TEDGlobal 2009
Janine Benyus: Biomimicry in action
Janine Benyus：進行中的仿生科技
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
1,420,524 views
Janine Benyus 帶給發明家一個訊息：設法解決設計上的問題時，先觀察自然界。你會在自然界中找到防水、航空力學、太陽能驅動以及更多的設計靈感。在此，她揭露許多靈感取自自然，成果令人讚嘆的新產品。
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
If I could reveal anything
0
0
4000
如果我可以揭露任何事物，
00:22
that is hidden from us,
1
4000
2000
我們看不到的事物，
00:24
at least in modern cultures,
2
6000
4000
至少對於現代文化來說，
00:28
it would be to reveal something that we've forgotten,
3
10000
4000
那就只能揭露我們已拋之腦後的事物。
00:32
that we used to know
4
14000
2000
但我們曾經是知道它們的，
00:34
as well as we knew our own names.
5
16000
4000
就像我們知道自己的名字一樣。
00:38
And that is that we live in a competent universe,
6
20000
4000
而且我們生存在充足的宇宙中，
00:42
that we are part of a brilliant planet,
7
24000
3000
身為這絕妙星球的一員，
00:45
and that we are surrounded by genius.
8
27000
4000
身旁圍繞著一群天才。
00:49
Biomimicry is a new discipline
9
31000
3000
仿生科技是一門新的學科，
00:52
that tries to learn from those geniuses,
10
34000
2000
嘗試向那群天才學習，
00:54
and take advice from them, design advice.
11
36000
4000
聽取他們的建議，設計上的建議。
00:58
That's where I live,
12
40000
3000
那是我住的地方。
01:01
and it's my university as well.
13
43000
3000
也是我念的大學。
01:04
I'm surrounded by genius. I cannot help but
14
46000
4000
我被天才包圍，不由自主地．．．
01:08
remember the organisms and the ecosystems
15
50000
5000
一直記得這些生物和生態系統，
01:13
that know how to live here gracefully on this planet.
16
55000
5000
它們知道如何優雅地生存在地球上。
01:18
This is what I would tell you to remember
17
60000
2000
這是我想要你記得的一點，
01:20
if you ever forget this again.
18
62000
3000
不准再忘記它，
01:23
Remember this.
19
65000
2000
記得它。
01:25
This is what happens every year.
20
67000
4000
這是每年都會發生的事，
01:29
This is what keeps its promise.
21
71000
3000
信守諾言的事，
01:32
While we're doing bailouts, this is what happened.
22
74000
3000
當我們正忙於紓困案，這已發生。
01:35
Spring.
23
77000
2000
春天。
01:37
Imagine designing spring.
24
79000
5000
想像要設計一個春天。
01:42
Imagine that orchestration.
25
84000
2000
想像一切和諧編排。
01:44
You think TED is hard to organize. (Laughter) Right?
26
86000
4000
你覺得TED很難組織 (笑聲)，是吧？
01:48
Imagine, and if you haven't done this in a while, do.
27
90000
5000
想像，如果你很久沒這麼做，現在做。
01:53
Imagine the timing, the coordination,
28
95000
4000
想像那些時機點，那些巧合。
01:57
all without top-down laws,
29
99000
4000
完全沒有上對下的法律規則，
02:01
or policies, or climate change protocols.
30
103000
3000
或政策，或氣候變遷草案。
02:04
This happens every year.
31
106000
3000
每年都這樣發生。
02:07
There is lots of showing off.
32
109000
4000
有很多爭奇鬥艷。
02:11
There is lots of love in the air.
33
113000
5000
空氣裡充滿愛。
02:16
There's lots of grand openings.
34
118000
5000
有很多盛大的開場。
02:21
And the organisms, I promise you,
35
123000
2000
而這些生物體，我向你保證，
02:23
have all of their priorities in order.
36
125000
4000
他們全都井然有序。
02:27
I have this neighbor that keeps me in touch with this,
37
129000
4000
我曾經有個鄰居，讓我接觸這些。
02:31
because he's living, usually on his back,
38
133000
2000
因為他的生活，通常是躺著
02:33
looking up at those grasses.
39
135000
3000
往上看那些牧草。
02:36
And one time he came up to me --
40
138000
2000
有一次，他來找我，
02:38
he was about seven or eight years old -- he came up to me.
