijek, besplatno,
14:24
to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library.
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svakome tko ima nešto za podijeliti što priprada knjižnici.
14:27
And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock 'n' rollers.
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Dobili smo dosta članova. Jedni su rokeri.
14:31
The rock 'n' rollers had a tradition of sharing,
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Rock and roll bendovi imaju tradiciju dijeljenja
14:33
as long as nobody made any money. You could --
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dok god nitko ne zarađuje ništa.
14:35
concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings,
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Možete – koncertne snimke, to nisu komercijalne snimke,
14:37
but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead.
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nego koncertne, počinjući s Grateful Dead.
14:40
And we get about two or three bands a day signing up.
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I svaki dan prijave se dva ili tri benda.
14:43
They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day.
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Daju dopuštenje i tako dobijemo oko 40 ili 50 koncerata na dan.
14:48
We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did,
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Imamo oko 40.000 koncerata, sve što je Grateful Dead ikad napravio,
14:51
up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material.
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stavljeno na Internet kako bi ih ljudi mogli vidjeti i slušati njihov materijal.
14:57
So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny.
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Znači, audio je moguć za postavljanje, ali problemi s autorskim pravima dosta su problematični.
15:01
We've got a lot of collections now --
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Zasda imamo dosta kolekcija --
15:03
a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time.
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nekoliko stotina tisuća predmeta – i raste s vremenom.
15:07
Moving images: if you think of theatrical releases,
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Pokretne slike: ako mislite na filmove,
15:09
there are not that many of them.
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njih nema toliko puno.
15:11
As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever
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Najbolje što možemo procijeniti jest da postoji oko 150.000 do 200.000 ikad napravljenih filmova
15:15
that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many.
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za veliku kino distribuciju. To nije toliko puno,
15:20
But half of those were Indian.
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ali pola njih jesu indijski.
15:22
But anyway, it's doable,
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Svejedno, to se može napraviti,
15:24
but we've only found about a thousand of these things that --
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ali smo našli samo oko tisuću njih
15:27
to be out of copyright.
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koji nemaju autorska prava.
15:29
So we've digitized those and made those available.
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Digitalizirali smo ih i napravili dostupnima.
15:31
But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies
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Ali otkrili smo da postoje i druge vrste filmova
15:33
that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films.
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koji još nisu vidjeli svjetlo dana – filmovi u arhivu.
15:36
We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films,
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Našli smo i dosta političkih filmova, amaterskih filmova
15:41
all sorts of things that are basically needing a home, a permanent home.
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i svakakvih vrsta kojima je potreban dom, stalni dom.
15:46
So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular.
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Tako smo ih počeli praviti dostupnima i počeli su biti dosta popularni.
15:50
We're not quite a YouTube.
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Nismo baš YouTube;
15:52
We tended towards longer-term things
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naginjali smo dugoročnijim stvarima
15:54
and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies,
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i, također, stvarima koje ljudi mogu ponovno iskoristiti i napraviti od njih nove filmove,
15:58
which has just been great fun.
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što bi bilo jako zabavno.
16:01
Television comes quite a bit larger.
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Televizija predstavlja nešto veće.
16:03
We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day.
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Počeli smo snimati 20 programa televizije 24 sata na dan.
16:06
It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen.
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To je, na neki način, najveći TiVo koji ćete ikada vidjeti.
16:10
It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television --
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To je oko jedan petabajt dosad svjetske televizije –
16:13
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC --
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ruske, kineske, japanske, iračke, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC –
16:18
24 hours a day.
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24 sata na dan.
16:20
We only put one week up,
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Stavili smo – postavili smo samo jedan tjedan,
16:22
which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11,
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što je većinom zbog razloga troškova, što je 11.9.,
16:27
sort of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world see?
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recimo od 11.9.2001.: jedan tjedan, što je svijet vidio?
16:31
CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets.
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CNN govorio je da su Palestinci plesali na ulicama.
16:35
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out.
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Jesu li? Pogledajmo palestinsku televiziju i saznajmo.
16:38
How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote
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Kako možemo imati kritično mišljenje, bez da budemo u mogućnosti citirati
16:42
and being able to compare what happened in the past?
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i usporediti što se dogodilo u prošlosti?
16:45
And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable,
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Televizija je grozno nesnimljena i nemoguća za citiranje,
16:49
except by Jon Stewart, who does a fabulous job.
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osim Jon Stewarta koji radi odličan posao.
16:53
So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp.
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Uostalom, televizija je, ja predlažem, izvan našeg dosega.
16:57
So 15 dollars per video hour, and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour,
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15 dolara po jednom satu videa i još oko 100 dolara do 150 dolara po celuloidnom satu;
17:02
we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively
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u mogućnosti smo nabaviti materijale dosta jeftino i
17:06
and have them up on the Net.
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staviti ih na Internet.
17:08
And we've got, now, a lot of these materials.
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Sada imamo dosta tog materijala.
17:10
So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there.
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Imamo oko 100.000 komada postavljenih tamo.
17:13
So books, music, video, software. There's only 50,000 titles of it.
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Znači, knjige, glazba, video, programi – ima samo 50.000 naslova.
17:18
Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections.
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Najveći su problemi pravni i kršenje autorskih prava.
17:24
But we've worked through some of those,
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Ali razradili smo neke od njih,
17:26
but we've still got real problems in Washington.
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iako još uvijek imamo prilično stvarne probleme u Washingtonu.
