TED2010
Philip K. Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system
Philip Howard：四個修復破碎法律系統的方法
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自由的國度已成為法律的雷區，Philip K. Howard表示--尤其是老師及醫生，他們的工作已經癱瘓於對法律訴訟的恐懼了。答案是甚麼？身為一位律師，Howard有四項簡化美國法律的主張。
Philip K. Howard - Legal activist
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I've always been interested in
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我一直很感興趣
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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關於正式架構和人的行為之間的關係
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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如果您蓋一條寬廣的大路通往城市的郊區人就會搬到那裡去
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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法律也是一個強大的驅動力
00:30
of human behavior.
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在人類行為上
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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我今天想討論的
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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是關於修改和簡化法律
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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來釋放美國人的能量和熱情
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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讓我們能夠開始
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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解決這個社會的挑戰
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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您可能已經注意到法律的密度
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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在過去的二十年中在您的生活中逐漸增加
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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如果您有自己的生意 你很難做任何的事情
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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而不用打電話給你的法律總顧問
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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事實上，現在有一種現象
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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就是法律總顧問正在成為執行長
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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這有點像身體綁架者的入侵（譯按 The invasion of the Bodysnatchers 中文片名【天外魔花】講的是類似豆莢的外星人企圖利用細胞附身人類以征服地球的故事）
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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你需要一個律師來經營公司
01:07
because there's so much law.
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因為有這麼多的法律
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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但不只是商業活動被這件事影響
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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它真實的被壓進了
01:14
of ordinary people.
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普通民眾的日常活動
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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數年前，我在科迪 懷俄明州附近爬山
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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這是在灰熊保留區附近
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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雖然沒有人在出發前告訴我
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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我們的嚮導是一個那裡的科學教師
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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她對有熊出沒的事完全不在意
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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但她卻很害怕律師
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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故事開始被傾訴
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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她剛剛才發生了一件事
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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一位家長威脅要起訴學校
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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因為她扣了學生百分之十的成績
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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因為學生遲交作業
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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校長不想面對家長
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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因為他不想被捲入法律的訴訟
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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於是，她不得不去一次又一次的會議
01:51
over and over again.
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一遍又一遍的說著同樣的論據
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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經過30天的不眠之夜，她終於投降
01:56
and raised the grade.
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並提高了成績
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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她說 人生太短，我不能在這件事上繼續下去
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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大約在同時，她要帶兩個學生參加一個領導力會議
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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在拉勒米 大約數小時的路程
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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她本來要自己開車載他們
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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但學校說 不 你不能自己開車載他們
02:11
for liability reasons.
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因責任歸屬上的問題
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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你必須坐校車去
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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所以學校提供可以坐60人的巴士
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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來接送他們三個人來往
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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僅數小時車程的拉勒米
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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他的先生也是一位科學教師
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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他會帶他生物課的學生去爬山
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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在附近的國家公園
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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但今年他被告知他不能去
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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因為其中一位學生身障
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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所以其他25位學生也不能去爬山
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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在結束後我幾乎可以寫滿一本書
02:43
just with stories about law
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只用和法律有關的故事
02:45
from this one teacher.
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只從這一位教師身上
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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我們被教導要相信法律
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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是自由的基礎
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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但不知如何在過去幾十年間
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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自由的國度卻成為法律的地雷區
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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它真的改變了我們的生活
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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以有點不易察覺並逐漸的方式
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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不過，當你拉遠一點，卻常常可以看到
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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它改變了我們講話的方式
03:07
pediatrician friend
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我之前跟一位小兒科醫生朋友說話
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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在北卡羅萊納州，他說
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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“嗯，你知道我不再用同樣的方式處理病人了
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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你不會想說些隨性即興的話
03:17
that might be used against you."
