ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Shermer - Skeptic
Michael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market.

Why you should listen

As founder and publisher of Skeptic Magazine, Michael Shermer has exposed fallacies behind intelligent design, 9/11 conspiracies, the low-carb craze, alien sightings and other popular beliefs and paranoias. But it's not about debunking for debunking's sake. Shermer defends the notion that we can understand our world better only by matching good theory with good science.

Shermer's work offers cognitive context for our often misguided beliefs: In the absence of sound science, incomplete information can powerfully combine with the power of suggestion (helping us hear Satanic lyrics when "Stairway to Heaven" plays backwards, for example). In fact, a common thread that runs through beliefs of all sorts, he says, is our tendency to convince ourselves: We overvalue the shreds of evidence that support our preferred outcome, and ignore the facts we aren't looking for.

He writes a monthly column for Scientific American, and is an adjunct at Claremont Graduate University and Chapman University. His latest book is The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. He is also the author of The Mind of the Market, on evolutionary economics, Why Darwin Matters: Evolution and the Case Against Intelligent Design, and The Science of Good and Evil. And his next book is titled The Moral Arc of Science.

More profile about the speaker
Michael Shermer | Speaker | TED.com
TED2010

Michael Shermer: The pattern behind self-deception

麥克薛莫:自欺背後的模式

Filmed:
2,854,890 views

麥克薛莫說,人們相信奇怪事物的傾向--外星人綁架、尋龍尺...--源自於大腦裡兩種最基本,最深刻的求生技能。他解釋這些技能,以及我們如何因此惹上麻煩。
- Skeptic
Michael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So since以來 I was here last in '06,
0
1000
3000
自從上一次,06年來這裡之後,
00:19
we discovered發現 that global全球 climate氣候 change更改
1
4000
2000
我們發現全球暖化
00:21
is turning車削 out to be a pretty漂亮 serious嚴重 issue問題,
2
6000
2000
變成一個相當嚴肅的議題。
00:23
so we covered覆蓋 that fairly相當 extensively廣泛
3
8000
2000
所以我們在"懷疑論者"雜誌裡,
00:25
in Skeptic懷疑論者 magazine雜誌.
4
10000
2000
對暖化議題有相當深入的報導。
00:27
We investigate調查 all kinds
5
12000
2000
我們調查了各式各樣
00:29
of scientific科學 and quasi-scientific準科學 controversies爭議,
6
14000
3000
科學以及偽科學的爭論。
00:32
but it turns out we don't have to worry擔心 about any of this
7
17000
2000
不過看來我們不用這麼擔心,
00:34
because the world's世界 going to end結束 in 2012.
8
19000
2000
反正2012年就是世界末日了。
00:36
Another另一個 update更新:
9
21000
2000
另外一個新聞則是,
00:38
You will recall召回 I introduced介紹 you guys
10
23000
2000
你們可能記得我曾介紹過的
00:40
to the Quadro的Quadro Tracker跟踪器.
11
25000
2000
Quadro探測器。
00:42
It's like a water dowsing找礦 device設備.
12
27000
2000
有點像探測水源的裝置,
00:44
It's just a hollow空洞 piece of plastic塑料 with an antenna天線 that swivels旋轉接頭 around.
13
29000
3000
在中空的塑膠上面接著一根會轉動的天線。
00:47
And you walk步行 around, and it points to things.
14
32000
2000
當你移動的時候,它會指向某些東西,
00:49
Like if you're looking for marijuana大麻 in students'學生們' lockers儲物櫃,
15
34000
3000
比方說當你想在學生置物櫃裡找大麻時,
00:52
it'll它會 point right to somebody.
16
37000
2000
它就會指著某個人...
00:54
Oh, sorry. (Laughter笑聲)
17
39000
2000
喔,抱歉。 (笑聲)
00:56
This particular特定 one that was given特定 to me
18
41000
2000
而我拿到的這隻
00:58
finds認定 golf高爾夫球 balls,
19
43000
2000
則是專門用來找高爾夫球的。
01:00
especially特別 if you're at a golf高爾夫球 course課程
20
45000
2000
特別是當你在高爾夫球場上,
01:02
and you check under enough足夠 bushes灌木叢.
21
47000
3000
為了找球翻遍樹叢之後。
01:05
Well, under the category類別 of "What's the harm危害 of silly愚蠢 stuff東東 like this?"
22
50000
3000
在那些你覺得無傷大雅的玩意兒之中,
01:08
this device設備, the ADEADE 651,
23
53000
3000
這個裝置,ADE651
01:11
was sold出售 to the Iraqi伊拉克人 government政府
24
56000
3000
被伊拉克政府
01:14
for 40,000 dollars美元 apiece一塊.
25
59000
2000
用四萬美金一組的價錢給買下。
01:16
It's just like this one, completely全然 worthless無用,
26
61000
2000
就跟我手上的一樣,完全不值一文,
01:18
in which哪一個 it allegedly據稱 worked工作 by "electrostatic靜電的
27
63000
2000
並且被說成是利用"靜電-
01:20
magnetic磁性 ion離子 attraction引力,"
28
65000
3000
磁離子引力"來操作。
01:24
which哪一個 translates轉換 to
29
69000
2000
或許翻成
01:26
"pseudoscientific偽科學 baloney胡扯" -- would be the nice不錯 word --
30
71000
3000
"偽科學的胡扯"可能比較好,
01:29
in which哪一個 you string together一起 a bunch of words that sound聲音 good,
31
74000
2000
把一堆華麗的名詞串在一起,
01:31
but it does absolutely絕對 nothing.
32
76000
2000
但是沒有任何意義。
01:33
In this case案件, at trespass侵入 points,
33
78000
3000
在這個例子裡,
01:36
allowing允許 people to go through通過
34
81000
2000
若是要讓人們通過地雷區,
01:38
because your little tracker跟踪器 device設備 said they were okay,
35
83000
3000
只靠這種"探測器"的判斷,
01:41
actually其實 cost成本 lives生活.
36
86000
3000
是會賠上性命的。
01:44
So there is a danger危險 to pseudoscience偽科學,
37
89000
2000
因此相信這類偽科學,
01:46
in believing相信 in this sort分類 of thing.