41
140000
2000
那時他大約七或八歲，他來找我。
02:40
And there was a wasp's nest
42
142000
2000
那時有個蜂巢，
02:42
that I had let grow in my yard,
43
144000
2000
我讓它長在我家後院裡，
02:44
right outside my door.
44
146000
3000
就在我的門外。
02:47
And most people knock them down when they're small.
45
149000
2000
大多數人會趁蜂巢還小，就將之打下。
02:49
But it was fascinating to me,
46
151000
2000
但它對我來很迷人。
02:51
because I was looking at this sort of fine Italian end papers.
47
153000
3000
因為我看著這種細緻的意式襯紙。
02:54
And he came up to me and he knocked.
48
156000
2000
而他來找我並敲敲門。
02:56
He would come every day with something to show me.
49
158000
3000
每天都帶些東西來給我看。
02:59
And like, knock like a woodpecker on my door until I opened it up.
50
161000
3000
敲門敲得像隻啄木鳥，直到我開門為止。
03:02
And he asked me
51
164000
4000
然後他問我，
03:06
how I had made the house for those wasps,
52
168000
7000
我是如何做出那些蜂巢的。
03:13
because he had never seen one this big.
53
175000
3000
因為他從未見過這麼大的蜂巢。
03:16
And I told him, "You know, Cody,
54
178000
3000
我告訴他：「知道嗎？Cody
03:19
the wasps actually made that."
55
181000
2000
其實蜂巢是蜜蜂自己做的。」
03:21
And we looked at it together.
56
183000
2000
然後我們一起觀察它。
03:23
And I could see why he thought,
57
185000
4000
而我可以了解為什麼他會那樣以為，
03:27
you know -- it was so beautifully done.
58
189000
2000
你知道嗎？它是如此美麗地完工。
03:29
It was so architectural. It was so precise.
59
191000
3000
它很建築，很精準。
03:32
But it occurred to me, how in his small life
60
194000
4000
但我不禁想到，為何這麼小的孩子，
03:36
had he already believed the myth
61
198000
4000
就已經相信一個神話，
03:40
that if something was that well done,
62
202000
4000
那就是這樣完美的作品，
03:44
that we must have done it.
63
206000
2000
一定是我們人類做出來的。
03:46
How did he not know --
64
208000
3000
他為何不知道一件事，
03:49
it's what we've all forgotten --
65
211000
3000
也是我們都忘記的事實，
03:52
that we're not the first ones to build.
66
214000
3000
就是我們並非第一個會建造的物種。
03:55
We're not the first ones to process cellulose.
67
217000
3000
我們並非第一個會處理纖維，
03:58
We're not the first ones to make paper. We're not the first ones
68
220000
2000
並非第一個造紙，也並非第一個
04:00
to try to optimize packing space,
69
222000
3000
嘗試加大收納空間的物種。
04:03
or to waterproof, or to try to heat and cool a structure.
70
225000
3000
或是製作防水、或嘗試加熱和冷卻。
04:06
We're not the first ones to build houses for our young.
71
228000
6000
我們並非第一個為後代建造房屋的物種。
04:12
What's happening now, in this field called biomimicry,
72
234000
4000
正在仿生科技學領域中發生的，
04:16
is that people are beginning to remember
73
238000
3000
是人們開始記得
04:19
that organisms, other organisms,
74
241000
4000
生物體，其他的生物體，
04:23
the rest of the natural world,
75
245000
2000
自然界中的其他生物，
04:25
are doing things very similar to what we need to do.
76
247000
4000
正在做與我們需求極相似的事。
04:29
But in fact they are doing them in a way
77
251000
2000
但事實上，他們用的方式
04:31
that have allowed them to live gracefully on this planet
78
253000
2000
可讓他們優雅生存在地球上
04:33
for billions of years.
79
255000
3000
好幾億年。
04:36
So these people, biomimics,
80
258000
3000
所以說這些仿生科學家
04:39
are nature's apprentices.
81
261000
2000
是大自然的學徒。
04:41
And they're focusing on function.
82
263000
2000
他們注重功能。
04:43
What I'd like to do is show you a few of the things
83
265000
3000
我想要讓你們看一些
04:46
that they're learning.
84
268000
3000
他們正在學習的東西。
04:49
They have asked themselves,
85
271000
2000
他們這樣問自己：
04:51
"What if, every time I started to invent something,
86
273000
4000
「倘若每次開始發明前
04:55
I asked, 'How would nature solve this?'"