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這些話可能會被用來對付你
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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這是一個醫生，他的生活是要照顧別人
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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我自己的律師事務所有一整列的問題
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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是我不能問的
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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當我面談應試者的時候
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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例如有一個邪惡的問題
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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充滿了被隱藏的動機和影射
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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“你是哪裡人？”
03:38
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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這20年來，侵權改革者已拉響警報
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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官司失控的警報
03:46
And we read every once in while
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我們偶爾會讀到
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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這些瘋狂的訴訟，像是有一個傢伙
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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在哥倫比亞特區誰起訴他的乾洗店 求償5400萬美元
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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因為乾洗店搞丟了他一條褲子
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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案件已歷時兩年 我想他應該還在上訴中
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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但現實情況是 這些瘋狂的案件
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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相對上較少 他們通常也不會贏。
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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而侵權行為的直接總成本
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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在這個國家約佔百分之二
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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這是其他國家的兩倍
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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但是就稅收上看 幾乎不至跛足
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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但是 直接成本實際上只是冰山的一角
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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這裡所再一次發生
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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幾乎在我們不知道的情況下
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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我們的文化改變了
04:27
People no longer feel free
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人們不再感到可以自由的
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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以自己的最佳判斷採取行動
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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所以，對於此點我們該做怎麼呢？
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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我們當然不希望放棄權利
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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當人們做錯事到法院尋求糾正的權利
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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我們需要規則來確保
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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人不污染等
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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我們甚至缺乏詞彙來處理
04:44
this problem,
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這一個問題
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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那是因為我們有錯誤的參照架構
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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我們一直在被訓練看待每一個糾紛
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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每一個問題，是一個關於個人的權利的事
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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所以我們透過法律的顯微鏡來看一切
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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是否可能有情有可原的狀況
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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解釋為何約翰
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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遲交他的作業 在科迪，懷俄明州？
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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是否可能醫生
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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可能會做一些不同的事 當病人病得更嚴重時
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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當然，後見之明的偏見是完美的
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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總是會有不同的場景可以被描繪出來
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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在之中有可能事情可以用不同的方法被處理
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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然而，我們一直在訓練瞇著眼睛從這個法律顯微鏡看進去
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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希望我們能夠對任何爭端做出判斷
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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以一個完美社會的標準
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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這個標準中每個人都會同意什麼是公平的
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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意外將會滅絕
05:37
risk will be no more.
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風險將不復存在
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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這當然是烏托邦
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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這個公式會導致癱瘓，不是自由
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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這不是法治的基礎
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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它不是一個自由社會的基礎
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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所以，現在我有四個主張中的第一項
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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我要留給各位的是關於你要如何簡化法律
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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在判斷法律上 你必須主要以
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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其對廣泛社會的影響
06:01
not individual disputes.
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而不是個人的糾紛
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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絕對的重要
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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讓我們從小故事退後一下
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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從高處來看看我們的社會
06:09
Is it working?
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他是否正常的運作著呢？
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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宏觀數據告訴我們什麼？
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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醫療系統被改造了
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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一個瀰漫著防禦的文化
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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對司法制度的普遍不信任
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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普遍的實踐著防禦性的醫療
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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這是很難被衡量的
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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因為有混合的動機
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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醫生有時可以做更多的測試來賺更多
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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也甚至不再知道什麼是對什麼是錯
06:35
But reliable estimates
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但據可靠估計
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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每年提高 600 億
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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至 2000 億美元
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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那足以提供照護給所有的美國人
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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這是我們沒有的
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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審判律師說，“這種對法律的恐懼
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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能使醫生更好的行醫
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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這也被研究過，由醫學研究所等
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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證明並非如此
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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這種恐懼已經冰凍了專業的互動
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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造成成千上萬的悲劇性錯誤
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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因為醫生不敢出聲
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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說：“你確定這是正確的劑量嗎？”
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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因為他們不確定
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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也不想承擔法律責任
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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讓我們看看學校
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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正如我們所看到在懷俄明州的老師
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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她似乎受到法律的影響
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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事實證明學校是真的已被法律淹沒
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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你可以在法律圖書館裡各別分出一個單獨的部門
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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關於以下每一個法律概念
07:31
due process, special education,
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正當程序，特殊教育，
07:33
no child left behind,
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沒有任何一個孩子落後
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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零容忍，工作規則
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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它可以一直繼續下去。我們做了研究
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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關於所有會影響一所學校的規定
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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在紐約地區。教育董事會完全不了解
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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成千上萬的謹慎的規則
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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讓學生休學的60個步驟
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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這是一個導致癱瘓的公式
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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會有什麼影響呢？其中一個是秩序的下降
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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同樣，研究顯示
07:59
it's directly attributable
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它會直接導致
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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正式程序的增加
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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數年前公共議程為我們做了調查
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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他們發現在美國百分之四十三的高中教師
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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說他們至少花一半的時間
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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在課堂上維持秩序
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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這意味著這些學生只得到一半他們應有的學習
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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因為如果一個孩子干擾課堂
08:21
no one can learn.