38
91000
3000
是有潛在危險的。
01:49
So what I want to talk about today今天 is belief信仰.
39
94000
3000
所以今天我想談談信念。
01:52
I want to believe,
40
97000
2000
我想要相信,
01:54
and you do too.
41
99000
2000
而你們也是。
01:56
And in fact事實, I think my thesis論文 here is that
42
101000
2000
而事實上,我想我今天的論點是,
01:58
belief信仰 is the natural自然 state of things.
43
103000
2000
信念是自然而然形成的,
02:00
It is the default默認 option選項. We just believe.
44
105000
2000
是預設的選項。盡管信就是了。
02:02
We believe all sorts排序 of things.
45
107000
2000
我們相信形形色色的事物。
02:04
Belief信仰 is natural自然;
46
109000
2000
信念是天生的,
02:06
disbelief懷疑, skepticism懷疑論, science科學, is not natural自然.
47
111000
2000
疑問、懷疑論、科學則否。
02:08
It's more difficult.
48
113000
2000
它們難以接受,
02:10
It's uncomfortable不舒服 to not believe things.
49
115000
2000
因為抱持疑問會讓人不快。
02:12
So like Fox狐狸 Mulder穆德 on "X-FilesX檔案,"
50
117000
3000
像"X檔案"裡的福克斯穆德,
02:15
who wants to believe in UFOs不明飛行物? Well, we all do,
51
120000
3000
誰想要相信UFO? 我們都想。
02:18
and the reason原因 for that is because
52
123000
2000
這是因為
02:20
we have a belief信仰 engine發動機 in our brains大腦.
53
125000
3000
我們的大腦裡有處理信念的機制
02:23
Essentially實質上, we are pattern-seeking模式求 primates靈長類動物.
54
128000
3000
事實上,我們這種靈長類喜歡尋找模式(pattern-seeking)。
02:26
We connect the dots: A is connected連接的 to B; B is connected連接的 to C.
55
131000
3000
我們找尋事物的關聯:由A到B,由B到C,
02:29
And sometimes有時 A really is connected連接的 to B,
56
134000
3000
有時候A和B的確互為因果,
02:32
and that's called association協會 learning學習.
57
137000
2000
即所謂的關聯式學習。
02:34
We find patterns模式, we make those connections連接,
58
139000
3000
我們尋找模式,發現事物的脈絡。
02:37
whether是否 it's Pavlov's巴甫洛夫的 dog here
59
142000
2000
不管是巴甫洛夫的狗,
02:39
associating關聯 the sound聲音 of the bell with the food餐飲,
60
144000
3000
把鈴聲與餵食兩件事連結起來,
02:42
and then he salivates流涎 to the sound聲音 of the bell,
61
147000
2000
於是一聽到鈴聲就流口水。
02:44
or whether是否 it's a Skinnerian斯金納 rat,
62
149000
2000
或是斯金納的老鼠,
02:46
in which哪一個 he's having an association協會
63
151000
2000
把自身的行為,
02:48
between之間 his behavior行為 and a reward獎勵 for it,
64
153000
2000
與得到的獎賞之間聯繫起來,
02:50
and therefore因此 he repeats重複 the behavior行為.
65
155000
2000
因而重複同樣的行為。
02:52
In fact事實, what Skinner斯金納 discovered發現
66
157000
2000
斯金納發現,
02:54
is that, if you put a pigeon鴿子 in a box like this,
67
159000
3000
如果把鴿子放進這樣的一個箱子裡,
02:57
and he has to press one of these two keys按鍵,
68
162000
2000
讓它按下兩個按鍵中的其中一個。
02:59
and he tries嘗試 to figure數字 out what the pattern模式 is,
69
164000
2000
它會試著猜測其中的模式,
03:01
and you give him a little reward獎勵 in the hopper料斗 box there --
70
166000
2000
然後透過箱子拿到一點小小的獎賞。
03:03
if you just randomly隨機 assign分配 rewards獎勵
71
168000
3000
若是你隨機給予獎勵,
03:06
such這樣 that there is no pattern模式,
72
171000
2000
即使沒有任何的規則可尋,
03:08
they will figure數字 out any kind of pattern模式.
73
173000
2000
它們也會想出五花八門的方式。
03:10
And whatever隨你 they were doing just before they got the reward獎勵,
74
175000
2000
它們會記得嘗到甜頭之前所做的動作,
03:12
they repeat重複 that particular特定 pattern模式.
75
177000
2000
並且一再重複同樣動作。
03:14
Sometimes有時 it was even spinning紡織 around twice兩次 counterclockwise逆時針,
76
179000
3000
有時候甚至會是逆時針轉兩圈、
03:17
once一旦 clockwise順時針 and peck the key twice兩次.
77
182000
3000
順時針轉一圈然後啄兩下按鍵。
03:20
And that's called superstition迷信,
78
185000
2000
然後迷信就產生了。
03:22
and that, I'm afraid害怕,
79
187000
2000
而不幸的是,
03:24
we will always have with us.
80
189000
2000
我們也是如此。
03:26
I call this process處理 "patternicitypatternicity" --
81
191000
2000
我將這個過程稱作"模式化"。
03:28
that is, the tendency趨勢 to find meaningful富有意義的 patterns模式
82
193000
2000
意思是從毫無意義的雜訊中,
03:30
in both meaningful富有意義的 and meaningless無意義的 noise噪聲.
83
195000
3000
尋找有意義模式的傾向。
03:33
When we do this process處理, we make two types類型 of errors錯誤.
84
198000
3000
當這樣做的時候,我們可能會犯兩種類型的錯誤:
03:36
A Type類型 I error錯誤, or false positive,
85
201000
2000
類型一,也稱作『錯誤接受』,
03:38
is believing相信 a pattern模式 is real真實
86
203000
2000
是當相信某種模式是正確的,
03:40
when it's not.
87
205000
2000
而實際上不是。(誤認不存在的模式)
03:42
Our second第二 type類型 of error錯誤 is a false negative.
88
207000
2000
第二種類型則是『錯誤拒絕』,
03:44
A Type類型 IIII error錯誤 is not believing相信
89
209000
2000
是當某種模式實際上是正確的,
03:46
a pattern模式 is real真實 when it is.