87
277000
3000
我都問『大自然會如何解決？』呢？」
04:58
And here is what they're learning.
88
280000
2000
而這就是他們正在學習的。
05:00
This is an amazing picture from a Czech photographer named Jack Hedley.
89
282000
3000
這驚嘆的照片由捷克攝影師Jack Hedley拍攝。
05:03
This is a story about an engineer at J.R. West.
90
285000
3000
這個故事關於一位J.R. West的工程師。
05:06
They're the people who make the bullet train.
91
288000
2000
他們製造子彈列車。
05:08
It was called the bullet train
92
290000
2000
它之所以名為子彈列車，
05:10
because it was rounded in front,
93
292000
2000
是因為它圓頭的造型。
05:12
but every time it went into a tunnel
94
294000
2000
但每次駛進山洞時，
05:14
it would build up a pressure wave,
95
296000
2000
就會產生一股壓力波，
05:16
and then it would create like a sonic boom when it exited.
96
298000
3000
而在駛出山洞時製造音爆。
05:19
So the engineer's boss said,
97
301000
2000
於是工程師的老闆說：
05:21
"Find a way to quiet this train."
98
303000
3000
「找出讓列車安靜的方法。」
05:24
He happened to be a birder.
99
306000
2000
他正巧是位愛鳥者，
05:26
He went to the equivalent of an Audubon Society meeting.
100
308000
4000
他去了奧杜邦學會相關的會議。
05:30
And he studied -- there was a film about king fishers.
101
312000
2000
他研究和學習，一段翠鳥的影片，
05:32
And he thought to himself, "They go from one density of medium,
102
314000
3000
他想：「牠們從一種密度的介質—空氣，
05:35
the air, into another density of medium, water,
103
317000
3000
進入另一種密度的介質—水，
05:38
without a splash. Look at this picture.
104
320000
3000
卻不會濺起水花。」看這張照片。
05:41
Without a splash, so they can see the fish.
105
323000
3000
沒有濺起水花，所以牠們看得到魚。
05:44
And he thought, "What if we do this?"
106
326000
3000
然後他想到：「倘若我們這麼做？」
05:47
Quieted the train.
107
329000
3000
安靜的列車。
05:50
Made it go 10 percent faster on 15 percent less electricity.
108
332000
5000
加快10%而且節省15%電力。
05:55
How does nature repel bacteria?
109
337000
2000
大自然如何抗菌？
05:57
We're not the first ones to have to protect ourselves
110
339000
3000
我們並非第一個需要保護自己
06:00
from some bacteria.
111
342000
2000
免於某些細菌侵擾的物種。
06:02
Turns out that -- this is a Galapagos Shark.
112
344000
4000
原來答案在—直翅真鯊。
06:06
It has no bacteria on its surface, no fouling on its surface, no barnacles.
113
348000
5000
牠的表面沒有細菌，表面無垢，亦無藤壺。
06:11
And it's not because it goes fast.
114
353000
2000
並不是因為牠游得很快。
06:13
It actually basks. It's a slow-moving shark.
115
355000
3000
牠其實很愜意，是一種慢速鯊。
06:16
So how does it keep its body free of bacteria build-up?
116
358000
3000
那牠如何保持身體不滋生細菌？
06:19
It doesn't do it with a chemical.
117
361000
2000
牠不是使用化學方法。
06:21
It does it, it turns out, with the same denticles
118
363000
2000
原來，牠身上的鋸齒狀物，
06:23
that you had on Speedo bathing suits,
119
365000
4000
與Speedo泳衣上的材質的相同，
06:27
that broke all those records in the Olympics,
120
369000
2000
而那泳衣曾打破所有奧運記錄。
06:29
but it's a particular kind of pattern.
121
371000
2000
但它有一種獨特的樣式，
06:31
And that pattern, the architecture of that pattern
122
373000
3000
而那種樣式—那種牠皮膚上
06:34
on its skin denticles
123
376000
3000
鋸齒狀樣式的結構
06:37
keep bacteria from being able to land and adhere.
124
379000
4000
讓細菌無法附著。
06:41
There is a company called Sharklet Technologies
125
383000
2000
有間名為Sharklet Technologies的公司
06:43
that's now putting this on the surfaces in hospitals
126
385000
4000
正將這種結構鋪在醫院的牆面，
06:47
to keep bacteria from landing,
127
389000
2000
防止細菌附著。
06:49
which is better than dousing it with anti-bacterials or harsh cleansers
128
391000
6000
此法遠優於使用抗菌或強烈洗劑，
06:55
that many, many organisms are now becoming drug resistant.