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沒有人能學習
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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當老師試圖維護秩序又會如何呢？
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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他們受到法律要求的威脅
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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我們還調查到 百分之七十八的美國初高中教師
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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曾被學生威脅
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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以侵犯權利的訴訟
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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他們威脅到他們的學生。
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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這並不是說他們通常真的會起訴
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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這並不是說他們會贏 但它是
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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權力被腐蝕的表徵
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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這樣的法律制度在政府是否可行呢？
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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它似乎沒有運作的太良好，不是嗎？
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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無論在山克拉門都還是在華盛頓
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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日前在國情咨文演講中
08:59
President Obama said,
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奧巴馬總統說
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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我想我們都同意這樣的目標
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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從第一條鐵路 到州際高速公路系統
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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我國一直都是第一個進入競爭的
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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沒理由歐洲或中國該有最快的列車
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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嗯，其實是有一個原因
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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環境審查已經發展成為一種過程
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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一種翻遍所有卵石（千方百計的意思，在此有暗喻破壞環境或過於細緻的隱喻）
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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10年來比較好的時日中任何的重大計畫
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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都接著多年的爭訟
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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由任何不喜歡這個計畫的人提出
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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然後，讓我們繼續留在地球上空停留一下
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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人們表現的像白痴一樣
09:36
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
09:37
all across the country.
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全國各地
09:39
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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像白痴一樣 幾年前
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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佛羅里達州的布勞沃德縣禁止了於下課時間跑步
09:47
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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這意味著所有的男孩都會得注意力缺失症
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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我的意思是，這絕對是
09:53
a formula for failure.
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會失敗的公式
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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不過我最喜歡的，是所有的警告標籤
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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注意，內容物是熱的
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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在數十億杯咖啡上
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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考古學家將在千年後把我們挖掘出來
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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他們不會知道防禦性的醫療體系這些東西
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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但他們將看到這些標籤，內容物非常熱
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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他們會認為這是一些種春藥
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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這是唯一的解釋。因為為什麼你需要告訴人們
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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熱的東西是熱的？（Hot 同時有很辣，很性感的意思）
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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我最喜歡的警告標示是一個長 5英寸（12.7cm）的魚餌
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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我在南部長大且用釣魚消磨夏季
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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五英寸的魚餌，這是一個很大的魚餌
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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有三個分岔鉤在後面
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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包裝寫著：“吞嚥有害”
10:31
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
10:38
So, none of these people
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因此，這些人沒有一個
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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在做他們認為是正確的
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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為什麼不呢？他們不相信法律。他們為什麼不相信法律？
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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因為它給我們在兩個世界裡最壞的
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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是隨機的。任何人都可以起訴幾乎任何東西
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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並帶到陪審團前。甚至沒有在一致性上努力
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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而且過於詳細
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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在已被規範的領域，有這麼多的規則
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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沒有人類有可能都知道
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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那麼該如何解決？我們可以活一萬次
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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若是要嘗試修剪這個法律的叢林。
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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但這裡的挑戰不是一個
11:06
amending the law,
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僅僅修改法律的挑戰
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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因為成功的障礙是信任
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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人民，對於法律是自由的平台
11:16
people have to trust it.