90
211000
3000
卻拒絕相信。(忽略模式的存在)
03:49
So let's do a thought experiment實驗.
91
214000
2000
讓我們來點思想實驗:
03:51
You are a hominid原始人 three million百萬 years年份 ago
92
216000
2000
你是生活在三百萬年前的原始人,
03:53
walking步行 on the plains平原 of Africa非洲.
93
218000
3000
在非洲大草原上走著,
03:56
Your name名稱 is Lucy露西, okay?
94
221000
2000
你的名字是...露西。
03:58
And you hear a rustle沙沙 in the grass.
95
223000
2000
你聽到草叢中一陣響動,
04:00
Is it a dangerous危險 predator捕食者,
96
225000
2000
這會是危險的掠食者,
04:02
or is it just the wind?
97
227000
2000
或者只是一陣風?
04:04
Your next下一個 decision決定 could be the most important重要 one of your life.
98
229000
3000
你接下來的判斷可能就是這一生中最重要的決定。
04:07
Well, if you think that the rustle沙沙 in the grass is a dangerous危險 predator捕食者
99
232000
3000
如果你誤把草叢中的聲響當做危險的掠食者,
04:10
and it turns out it's just the wind,
100
235000
2000
結果只是一陣風。
04:12
you've made製作 an error錯誤 in cognition認識,
101
237000
2000
你犯下錯誤認知,
04:14
made製作 a Type類型 I error錯誤, false positive.
102
239000
2000
類型一的誤判。
04:16
But no harm危害. You just move移動 away.
103
241000
2000
但是沒差,你只是閃邊。
04:18
You're more cautious謹慎. You're more vigilant警惕.
104
243000
2000
變得更加小心謹慎。
04:20
On the other hand, if you believe that the rustle沙沙 in the grass is just the wind,
105
245000
2000
另一方面,如果你把草叢中的聲響當做風聲,
04:22
and it turns out it's a dangerous危險 predator捕食者,
106
247000
3000
結果是危險的掠食者--
04:25
you're lunch午餐.
107
250000
2000
你就成了午餐。
04:27
You've just won韓元 a Darwin達爾文 award.
108
252000
2000
你拿到所謂"達爾文的獎賞",
04:29
You've been taken採取 out of the gene基因 pool.
109
254000
2000
從基因庫中被抹去。
04:31
Now the problem問題 here is that
110
256000
2000
問題來了,
04:33
patternicitiespatternicities will occur發生 whenever每當 the cost成本
111
258000
2000
模式化會發生在
04:35
of making製造 a Type類型 I error錯誤
112
260000
2000
當類型一錯誤的代價,
04:37
is less than the cost成本 of making製造 a Type類型 IIII error錯誤.
113
262000
2000
低於類型二錯誤時。
04:39
This is the only equation方程 in the talk by the way.
114
264000
2000
這是這個演講裡唯一的一條公式。
04:41
We have a pattern模式 detection發現 problem問題
115
266000
2000
我們有辨識模式的困難,
04:43
that is assessing評估 the difference區別 between之間 a Type類型 I and a Type類型 IIII error錯誤
116
268000
3000
在於評估類型一和類型二錯誤的時候,
04:46
is highly高度 problematic問題,
117
271000
2000
沒有辦法準確的區別,
04:48
especially特別 in split-second一瞬間, life-and-death生與死 situations情況.
118
273000
3000
尤其是當生死關頭的那一瞬間。
04:51
So the default默認 position位置
119
276000
2000
所以我們的預設反應
04:53
is just: Believe all patterns模式 are real真實 --
120
278000
2000
被設定成"相信所有的模式都是真的"。
04:55
All rustles沙沙作響 in the grass are dangerous危險 predators大鱷
121
280000
3000
"草叢中的響動都是危險的掠食者"
04:58
and not just the wind.
122
283000
2000
"不會只是風聲而已"。
05:00
And so I think that we evolved進化 ...
123
285000
2000
我想經過演化的歷程,
05:02
there was a natural自然 selection選擇 for the propensity傾向 for our belief信仰 engines引擎,
124
287000
3000
信任機制的傾向經過自然的挑選。
05:05
our pattern-seeking模式求 brain processes流程,
125
290000
2000
我們尋求模式的大腦進化成,
05:07
to always find meaningful富有意義的 patterns模式
126
292000
2000
總是去找尋有意義的模式。
05:09
and infuse注入 them with these sort分類 of
127
294000
2000
並且將之連結到對掠食者的恐懼,
05:11
predatory掠奪性 or intentional故意的 agencies機構 that I'll come back to.
128
296000
3000
或是等下會提到的 意圖化的形象。
05:14
So for example, what do you see here?
129
299000
2000
舉例來說,你們看到什麼?
05:16
It's a horse head, that's right.
130
301000
2000
馬的頭部,沒錯。
05:18
It looks容貌 like a horse. It must必須 be a horse.
131
303000
2000
看起來像匹馬,這個肯定是馬。
05:20
That's a pattern模式.
132
305000
2000
那就是模式。
05:22
And is it really a horse?
133
307000
2000
不過真的是匹馬嗎?
05:24
Or is it more like a frog青蛙?
134
309000
3000
還是更像隻青蛙?
05:27
See, our pattern模式 detection發現 device設備,
135
312000
2000
我們偵測模式的機制,
05:29
which哪一個 appears出現 to be located位於 in the anterior前面的 cingulate扣帶 cortex皮質 --
136
314000
3000
位於大腦的前扣帶皮層,
05:32
it's our little detection發現 device設備 there --
137
317000
3000
我們小小的偵測裝置,
05:35
can be easily容易 fooled上當, and this is the problem問題.
138
320000
2000
很容易就會被誤導,問題就出在這兒。
05:37
For example, what do you see here?
139
322000
2000
比方說,這是什麼?
05:39
Yes, of course課程, it's a cow.
140
324000
3000
當然了,是一隻牛。
05:42
Once一旦 I prime主要 the brain -- it's called cognitive認知 priming --
141
327000
3000
一旦我給了大腦提示 --稱作認知啟動--
05:45
once一旦 I prime主要 the brain to see it,
142
330000
2000
當我讓大腦開始辨識它,
05:47
it pops持久性有機污染物 back out again even without the pattern模式 that I've imposed徵收 on it.