129
397000
4000
讓許多許多生物產生抗藥性。
06:59
Hospital-acquired infections are now killing
130
401000
2000
在美國，醫院院內感染
07:01
more people every year in the United States
131
403000
3000
每年奪走的性命
07:04
than die from AIDS or cancer or car accidents combined --
132
406000
5000
比AIDS或癌症或車禍的死亡總數更多—
07:09
about 100,000.
133
411000
2000
約十萬人。
07:11
This is a little critter that's in the Namibian desert.
134
413000
3000
這隻住在納米比沙漠的小生物，
07:14
It has no fresh water that it's able to drink,
135
416000
3000
沒有新鮮水源可以喝，
07:17
but it drinks water out of fog.
136
419000
3000
但他從霧氣中攝取水分。
07:20
It's got bumps on the back of its wing covers.
137
422000
3000
在牠覆蓋身體的翅膀外側有些突起物，
07:23
And those bumps act like a magnet for water.
138
425000
3000
而那些突起物可像磁鐵搬吸住水，
07:26
They have water-loving tips, and waxy sides.
139
428000
3000
它們有親水性的尖端和蠟質的側邊，
07:29
And the fog comes in and it builds up on the tips.
140
431000
3000
所以霧氣會凝結在尖端，
07:32
And it goes down the sides and goes into the critter's mouth.
141
434000
3000
然後從側邊流下，流如這種生物的口中。
07:35
There is actually a scientist here at Oxford
142
437000
3000
真的有位Oxford的科學家，
07:38
who studied this, Andrew Parker.
143
440000
2000
研究這項技術，他叫Andrew Parker.
07:40
And now kinetic and architectural firms like Grimshaw
144
442000
4000
而現在有些動力和建築公司，像是Grimshaw
07:44
are starting to look at this as a way
145
446000
2000
開始著眼於把這技術應用在
07:46
of coating buildings
146
448000
3000
建築物的塗裝，
07:49
so that they gather water from the fog.
147
451000
2000
於是它們能從霧氣擷取水分，
07:51
10 times better than our fog-catching nets.
148
453000
5000
效果比我們的捉霧網好上10倍。
07:56
CO2 as a building block.
149
458000
2000
把二氧化碳當作建材。
07:58
Organisms don't think of CO2 as a poison.
150
460000
3000
生物體不認為二氧化碳是有害的，
08:01
Plants and organisms that make shells,
151
463000
2000
植物和一些製造貝殼、珊瑚的生物，
08:03
coral, think of it as a building block.
152
465000
3000
都把二氧化碳當作建材。
08:06
There is now a cement manufacturing company
153
468000
3000
現在有間水泥製造公司
08:09
starting in the United States called Calera.
154
471000
3000
成立於美國，名叫Clara.
08:12
They've borrowed the recipe from the coral reef,
155
474000
3000
他們借用珊瑚礁的祕方，
08:15
and they're using CO2 as a building block
156
477000
3000
並且把二氧化碳當作
08:18
in cement, in concrete.
157
480000
2000
水泥、混凝土的材料，
08:20
Instead of -- cement usually
158
482000
2000
代替...水泥通常...
08:22
emits a ton of CO2 for every ton of cement.
159
484000
3000
每頓水泥會排放一頓二氧化碳，
08:25
Now it's reversing that equation,
160
487000
2000
現在方程式被逆轉，
08:27
and actually sequestering half a ton of CO2
161
489000
3000
而實際上可節省半頓二氧化碳，
08:30
thanks to the recipe from the coral.
162
492000
2000
多虧了得自珊瑚的祕方。
08:32
None of these are using the organisms.
163
494000
2000
以上都沒有利用生物體，
08:34
They're really only using the blueprints or the recipes
164
496000
2000
他們其實都只利用了
08:36
from the organisms.
165
498000
3000
生物的生命藍圖或祕方。
08:39
How does nature gather the sun's energy?
166
501000
3000
大自然如何收集太陽能？
08:42
This is a new kind of solar cell
167
504000
2000
這是新的太陽能電池，
08:44
that's based on how a leaf works.
168
506000
2000
建基於葉子的運作方式，
08:46
It's self-assembling.
169
508000
2000
它可以自我組裝。
08:48
It can be put down on any substrate whatsoever.