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人們必須信任它
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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所以，這是我的第二個主張
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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信任對一個自由的社會而言
11:24
to a free society.
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是一個必要的條件
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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生活沒有對法律的恐懼就夠複雜了
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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但是法律不同於其他類型的不確定性
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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因為它帶著國家的力量
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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因此，國家可以進來
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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它實在的改變了人們的思考方式
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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像有一個小律師坐在你的肩膀上
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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整天在你的耳邊耳語
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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“可能會出錯嗎？那會搞砸嗎？
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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它驅使人們離開大腦聰明的那部份
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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那個潛意識的黑暗深井
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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本能和經驗所在的地方
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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以及所有其他創意的元素
11:58
and good judgment are --
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還有良好判斷力所在之處
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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它迫使我們去到單薄又呆板有意識的邏輯。
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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很快，醫生說：“好吧，我懷疑
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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這個頭痛可能是因為一個腫瘤，但如果是的話誰會保護我
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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所以也許我該做個磁共振檢查。
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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就這樣，你浪費了 2 兆美元在不必要的檢查上
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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如果你讓人對自己的判斷
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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有自我意識，研究顯示
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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你會使他們做出更壞的判斷
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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如果你叫鋼琴家在演奏時思考如何敲打琴鍵
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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她就無法演奏該作品
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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自我意識是成就的敵人
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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愛迪生說的好。他說：
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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“該死，在這裡我們才沒有任何規則咧
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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我們是真的試著要完成一些事
12:39
(Laughter)
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眾笑
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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那麼，你該如何恢復信任呢？
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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調整法律顯然是不夠的
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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和對侵權的改革，是一個好主意
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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可以降低您的成本，如果你是一個商人
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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但它就像把一個小繃帶貼在這個不信任的巨大傷口上
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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有廣泛性侵權改革的國家
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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仍然遭受這種種的病症
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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因此，需要的不只是對要求限制
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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而是為自由創造一個實底
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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原來自由實際上是有一個正式的結構的
13:06
And it is this:
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它是這樣的：
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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法律設定界限
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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而在這些界限的一邊上是所有的事
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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你不能做或必須做的事
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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你不能竊取。你要付稅
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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但是這同一些界限也應該界定
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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並保護給自由的實底
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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以賽亞伯林這樣說，
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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“法律規定邊界，不是人為劃定的
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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在其中人應 inviable。”
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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我們已經忘記了這個第二部分
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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這些堤防破裂了。人們整天艱難地
13:36
all day long.
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在法律裡前進
13:38
So, what's needed now
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那麼，現在需要的是
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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重建這些界限
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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尤其要在訴訟案件上
13:45
for lawsuits.
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將他們重建
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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因為人們所可以控告的將會設立起
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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所有其它人自由的界限
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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如果有人帶來了一個訴訟案，一個孩子從蹺蹺板掉下來
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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不論在訴訟中發生什麼事情
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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所有的蹺蹺板都將消失
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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因為沒有人願意承擔被告的風險
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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而這正是發生的事情。沒有蹺蹺板，叢林健身房，
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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旋轉木馬，登山繩，
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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沒有能讓超過四歲的孩子感興趣的
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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因為沒有風險（沒有冒險就不會好玩）
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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那麼，我們該如何重建呢？
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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生活太複雜了...
14:14
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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生活對軟體程式來說太複雜了
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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所有這些選擇涉及價值判斷
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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和社會規範，而不是客觀事實
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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因此，這裡是第四個主張
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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這是我們必須朝向它改變的哲學，
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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有兩個必須的要素
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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我們必須簡化法律
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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我們必須從所有這些複雜性遷移
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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至一般性的原則和目標
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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憲法只有16頁
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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200年來都相當好用
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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法律必須簡單到
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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足以使人們能夠將它內化
14:52
in their daily choices.