143
332000
3000
即使不用提示,大腦也會一再的嘗試辨認。
05:50
And what do you see here?
144
335000
2000
這次你看到了什麼?
05:52
Some people see a Dalmatian達爾馬提亞 dog.
145
337000
2000
有些人看到一隻大麥町狗。
05:54
Yes, there it is. And there's the prime主要.
146
339000
2000
沒有錯,這就是提示。
05:56
So when I go back without the prime主要,
147
341000
2000
即使把提示拿掉,
05:58
your brain already已經 has the model模型
148
343000
2000
腦中的樣板還是在,
06:00
so you can see it again.
149
345000
2000
所以你仍然看的到。
06:02
What do you see here?
150
347000
3000
這是什麼?
06:05
Planet行星 Saturn土星. Yes, that's good.
151
350000
2000
土星,很好。
06:07
How about here?
152
352000
3000
這個呢?
06:10
Just shout out anything you see.
153
355000
3000
看到什麼就出個聲。
06:14
That's a good audience聽眾, Chris克里斯.
154
359000
2000
很棒的觀眾,克里斯。
06:16
Because there's nothing in this. Well, allegedly據稱 there's nothing.
155
361000
3000
因為裡面什麼都沒有,據說是沒有。
06:19
This is an experiment實驗 doneDONE by Jennifer詹妮弗 Whitson惠特森
156
364000
3000
這是珍妮佛惠特森在德州大學奧斯汀分校,
06:22
at U.T. Austin奧斯汀
157
367000
2000
所做的實驗。
06:24
on corporate企業 environments環境
158
369000
2000
探討在企業環境下,
06:26
and whether是否 feelings情懷 of uncertainty不確定 and out of control控制
159
371000
3000
那些無法確定或是不受控制的感覺,
06:29
makes品牌 people see illusory虛幻 patterns模式.
160
374000
2000
是否會使人看到虛幻的模式。
06:31
That is, almost幾乎 everybody每個人 sees看到 the planet行星 Saturn土星.
161
376000
3000
也就是說,幾乎所有人都看的到土星的圖樣。
06:34
People that are put in a condition條件 of feeling感覺 out of control控制
162
379000
3000
但一旦人們處於自覺失控的狀況下,
06:37
are more likely容易 to see something in this,
163
382000
2000
他們就越有可能從圖中看出什麼,
06:39
which哪一個 is allegedly據稱 patternless無圖案.
164
384000
3000
即使這裡沒有任何模式可尋。
06:42
In other words, the propensity傾向 to find these patterns模式
165
387000
3000
換句話說,當狀況失去控制的時候,
06:45
goes up when there's a lack缺乏 of control控制.
166
390000
3000
嘗試尋找模式的傾向就越強。
06:48
For example, baseball棒球 players玩家 are notoriously臭名昭著 superstitious迷信的
167
393000
3000
例如,棒球選手是出了名的迷信
06:51
when they're batting棉絮,
168
396000
2000
不過只在打擊的時候。
06:53
but not so much when they're fielding守備.
169
398000
2000
守備的時候就不是這麼一回事。
06:55
Because fielders外野手 are successful成功
170
400000
2000
因為守備成功率,
06:57
90 to 95 percent百分 of the time.
171
402000
2000
通常有九成到九成五左右。
06:59
The best最好 batters打者 fail失敗 seven out of 10 times.
172
404000
3000
即使最好的打者,十次裡也會有七次失誤。
07:02
So their superstitions迷信, their patternicitiespatternicities,
173
407000
2000
所以他們的迷信,模式化的程度,
07:04
are all associated相關 with feelings情懷 of lack缺乏 of control控制
174
409000
3000
跟這種無法掌控的感覺
07:07
and so forth向前.
175
412000
2000
有很大的關聯。
07:10
What do you see in this particular特定 one here, in this field領域?
176
415000
3000
這次你們看到了什麼?在這個區域裡。
07:13
Anybody任何人 see an object目的 there?
177
418000
2000
有人看到什麼嗎?
07:15
There actually其實 is something here,
178
420000
2000
其實有些東西,
07:17
but it's degraded降級.
179
422000
2000
只是被模糊處理過了。
07:19
While you're thinking思維 about that,
180
424000
2000
當你們在嘗試的時候,
07:21
this was an experiment實驗 doneDONE by Susan蘇珊 Blackmore布萊克莫爾,
181
426000
2000
這是蘇珊布萊克摩爾,一位心理學家
07:23
a psychologist心理學家 in England英國,
182
428000
2000
在英國所做的實驗。
07:25
who showed顯示 subjects主題 this degraded降級 image圖片
183
430000
2000
他們讓受試者觀看模糊處理過的圖片,
07:27
and then ran a correlation相關 between之間
184
432000
2000
接著分析兩者間的關聯性:
07:29
their scores分數 on an ESPESP test測試:
185
434000
2000
他們的ESP(第六感)測驗分數--
07:31
How much did they believe in the paranormal超自然,
186
436000
2000
對科學無法解釋的事件、
07:33
supernatural超自然, angels天使 and so forth向前.
187
438000
3000
超自然、天使等等,相信程度的多寡--
07:36
And those who scored進球 high on the ESPESP scale規模,
188
441000
3000
在ESP量表上得分越高的人,
07:39
tended往往 to not only see
189
444000
2000
就越容易,
07:41
more patterns模式 in the degraded降級 images圖片
190
446000
2000
不僅看到更多的樣式,
07:43
but incorrect不正確 patterns模式.
191
448000
2000
也辨識出不正確的樣式。
07:45
Here is what you show顯示 subjects主題.
192
450000
2000
這是你讓受試者看到的,
07:47
The fish is degraded降級 20 percent百分, 50 percent百分
193
452000
3000
魚的圖片經過百分之二十,和五十的模糊化處理。
07:50
and then the one I showed顯示 you,
194
455000
2000
以及我放的這張,
07:52
70 percent百分.