170
510000
2000
它可著根於任何生化基質，
08:50
It's extremely inexpensive
171
512000
2000
它非常便宜，
08:52
and rechargeable every five years.
172
514000
3000
而且每五年可再充電。
08:55
It's actually a company a company that I'm involved in called OneSun,
173
517000
3000
那其實是我參與的一家公司，名為OneSun,
08:58
with Paul Hawken.
174
520000
2000
與Paul Hawken合作。
09:00
There are many many ways that nature filters water
175
522000
4000
大自然有好多好多淨化水的方式，
09:04
that takes salt out of water.
176
526000
3000
取出水中的鹽分。
09:07
We take water and push it against a membrane.
177
529000
3000
我們用水去推擠細胞膜，
09:10
And then we wonder why the membrane clogs
178
532000
2000
然後好奇為何細胞膜會堵塞，
09:12
and why it takes so much electricity.
179
534000
2000
而且為什麼需要那麼多電流。
09:14
Nature does something much more elegant.
180
536000
2000
大自然使用更優雅的方式，
09:16
And it's in every cell.
181
538000
2000
而且每個細胞都會用。
09:18
Every red blood cell of your body right now
182
540000
3000
你現在體內的每一粒紅血球
09:21
has these hourglass-shaped pores
183
543000
2000
都有沙漏形的小孔，
09:23
called aquaporins.
184
545000
2000
名為水孔蛋白，
09:25
They actually export water molecules through.
185
547000
3000
它們讓水分子通過、輸出。
09:28
It's kind of a forward osmosis.
186
550000
2000
這像是一種正向滲透作用，
09:30
They export water molecules through,
187
552000
2000
他們輸出水分子，
09:32
and leave solutes on the other side.
188
554000
3000
然後讓溶質留在另一邊。
09:35
A company called Aquaporin is starting to make desalination
189
557000
3000
一間名為Aquaporin的公司正開始製造
09:38
membranes mimicking this technology.
190
560000
4000
模仿這種技術的去鹽薄膜。
09:42
Trees and bones are constantly reforming themselves
191
564000
5000
樹木和骨骼經常
09:47
along lines of stress.
192
569000
2000
沿著壓力線自我重組。
09:49
This algorithm has been put into a software program
193
571000
4000
這種演算法已被運用在一個軟體，
09:53
that's now being used to make bridges lightweight,
194
575000
2000
現在用於使橋樑輕量化，
09:55
to make building beams lightweight.
195
577000
3000
使建築鋼樑輕量化。
09:58
Actually G.M. Opel used it
196
580000
2000
事實上G.M. Opel已經運用這軟體
10:00
to create that skeleton you see,
197
582000
4000
創造了你所見到的那種骨架，
10:04
in what's called their bionic car.
198
586000
3000
在所謂的仿生車當中。
10:07
It lightweighted that skeleton using a minimum amount of material,
199
589000
3000
輕量化的骨架使用最少材料，
10:10
as an organism must,
200
592000
3000
如同一個生物體必須做的，
10:13
for the maximum amount of strength.
201
595000
4000
並且得到最大的支撐力。
10:17
This beetle, unlike this chip bag here,
202
599000
4000
這隻甲蟲，與這餅乾帶子大不相同，
10:21
this beetle uses one material, chitin.
203
603000
3000
甲蟲運用的是一種材料 ─ 基丁質。
10:24
And it finds many many ways
204
606000
2000
而且它找出好多好多種方法
10:26
to put many functions into it.
205
608000
2000
讓基丁質有很多不同的功能。
10:28
It's waterproof.
206
610000
2000
它防水，
10:30
It's strong and resilient.
207
612000
2000
它堅固且有彈性，
10:32
It's breathable. It creates color through structure.
208
614000
4000
它很透氣，藉由結構安排產生顏色。
10:36
Whereas that chip bag has about seven layers to do all of those things.
209
618000
4000
反觀餅乾袋需要約七層材料來達成那些功能。
10:40
One of our major inventions
210
622000
3000
我們主要的發明之一
10:43
that we need to be able to do
211
625000
2000
就是我們必須具備能力
10:45
to come even close to what these organisms can do
212
627000
2000
與這些生物體更相近的能力，
10:47
is to find a way
213
629000
4000
那就是找到一個方法
10:51
to minimize the amount of material, the kind of material we use,
214
633000
3000
減少材料用量，那種我們所用的材料，
10:54
and to add design to it.