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到他們每一天的選擇中
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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如果他們不能它內化 他們就不會相信它。
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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該如何將其簡化呢？
15:00
Because life is complex,
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因為生活是複雜的
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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這裡將是最困難也最大的改變
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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我們必須恢復權柄
15:07
to judges and officials
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給法官和官員
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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來解釋和使用法律
15:11
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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我們必須使法律重新人性化
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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使法律簡單，所以讓你感到自由
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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負責的人必須可以自由地
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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使用他們的判斷來解釋和應用法律
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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以符合合理的社會規範的方式
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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當你走出來 在白天走在人行道上
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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你要能知道 如果發生糾紛
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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在社會中有人認為他們的工作就是
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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要肯定的保護你
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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如果你的行為是合理的
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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該人士目前並不存在
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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這是最困難的障礙
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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這其實並不難 百分之九十八的情況下這是輕而易舉的
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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也許你在小額錢債法庭有一個索賠
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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因為你失去一條 100 美元的褲子
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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而不是在有普遍管轄權的法院索賠數百萬美元
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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案例可以無偏見的撤銷或重新提交小額錢債法庭
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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需要5分鐘 就這樣
16:03
it's not that hard.
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這並不難
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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但是 這是一個困難的障礙 因為我們進入了這個法律的流沙
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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因為我們在 60年代 被喚醒
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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被所有這些非常糟糕的價值觀 種族主義
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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性別歧視 污染 喚醒
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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他們是壞的價值觀。我們想建立一個法律制度
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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是沒有人能再有壞的價值的制度
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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問題是，我們創造了一個制度
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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消除我們可以擁有好價值觀的權利
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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這並不意味著有權柄的人們
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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可以為所欲為
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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他們仍然受到法律目標和原則的限制
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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老師要對校長負責
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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法官要向上訴法院負責
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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總統要向選民交代
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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只是問責制把標準線昇華到
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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以對每個人的影響來為決定做判斷
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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而不只是不滿的人
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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您不能以最低的共同標準來管理社會
16:55
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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所以，需要的是一種哲學上的基本轉變
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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我們可以停止做許多的事，如果我們改變我們的理念
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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我們的教導權柄是自由的敵人
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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這不是真的。權柄 其實
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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對自由來說是必需的
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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法律是由人組成的機構
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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責任是由人組成的機構
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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如果教師沒有權柄管理教室
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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維持秩序 那每個人的學習都會受到影響
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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如果法官沒有權柄丟掉不合理的要求
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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我們一整天都得步步為營
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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如果環保機構不能決定
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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這條電纜對環境是良好的
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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那麼就沒有辦法把電力從風場
17:35
to the city.
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帶到城市
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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一個自由的社會需要紅燈和綠燈
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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否則很快陷入僵局
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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這就是在美國所發生的 看看你的四周
17:46
What the world needs now
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那麼，世界現在需要的
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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是恢復能做出一般性公眾共同選擇的權柄
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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這是唯一能恢復我們自由的方法
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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它是唯一的途徑 要來釋放能量和熱情
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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讓我們能夠滿足我們這個時代
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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的挑戰 謝謝您
18:02
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip K. Howard - Legal activistPhilip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.'
Why you should listen
We love to laugh at America’s warning-label culture (the bag of airline peanuts that says Caution: Contains Nuts). But more troubling are the everyday acts of silence and loss promoted by the fear of being sued. Your doctor might not speak to you frankly; your kids’ principal might not feel he has the right to remove bad teachers.
Attorney Philip K. Howard founded the nonpartisan group Common Good to combat this culture and reform several key areas of our legal system. Among Common Good’s suggestions: specialized health care courts, which would give lower but smarter awards, and a project with the NYC Board of Ed and the Teachers Union to overhaul the disciplinary system in New York public schools. His new book is The Rule of Nobody: Saving America from Dead Laws and Broken Government.
Philip K. Howard | Speaker | TED.com