195
457000
2000
百分之七十。
07:54
A similar類似 experiment實驗 was doneDONE by another另一個 [Swiss瑞士人] psychologist心理學家
196
459000
2000
另一位英國(應為瑞士籍)心理學家,
07:56
named命名 Peter彼得 Brugger布魯格,
197
461000
2000
彼得布魯格也做過類似的實驗。
07:58
who found發現 significantly顯著 more meaningful富有意義的 patterns模式
198
463000
3000
他發現連接左邊視覺區的右腦半球,
08:01
were perceived感知 on the right hemisphere半球,
199
466000
2000
比起左腦,
08:03
via通過 the left visual視覺 field領域, than the left hemisphere半球.
200
468000
3000
更容易察覺有意義的圖樣。
08:06
So if you present當下 subjects主題 the images圖片 such這樣
201
471000
2000
因此如果你給受測者看的圖片,
08:08
that it's going to end結束 up on the right hemisphere半球 instead代替 of the left,
202
473000
3000
偏重於用右腦來處理,
08:11
then they're more likely容易 to see patterns模式
203
476000
2000
那麼比起需要用左腦處理的圖片,
08:13
than if you put it on the left hemisphere半球.
204
478000
2000
他們會更容易發現其中的模式。
08:15
Our right hemisphere半球 appears出現 to be
205
480000
2000
看來我們的右腦
08:17
where a lot of this patternicitypatternicity occurs發生.
206
482000
2000
負責了大多數的模式化行為。
08:19
So what we're trying to do is bore into the brain
207
484000
2000
所以我們試著觀察大腦內部,
08:21
to see where all this happens發生.
208
486000
2000
找出相關的區域。
08:23
Brugger布魯格 and his colleague同事, Christine克里斯汀 Mohr莫爾,
209
488000
3000
布魯格和他的同事,克莉絲汀莫爾
08:26
gave subjects主題 L-DOPAL-DOPA.
210
491000
2000
提供受測者左旋多巴胺(L-DOPA)。
08:28
L-DOPA'sL-DOPA的 a drug藥物, as you know, given特定 for treating治療 Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病,
211
493000
3000
你們或許聽過左旋多巴胺是用來治療帕金森氏症,
08:31
which哪一個 is related有關 to a decrease減少 in dopamine多巴胺.
212
496000
3000
與患者的多巴胺含量降低有關,
08:34
L-DOPAL-DOPA increases增加 dopamine多巴胺.
213
499000
2000
而這種藥能夠提升多巴胺的含量。
08:36
An increase增加 of dopamine多巴胺 caused造成
214
501000
2000
多巴胺含量的提升
08:38
subjects主題 to see more patterns模式
215
503000
2000
則使得受測者看到更多圖樣,
08:40
than those that did not receive接收 the dopamine多巴胺.
216
505000
2000
比未使用的受測者還多。
08:42
So dopamine多巴胺 appears出現 to be the drug藥物
217
507000
2000
也就是說多巴胺應該和模式化認知
08:44
associated相關 with patternicitypatternicity.
218
509000
2000
有相當程度的關聯。
08:46
In fact事實, neuroleptic鎮痛 drugs毒品
219
511000
2000
事實上,一些鎮靜劑
08:48
that are used to eliminate消除 psychotic精神病 behavior行為,
220
513000
2000
被用來抑制精神病相關症狀,如
08:50
things like paranoia偏執, delusions妄想
221
515000
2000
妄想症、錯覺,
08:52
and hallucinations幻覺,
222
517000
2000
以及幻覺,
08:54
these are patternicitiespatternicities.
223
519000
2000
這些都是模式化行為。
08:56
They're incorrect不正確 patterns模式. They're false positives陽性. They're Type類型 I errors錯誤.
224
521000
3000
只是那些是不正確的模式。類型一的誤判。
08:59
And if you give them drugs毒品
225
524000
2000
當患者使用
09:01
that are dopamine多巴胺 antagonists拮抗劑,
226
526000
2000
抑制多巴胺的藥劑,
09:03
they go away.
227
528000
2000
這些症狀就會消失。
09:05
That is, you decrease減少 the amount of dopamine多巴胺,
228
530000
2000
多巴胺的含量一降低,
09:07
and their tendency趨勢 to see
229
532000
2000
患者原本容易看到不存在的模式,
09:09
patterns模式 like that decreases降低.
230
534000
2000
這樣的傾向也隨著降低。
09:11
On the other hand, amphetamines安非他明 like cocaine可卡因
231
536000
3000
另一種情況,安非他命類藥劑如可卡因,
09:14
are dopamine多巴胺 agonists激動劑.
232
539000
2000
是多巴胺的促進劑。
09:16
They increase增加 the amount of dopamine多巴胺.
233
541000
2000
這類藥劑會提升體內的多巴胺分泌量,
09:18
So you're more likely容易 to feel in a euphoric欣快 state,
234
543000
3000
讓你容易覺得飄飄欲仙,
09:21
creativity創造力, find more patterns模式.
235
546000
2000
文思泉湧,看到更多東西。
09:23
In fact事實, I saw Robin知更鳥 Williams威廉姆斯 recently最近
236
548000
2000
我最近就和羅賓威廉斯討論到
09:25
talk about how he thought he was much funnier有趣
237
550000
2000
他嗑藥的時候--過去他有這方面的問題--
09:27
when he was doing cocaine可卡因, when he had that issue問題, than now.
238
552000
3000
覺得那時可卡因讓他比現在更加風趣。
09:30
So perhaps也許 more dopamine多巴胺
239
555000
2000
或許多巴胺的量越多,
09:32
is related有關 to more creativity創造力.
240
557000
2000
能夠讓你更有創造力。
09:34
Dopamine多巴胺, I think, changes變化
241
559000
2000
我認為多巴胺會改變
09:36
our signal-to-noise信號 - 噪聲 ratio.
242
561000
2000
我們對信號/雜訊的認知。
09:38
That is, how accurate準確 we are
243
563000
2000
也就是讓我們找出模式
09:40
in finding發現 patterns模式.
244
565000
2000
的準確程度。
09:42
If it's too low, you're more likely容易 to make too many許多 Type類型 IIII errors錯誤.
245
567000
3000
如果準確度太低,你會傾向於犯下更多類型二的錯誤。
09:45
You miss小姐 the real真實 patterns模式. You don't want to be too skeptical懷疑的.