215
636000
2000
然後加上設計。
10:56
We use five polymers in the natural world
216
638000
3000
大自然只使用五種聚合物
10:59
to do everything that you see.
217
641000
2000
來達成你所能見到的所有事物。
11:01
In our world we use about 350 polymers
218
643000
4000
而人類用了350種聚合物
11:05
to make all this.
219
647000
5000
來製造這一切。
11:10
Nature is nano.
220
652000
2000
大自然是奈米專家。
11:12
Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, you hear a lot of worry about this.
221
654000
5000
奈米科技、奈米粒子，聽過很多相關憂慮，
11:17
Loose nanoparticles. What is really interesting to me
222
659000
4000
鬆散奈米粒子。而我最有興趣的是
11:21
is that not many people have been asking,
223
663000
3000
有多少人問過：
11:24
"How can we consult nature about how to make nanotechnology safe?"
224
666000
5000
「怎麼諮詢大自然如何安全運用耐米科技？」
11:29
Nature has been doing that for a long time.
225
671000
2000
大自然已行之久遠。
11:31
Embedding nanoparticles in a material for instance, always.
226
673000
4000
例如它總是把耐米粒子固定在某種材料。
11:35
In fact, sulfur-reducing bacteria,
227
677000
2000
事實上，硫還原細菌
11:37
as part of their synthesis,
228
679000
3000
在它們合成的過程中，
11:40
they will emit, as a byproduct,
229
682000
2000
會釋放一種副產品，
11:42
nanoparticles into the water.
230
684000
2000
一種奈米粒子進入水中。
11:44
But then right after that, they emit a protein
231
686000
2000
但那之後，他們釋放一種蛋白質
11:46
that actually gathers and aggregates those nanoparticles
232
688000
3000
可以聚集、聚合那些奈米粒子，
11:49
so that they fall out of solution.
233
691000
5000
於是它們得以解決。
11:54
Energy use. Organisms sip energy,
234
696000
5000
能量使用。生物體慎用能量。
11:59
because they have to work or barter for every single bit that they get.
235
701000
5000
因為牠們得工作或以物異物來獲得每一分。
12:04
And one of the largest fields right now,
236
706000
3000
而現今最大的領域之一，
12:07
in the world of energy grids,
237
709000
2000
世界能源網當中，
12:09
you hear about the smart grid.
238
711000
2000
你聽過智能電網。
12:11
One of the largest consultants are the social insects.
239
713000
4000
最重要的顧問之一就是群居昆蟲。
12:15
Swarm technology. There is a company called Regen.
240
717000
3000
群技術。有家公司名為Regen.
12:18
They are looking at how ants and bees
241
720000
3000
他們觀察螞蟻和蜜蜂
12:21
find their food and their flowers
242
723000
3000
如何尋找牠們的食物和花朵，
12:24
in the most effective way
243
726000
2000
用對整體族群(蜂巢)
12:26
as a whole hive.
244
728000
2000
最有效的方式。
12:28
And they're having appliances in your home
245
730000
3000
他們有一種家用設備，
12:31
talk to one another through that algorithm,
246
733000
3000
透過那種演算法互相溝通，
12:34
and determine how to minimize peak power use.
247
736000
6000
然後決定如何把尖峰用電降到最低。
12:40
There's a group of scientists in Cornell
248
742000
3000
有一群Cornell的科學家，
12:43
that are making what they call a synthetic tree,
249
745000
2000
正在製造他們所謂的人造樹。
12:45
because they are saying, "There is no pump at the bottom of a tree."
250
747000
4000
因為他們說：「樹幹底下沒有泵浦。」
12:49
It's capillary action and transpiration pulls
251
751000
4000
是毛細作用和蒸散作造成拉力，
12:53
water up, a drop at a time,
252
755000
2000
一滴一滴把水拉上去，
12:55
pulling it, releasing it from a leaf and pulling it up through the roots.
253
757000
5000
拉上去，從葉面釋放然後從根部拉取。
13:00
And they're creating -- you can think of it as a kind of wallpaper.
254
762000
3000
然後他們創造—你可以把它想成一種壁紙。
13:03
They're thinking about putting it on the insides of buildings
255
765000
4000
他們正想將它用在建築內部，
13:07
to move water up without pumps.