17:28
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web.
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Najbolje smo poznati kao World Wide Web.
17:31
We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996.
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Arhivirali smo World Wide Web od 1996.
17:33
We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months.
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Uzmemo snimak svake web-stranice i svih stranica na njoj svaka dva mjeseca.
17:39
And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet,
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Zapravo, to je osmislio Alexa internet,
17:43
which donates this collection to the Internet Archive.
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koji donira tu kolekciju internetskom arhivu.
17:47
And it's been growing along for the last 11 years, and it's a fantastic resource.
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Rastao je prošlih 11 godina i to je fantastičan izvor.
17:53
And we've made a Wayback Machine
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Napravili smo stroj za povratak u prošlost
17:55
that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were.
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s kojim se mogu vidjeti stare web-stranice onakve kakve su bile.
17:59
If you go and search on something -- this is Google.com,
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Ako odete i pretražujete nešto, to je Google.com,
18:03
the different versions of it that we have,
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različite verzije koje imamo,
18:05
this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release,
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tako je izgledao Alpha kad je pušten u javnost
18:07
and this is what it looked like at Stanford.
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i tako je izgledao na Stanfordu.
18:09
So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from.
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Uostalom, dobijete ideju odakle su stvari došle.
18:13
Mostly, people want to see their old stuff out of this.
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Većinom ljudi na tom žele vidjeti njihove stare stvari.
18:16
If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one,
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Ako jednu stvar želimo naučiti od prve verzije knjižnice u Aleksandriji,
18:20
which is probably best known for burning,
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koja je najpoznatija po tome što je spaljena,
18:24
is, don't just have one copy.
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to je: nemojte imati samo jednu kopiju.
18:26
So we've started to -- we've made another copy of all of this
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I tako smo počeli – počeli smo praviti još jednu kopiju svega toga
18:32
and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria.
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i zapravo smo ju stavili u knjižnicu u Aleksandriji.
18:35
So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria.
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Ovo je slika internetske arhive u knjižnici u Aleksandriji.
18:38
And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam.
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Sada pravimo novu kopiju u Amsterdamu.
18:42
So, we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco,
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Trebamo ju staviti u San Andreas Fault Line u San Franciscu,
18:46
flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East. Right, so anyway ...
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zoni poplava u Amsterdamu i na Bliskom Istoku. Tako da...
18:51
so we're hedging our bets here.
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se zaštitimo.
18:54
If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape.
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Ako ih stavimo u još nekoliko mjesta, mislim da smo u dobru stanju.
18:59
There's a political and social question out of this.
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Postoji političko i društveno pitanje iza svega ovoga.
19:01
Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private?
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Hoće li sve ovo, ako napravimo digitalizaciju, biti javno ili privatno?
19:05
There's some large companies that have seen this vision,
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Postoje neka velika poduzeća koje su vidjele ovu viziju,
19:07
that are doing large-scale digitization,
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koje rade digitalizaciju velikih razmjera,
19:09
but they're locking up the public domain.
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ali isključuju javno područje.
19:11
The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in?
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Pitanje jest: je li to svijet u kojem želimo živjeti?
19:14
What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward?
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Koja je uloga javnosti nasuprot privatnosti, s obzirom da stvari napreduju?
19:18
How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries
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Kako napredujemo i imamo svijet u kojem postoje knjižničari,
19:22
and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up?
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ali i izdavaštvo u budućnosti, koje smo i mi koristili kad smo odrastali?
19:27
So universal access to all knowledge --
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Znači, univerzalan pristup sveukupnom znanju –
19:30
I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind,
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mislim da bi to bilo jedno od najvećeg postignuća čovječanstva,
19:33
like the man on the moon, or the Gutenberg Bible, or the Library of Alexandria.
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kao čovjek na Mjesecu ili Gutenbergova Biblija ili knjižnica u Aleksandriji.
19:37
It could be something that we're remembered for,
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To bi moglo biti nešto čega bismo se sjećali
19:39
for millennia, for having achieved.
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cijelog tisućljeća.
19:42
And as I said before, I'll end with something
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I, kao što sam rekao i ranije, završit ću s nečim
19:44
that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library.
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što je urezano iznad vrata Carnegiove knjižnice –
19:47
Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country --
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Carnegie – jedan od najvećih kapitalista ove zemlje –
19:49
carved above his legacy, "Free to the People."
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urezao je iznad svog nasljedstva: „Slobodno za ljude“.
19:53
Thank you very much.
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Puno hvala.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarianBrewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried.
Why you should listen
Brewster Kahle's stated goal is "Universal access to all knowledge," and his catalog of inventions and institutions created for this purpose read like a Web's Greatest Hits list. In 1982 he helped start Thinking Machines, a supercomputer company specializing in text searching, and would go on to invent the Internet's first publishing and distributed search system, WAIS, whose customers included the New York Times and the United States Senate.
But most notably, perhaps, Kahle is founder and director of the Internet Archive, a free service which steadfastly archives World Wide Web documents, even as they are plowed over by breakneck trends in commerce, culture and politics. (On his Wayback Machine, you can view pages as they appeared in web antiquity -- say, Yahoo! in 1996.) As a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, he works to keep such information free and reachable.
Kahle is a key supporter of the Open Content Alliance and has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He and his wife operate a nonprofit organization, the Kahle/Austin Foundation, which funds the Internet Archive.
Brewster Kahle | Speaker | TED.com