246
570000
2000
你會忽略實際存在的模式,你不想變得太疑神疑鬼,
09:47
If you're too skeptical懷疑的, you'll你會 miss小姐 the really interesting有趣 good ideas思路.
247
572000
3000
果真如此,你可能會錯過那些真正有趣的想法。
09:51
Just right, you're creative創作的, and yet然而 you don't fall秋季 for too much baloney胡扯.
248
576000
3000
恰到好處的話,你會很有創意。也不會被人耍著玩。
09:54
Too high and maybe you see patterns模式 everywhere到處.
249
579000
3000
太過度的話,你會發現到處都是模式。
09:57
Every一切 time somebody looks容貌 at you, you think people are staring凝視 at you.
250
582000
3000
別人只是看你一眼,你卻覺得對方在瞪你。
10:00
You think people are talking about you.
251
585000
2000
你覺得大家都在討論你。
10:02
And if you go too far on that, that's just simply只是
252
587000
2000
若是這樣的狀況太過嚴重,
10:04
labeled標記 as madness瘋狂.
253
589000
2000
你就會被當作瘋子。
10:06
It's a distinction分別 perhaps也許 we might威力 make
254
591000
2000
我們或許可以從兩位諾貝爾獎得主,
10:08
between之間 two Nobel諾貝爾 laureates獲獎者, Richard理查德 Feynman費曼
255
593000
2000
理查費曼和約翰奈許之間
10:10
and John約翰 Nash納什.
256
595000
2000
看出這樣的差異。
10:12
One sees看到 maybe just the right number
257
597000
2000
其中一人看出的模式,
10:14
of patterns模式 to win贏得 a Nobel諾貝爾 Prize.
258
599000
2000
剛好足以讓他得到諾貝爾獎。
10:16
The other one also, but maybe too many許多 patterns模式.
259
601000
2000
另外一人看到的可能太多了一點,
10:18
And we then call that schizophrenia精神分裂症.
260
603000
3000
我們會說這是精神分裂症。
10:21
So the signal-to-noise信號 - 噪聲 ratio then presents禮物 us with a pattern-detection圖案檢測 problem問題.
261
606000
3000
所以辨別信號/雜訊的能力顯示出模式偵測的問題,
10:24
And of course課程 you all know exactly究竟
262
609000
2000
當然你們都知道
10:26
what this is, right?
263
611000
2000
這是什麼,對吧。
10:28
And what pattern模式 do you see here?
264
613000
2000
這裡你看到了什麼?
10:30
Again, I'm putting your anterior前面的 cingulate扣帶 cortex皮質 to the test測試 here,
265
615000
3000
我正在考驗你大腦的前扣帶皮層,
10:33
causing造成 you conflicting衝突的 pattern模式 detections檢測.
266
618000
3000
混淆你眼中所看到的模式。
10:36
You know, of course課程, this is Via通過 Uno烏諾 shoes.
267
621000
2000
當然,這是VIA UNO的鞋子,
10:38
These are sandals涼鞋.
268
623000
3000
兩款涼鞋。
10:41
Pretty漂亮 sexy性感的 feet, I must必須 say.
269
626000
3000
不得不承認這腳很性感,
10:44
Maybe a little PhotoshoppedPhotoshop處理.
270
629000
2000
搞不好有修過圖。
10:46
And of course課程, the ambiguous曖昧 figures人物
271
631000
2000
當然還有模稜兩可的圖形,
10:48
that seem似乎 to flip-flop拖鞋 back and forth向前.
272
633000
2000
看上去不停的變動著。
10:50
It turns out what you're thinking思維 about a lot
273
635000
2000
也就是說,一個人腦袋裡裝了什麼,
10:52
influences影響 what you
274
637000
2000
就會影響你
10:54
tend趨向 to see.
275
639000
2000
所看到的。
10:56
And you see the lamp here, I know.
276
641000
2000
我知道你們看到的是檯燈,
10:58
Because the lights燈火 on here.
277
643000
3000
因為燈是亮的。
11:01
Of course課程, thanks謝謝 to the environmentalist環保人士 movement運動
278
646000
2000
感謝環保人士的積極運動,
11:03
we're all sensitive敏感 to the plight困境 of marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物.
279
648000
3000
我們才能對海洋生物的困境有所了解。
11:06
So what you see in this particular特定 ambiguous曖昧 figure數字
280
651000
3000
所以我們才能在這張曖昧的圖片裡看到...
11:09
is, of course課程, the dolphins海豚, right?
281
654000
2000
海豚,當然了。
11:11
You see a dolphin海豚 here,
282
656000
2000
你看這邊有一隻,
11:13
and there's a dolphin海豚,
283
658000
2000
那邊一隻,
11:15
and there's a dolphin海豚.
284
660000
2000
又一隻。
11:17
That's a dolphin海豚 tail尾巴 there, guys.
285
662000
3000
拜託,那是海豚尾巴好嗎。
11:20
(Laughter笑聲)
286
665000
3000
(笑聲)
11:25
If we can give you conflicting衝突的 data數據, again,
287
670000
3000
如果你得到互相衝突的資訊,
11:28
your ACCACC is going to be going into hyperdriveHYPERDRIVE.
288
673000
3000
你的前扣帶皮層就會像進入加速狀態一樣。
11:31
If you look down here, it's fine. If you look up here, then you get conflicting衝突的 data數據.
289
676000
3000
底下這裡看起來很正常,但是往上一看,便會察覺矛盾。
11:34
And then we have to flip翻動 the image圖片
290
679000
2000
直到我們將圖片翻轉,
11:36
for you to see that it's a set up.
291
681000
2000
你才看得出這是刻意設計的。
11:40
The impossible不可能 crate illusion錯覺.
292
685000
2000
"不存在的箱子"的幻覺。
11:42
It's easy簡單 to fool傻子 the brain in 2D.
293
687000
2000
平面影像很容易騙過大腦,
11:44
So you say, "Aw, come on Shermer舍默, anybody任何人 can do that
294
689000
2000
你說"得了吧,大家都做得到,
11:46
in a Psych迷幻 101 text文本 with an illusion錯覺 like that."