256
769000
6000
把水抽高而不需要泵浦。
13:13
Amazon electric eel -- incredibly endangered,
257
775000
2000
亞馬遜電鰻，瀕臨絕種，
13:15
some of these species --
258
777000
2000
這些物種當中的一些，
13:17
create 600 volts of electricity
259
779000
4000
能使用你身體當中的一些化學物質，
13:21
with the chemicals that are in your body.
260
783000
3000
製造出600伏特的電力，
13:24
Even more interesting to me is that
261
786000
2000
更讓我有興趣的是...
13:26
600 volts doesn't fry it.
262
788000
3000
600伏特不會把牠自己炸熟。
13:29
You know we use PVC, and we sheath wires
263
791000
3000
你知道我們使用PVC來包住電線，
13:32
with PVC for insulation.
264
794000
2000
利用PVC當作絕緣體。
13:34
These organisms, how are they insulating
265
796000
2000
這些生物，牠們如何讓自己
13:36
against their own electric charge?
266
798000
3000
跟自己產生的電力絕緣呢？
13:39
These are some questions that we've yet to ask.
267
801000
3000
有些問題我們還尚無解答。
13:42
Here's a wind turbine manufacturer that went to a whale.
268
804000
4000
這是風扇製造商取法於鯨豚。
13:46
Humpback whale has scalloped edges on its flippers.
269
808000
4000
座頭鯨有扇形邊的鰭，
13:50
And those scalloped edges
270
812000
2000
而那些扇形邊
13:52
play with flow in such a way
271
814000
3000
用某種方式與水流相互作用，
13:55
that is reduces drag by 32 percent.
272
817000
3000
減少32％的阻力。
13:58
These wind turbines can rotate in incredibly slow windspeeds, as a result.
273
820000
6000
於是，極小的風速便能轉動這些風扇。
14:04
MIT just has a new radio chip
274
826000
3000
MIT剛製作一款新的無線電晶片，
14:07
that uses far less power than our chips.
275
829000
4000
用電量遠小於目前的晶片，
14:11
And it's based on the cochlear of your ear,
276
833000
3000
而且它取法於你耳朵裡的耳蝸，
14:14
able to pick up internet, wireless, television signals
277
836000
5000
可以接收網路、無線電、電視訊號，
14:19
and radio signals, in the same chip.
278
841000
3000
以及電台訊號，使用同一張晶片。
14:22
Finally, on an ecosystem scale.
279
844000
4000
最後，建立在生態系統規模上。
14:26
At Biomimicry Guild, which is my consulting company,
280
848000
3000
在Biomimicry Guild, 也就是我的顧問公司，
14:29
we work with HOK Architects.
281
851000
2000
我們與HOK建築公司合作，
14:31
We're looking at building whole cities
282
853000
4000
我們正考慮建造整座城市，
14:35
in their planning department.
283
857000
2000
在他們的規劃部門中。
14:37
And what we're saying is that,
284
859000
2000
而我們的訴求是：
14:39
shouldn't our cities do at least as well,
285
861000
3000
以生態系統服務的角度來看，
14:42
in terms of ecosystem services,
286
864000
2000
我們的城市不是應該至少
14:44
as the native systems that they replace?
287
866000
3000
跟他們取代的原始系統一樣好嗎？
14:47
So we're creating something called Ecological Performance Standards
288
869000
4000
於是我們正在設立生態性能標準，
14:51
that hold cities to this higher bar.
289
873000
4000
能讓城市維持在這個標準。
14:55
The question is -- biomimicry is an incredibly powerful
290
877000
3000
問題是—仿生科技是達到創新
14:58
way to innovate.
291
880000
3000
一條極其有力的途徑。
15:01
The question I would ask is, "What's worth solving?"
292
883000
3000
我想問的是：「哪些事情值得去解決？」
15:04
If you haven't seen this, it's pretty amazing.
293
886000
2000
若你之前沒看過，這個還滿令人吃驚的。
15:06
Dr. Adam Neiman.
294
888000
3000
Adam Neiman 博士。
15:09
This is a depiction of
295
891000
2000
這張圖描述...
15:11
all of the water on Earth
296
893000
2000
地球上所有的水
15:13
in relation to the volume of the Earth --
297
895000
2000
相對於地球體積，
15:15
all the ice, all the fresh water, all the sea water --
298
897000
3000
所有的冰、淡水、鹹水，
15:18
and all the atmosphere that we can breathe, in relation to the volume of the Earth.
299
900000
4000
和所有我們呼吸的大氣，相對於地球體積。
15:22
And inside those balls
300
904000
2000
而在那些球裡頭的是...