295
691000
2000
每本心理學入門書都有一張這種圖。"
11:48
Well here's這裡的 the late晚了, great Jerry傑瑞 Andrus'安德魯斯“
296
693000
2000
這張是最近由傑里安德勒斯所做的,
11:50
"impossible不可能 crate" illusion錯覺 in 3D,
297
695000
3000
立體版本的"不存在的箱子"。
11:53
in which哪一個 Jerry傑瑞 is standing常設 inside
298
698000
2000
而且傑里看起來像是
11:55
the impossible不可能 crate.
299
700000
2000
站在箱子的裡面。
11:57
And he was kind enough足夠 to post崗位 this
300
702000
2000
他非常大方的上傳了解答,
11:59
and give us the reveal揭示.
301
704000
2000
讓我們能看出箇中巧妙。
12:01
Of course課程, camera相機 angle角度 is everything. The photographer攝影師 is over there,
302
706000
3000
當然,重點在於相機的角度,攝影師在那裡,
12:04
and this board appears出現 to overlap交疊 with this one, and this one with that one, and so on.
303
709000
3000
使得這塊板子看來像是疊在另一塊上方,以此類推。
12:07
But even when I take it away,
304
712000
2000
即使我已經讓你看過解答,
12:09
the illusion錯覺 is so powerful強大 because of how are brains大腦 are wired有線
305
714000
2000
大腦尋找特定模式的運作方式,
12:11
to find those certain某些 kinds of patterns模式.
306
716000
3000
還是讓幻覺的印象非常強烈。
12:14
This is a fairly相當 new one
307
719000
2000
這張比較新一點。
12:16
that throws us off because of the conflicting衝突的 patterns模式
308
721000
2000
比較兩張照片中不同角度的矛盾,
12:18
of comparing比較 this angle角度 with that angle角度.
309
723000
3000
會讓我們搞不清楚。
12:21
In fact事實, it's the exact精確 same相同 picture圖片 side by side.
310
726000
3000
其實這是兩張完全相同的照片。
12:24
So what you're doing is comparing比較 that angle角度
311
729000
2000
問題在於沒注意到比對的對象,
12:26
instead代替 of with this one, but with that one.
312
731000
2000
兩者間的角度有所不同,
12:28
And so your brain is fooled上當.
313
733000
2000
你的大腦就被騙了。
12:30
Yet然而 again, your pattern模式 detection發現 devices設備 are fooled上當.
314
735000
2000
你的模式辨識機制又再一次被愚弄了。
12:32
Faces are easy簡單 to see
315
737000
2000
臉孔很容易辨識,
12:34
because we have an additional額外 evolved進化
316
739000
2000
因為在大腦的顳葉裡,
12:36
facial面部 recognition承認 software軟件
317
741000
2000
我們擁有獨立進化過的,
12:38
in our temporal lobes.
318
743000
3000
臉部辨識軟體。
12:41
Here's這裡的 some faces面孔 on the side of a rock.
319
746000
3000
這些是岩石上出現的臉孔,
12:44
I'm actually其實 not even sure if this is -- this might威力 be PhotoshoppedPhotoshop處理.
320
749000
3000
我甚至不確定這是不是修過圖,這個可能是。
12:47
But anyway無論如何, the point is still made製作.
321
752000
2000
無論如何,重點還是一樣。
12:49
Now which哪一個 one of these looks容貌 odd to you?
322
754000
2000
現在哪一張看起來怪怪的?
12:51
In a quick reaction反應, which哪一個 one looks容貌 odd?
323
756000
2000
用直覺來作答。
12:53
The one on the left. Okay. So I'll rotate迴轉 it
324
758000
2000
左邊這張,好,我把它轉過來,
12:55
so it'll它會 be the one on the right.
325
760000
2000
也就是變成右手邊的這張,
12:57
And you are correct正確.
326
762000
2000
你們是對的。
12:59
A fairly相當 famous著名 illusion錯覺 -- it was first doneDONE with Margaret瑪格麗特 Thatcher撒切爾.
327
764000
3000
相當有名的幻象,柴契爾夫人是第一個被用上的,
13:02
Now, they trade貿易 up the politicians政治家 every一切 time.
328
767000
2000
每隔一陣子就換一位政治人物。
13:04
Well, why is this happening事件?
329
769000
2000
為什麼會這樣?
13:06
Well, we know exactly究竟 where it happens發生,
330
771000
2000
恩,我們確切知道這在哪裡發生,
13:08
in the temporal lobe, right across橫過, sort分類 of above以上 your ear there,
331
773000
3000
在顳葉裡,偏右,大概在耳朵上方。
13:11
in a little structure結構體 called the fusiform梭形 gyrus.
332
776000
3000
有一個組織叫做梭狀回,
13:14
And there's two types類型 of cells細胞 that do this,
333
779000
2000
裡頭有兩種細胞,
13:16
that record記錄 facial面部 features特徵 either globally全球,
334
781000
3000
不管是動用整群細胞來紀錄臉部的特徵,
13:19
or specifically特別 these large, rapid-firing快速射擊 cells細胞,
335
784000
2000
或是這一類大型,反應快速的細胞。
13:21
first look at the general一般 face面對.
336
786000
2000
先看出臉部的大概,
13:23
So you recognize認識 Obama奧巴馬 immediately立即.
337
788000
2000
讓你能立刻認出歐巴馬。
13:25
And then you notice注意 something quite相當
338
790000
2000
接著你會注意到有點不對勁,
13:27
a little bit odd about the eyes眼睛 and the mouth.
339
792000
2000
眼睛和嘴巴的部分有些奇怪,
13:29
Especially特別 when they're upside上邊 down,
340
794000
2000
尤其是當它們上下顛倒的時候。
13:31
you're engaging that general一般 facial面部 recognition承認 software軟件 there.
341
796000
3000
那就是你正在使用臉部辨識的軟體。
13:34
Now I said back in our little thought experiment實驗,
342
799000
3000
現在我們回到之前的思想實驗。
13:37
you're a hominid原始人 walking步行 on the plains平原 of Africa非洲.
343
802000
2000
你是正在非洲草原上行走的原始人,
13:39
Is it just the wind or a dangerous危險 predator捕食者?
344
804000
3000
心裡想著是風聲,還是危險的掠食者?
13:42
What's the difference區別 between之間 those?
345
807000
2000
兩者間的差異在哪?