15:24
life, over 3.8 billion years,
301
906000
4000
生命，超過3.8億年，
15:28
has made a lush, livable place for us.
302
910000
5000
幫我們造了蒼翠、適宜居住的地方。
15:33
And we are in a long, long line
303
915000
3000
所有的生物當中，
15:36
of organisms
304
918000
2000
我們排在長長的隊伍後面，
15:38
to come to this planet and ask ourselves,
305
920000
3000
來到地球上並且問我們自己：
15:41
"How can we live here gracefully over the long haul?"
306
923000
4000
「我們如何優雅地、長遠地生存？」
15:45
How can we do what life has learned to do?
307
927000
5000
我們如何才能做到生物早已學會的事？
15:50
Which is to create conditions conducive to life.
308
932000
4000
也就是創造有利於生命的環境。
15:54
Now in order to do this, the design challenge
309
936000
4000
現在為了這個目的，
15:58
of our century, I think,
310
940000
3000
我們這一世紀的設計挑戰，我想，
16:01
we need a way to remind ourselves of those geniuses,
311
943000
5000
我們需要時時提醒自己想起那些天才
16:06
and to somehow meet them again.
312
948000
3000
並且以某種方式再次與他們見面。
16:09
One of the big ideas, one of the big projects
313
951000
2000
其中一個大創意，其中一個大計畫，
16:11
I've been honored to work on
314
953000
2000
是我有幸參與的，
16:13
is a new website. And I would encourage you all to please go to it.
315
955000
3000
關於一個新的網站。而我希望大家去瀏覽它。
16:16
It's called AskNature.org.
316
958000
3000
這網站叫做 AskNature.org.
16:19
And what we're trying to do, in a TEDesque way,
317
961000
3000
而我們嘗試沿用TED的風格，
16:22
is to organize all biological information
318
964000
2000
依照設計上和工程上的功能，
16:24
by design and engineering function.
319
966000
4000
組織所有生物資訊。
16:28
And we're working with EOL, Encyclopedia of Life,
320
970000
3000
我們與 EOL (生物百科) 合作，
16:31
Ed Wilson's TED wish.
321
973000
2000
達成 Ed Wilson 的TED願望。
16:33
And he's gathering all biological information
322
975000
3000
他正在蒐集各種生物資訊
16:36
on one website.
323
978000
2000
於一個網站。
16:38
And the scientists who are contributing to EOL are answering a question,
324
980000
3000
而為EOL貢獻心力的科學家都在問一個問題：
16:41
"What can we learn from this organism?"
325
983000
3000
「我們可以從這種生物身上學到什麼？」
16:44
And that information will go into AskNature.org.
326
986000
4000
然後哪些資訊會放在 AskNature.org 網站上。
16:48
And hopefully, any inventor, anywhere in the world,
327
990000
3000
希望，任何發明家，不論在世界上的哪裡，
16:51
will be able, in the moment of creation,
328
993000
3000
在他們創造的當下，可以輸入：
16:54
to type in, "How does nature remove salt from water?"
329
996000
5000
「大自然如何去除水中的鹽分？」
16:59
And up will come mangroves, and sea turtles
330
1001000
3000
然後結果就會顯示紅樹林和海龜，
17:02
and your own kidneys.
331
1004000
2000
和你的腎臟。
17:04
And we'll begin to
332
1006000
3000
然後我們會開始
17:07
be able to
333
1009000
2000
有能力
17:09
do as Cody does,
334
1011000
2000
做到 Cody 所做的事，
17:11
and actually be in touch
335
1013000
3000
而且實際上去接觸
17:14
with these incredible models,
336
1016000
3000
這些令人難以置信的模型，
17:17
these elders that have been here
337
1019000
2000
這些存在久遠的長者，
17:19
far, far longer than we have.
338
1021000
2000
比我們存在更久、更久。
17:21
And hopefully, with their help,
339
1023000
2000
而且希望，藉由他們的幫助，
17:23
we'll learn how to live on this Earth,
340
1025000
3000
我們能學習如何在地球上生存，
17:26
and on this home that is ours, but not ours alone.
341
1028000
4000
生存在我們的家園，但也不單是我們的。
17:30
Thank you very much.
342
1032000
2000
謝謝大家。
17:32
(Applause)
343
1034000
5000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationistA self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.
Why you should listen
In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.
As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com