13:44
Well, the wind is inanimate老成;
346
809000
2000
風聲是沒有生命的,
13:46
the dangerous危險 predator捕食者 is an intentional故意的 agent代理人.
347
811000
2000
而掠食者則代表了一個擁有意圖的形象。
13:48
And I call this process處理 agenticityagenticity.
348
813000
2000
我把這個過程稱作形象化,
13:50
That is the tendency趨勢 to infuse注入 patterns模式
349
815000
2000
也就是傾向於將觀察到的模式賦予意義、
13:52
with meaning含義, intention意向 and agency機構,
350
817000
2000
目的以及形象--
13:54
often經常 invisible無形 beings眾生 from the top最佳 down.
351
819000
3000
常被理解為從上方俯瞰,不可見的存在--
13:57
This is an idea理念 that we got
352
822000
2000
這個想法是從另一位TED演講者,
13:59
from a fellow同伴 TEDsterTEDster here, Dan Dennett丹尼特,
353
824000
2000
丹尼特而來的。
14:01
who talked about taking服用 the intentional故意的 stance姿態.
354
826000
2000
他提到抱持"有目的的立場"。
14:03
So it's a type類型 of that expanded擴大 to explain說明, I think, a lot of different不同 things:
355
828000
3000
所以我想,這個說法的衍伸,可以解釋很多事物,
14:06
souls靈魂, spirits, ghosts, gods, demons惡魔, angels天使,
356
831000
3000
靈魂、精靈、鬼魂、神祇、魔鬼、天使、
14:09
aliens外星人, intelligent智能 designers設計師,
357
834000
2000
外星人、智慧設計者、
14:11
government政府 conspiracistsconspiracists
358
836000
2000
政府陰謀論者,
14:13
and all manner方式 of invisible無形 agents代理
359
838000
2000
以及各種不可見的形象,
14:15
with power功率 and intention意向, are believed相信
360
840000
2000
擁有力量和目的,人們相信
14:17
to haunt出沒 our world世界 and control控制 our lives生活.
361
842000
2000
它們會在人間作祟或控制我們的生活。
14:19
I think it's the basis基礎 of animism萬物有靈論
362
844000
2000
我想這就是泛靈論,
14:21
and polytheism多神教 and monotheism一神教.
363
846000
3000
以及一神論和多神論的源頭。
14:24
It's the belief信仰 that aliens外星人 are somehow不知何故
364
849000
2000
人們相信外星人
14:26
more advanced高級 than us, more moral道德 than us,
365
851000
2000
比我們更進步,更具道德感,
14:28
and the narratives敘事 always are
366
853000
2000
而故事旁白總是會說,
14:30
that they're coming未來 here to save保存 us and rescue拯救 us from on high.
367
855000
3000
它們是從天而降來拯救我們的。
14:33
The intelligent智能 designer's設計師 always portrayed刻畫
368
858000
2000
"智慧設計者"則被描繪成
14:35
as this super intelligent智能, moral道德 being存在
369
860000
3000
無比聰明,道德高尚的存在,
14:38
that comes down to design設計 life.
370
863000
2000
降臨塵世以創造萬物。
14:40
Even the idea理念 that government政府 can rescue拯救 us --
371
865000
2000
即使是政府可以救助我們,
14:42
that's no longer the wave of the future未來,
372
867000
2000
這種已經退流行的想法,
14:44
but that is, I think, a type類型 of agenticityagenticity:
373
869000
2000
我仍然認為是某種形象化的行為。
14:46
projecting突出 somebody up there,
374
871000
2000
幻想某個高高在上,
14:48
big and powerful強大, will come rescue拯救 us.
375
873000
2000
全能而偉大的傢伙會來拯救我們。
14:50
And this is also, I think, the basis基礎 of conspiracy陰謀 theories理論.
376
875000
2000
換個角度說,我認為這也是陰謀論的源頭:
14:52
There's somebody hiding behind背後 there pulling the strings字符串,
377
877000
3000
某個藏鏡人在背後操控一切,
14:55
whether是否 it's the Illuminati光明
378
880000
2000
例如光明會,
14:57
or the BilderbergersBilderbergers.
379
882000
2000
或是畢德堡集團。
14:59
But this is a pattern模式 detection發現 problem問題, isn't it?
380
884000
2000
但是我們面對的是模式辨認的問題,
15:01
Some patterns模式 are real真實 and some are not.
381
886000
2000
有些模式是真的,有些則否。
15:03
Was JFKJFK assassinated暗殺 by a conspiracy陰謀 or by a lone孤單 assassin刺客?
382
888000
3000
約翰甘迺迪是被暗中殺害,或者只是一位刺客?
15:06
Well, if you go there -- there's people there on any given特定 day --
383
891000
3000
如果你到這個地方,那裡一年到頭都有人,
15:09
like when I went there, here -- showing展示 me where the different不同 shooters射手 were.
384
894000
3000
像我去的那次,有人指給我看不同槍手的位置。
15:12
My favorite喜愛 one was he was in the manhole沙井.
385
897000
3000
我最愛的是躲在人孔蓋下面的那個,
15:15
And he popped膨化 out at the last second第二, took that shot射擊.
386
900000
3000
殺手在關鍵時刻從底下蹦出來,開槍殺了甘迺迪。
15:18
But of course課程, Lincoln林肯 was assassinated暗殺 by a conspiracy陰謀.
387
903000
2000
當然我們知道林肯是被陰謀殺害的,
15:20
So we can't just uniformly均勻 dismiss解僱
388
905000
2000
所以我們也不能單純只是忽略,
15:22
all patterns模式 like that.
389
907000
2000
所有可能的說法。
15:24
Because, let's face面對 it, some patterns模式 are real真實.
390
909000
2000
因為事實上,有些模式是真的,
15:26
Some conspiracies陰謀 really are true真正.
391
911000
2000
有些陰謀是千真萬確的。
15:30
Explains介紹 a lot, maybe.
392
915000
2000
原來如此,是吧。
15:32
And 9/11 has a conspiracy陰謀 theory理論. It is a conspiracy陰謀.
393
917000
3000
911事件也有陰謀論說法。
15:35
We did a whole整個 issue問題 on it.
394
920000
2000
我們做了一整期的專題來討論。
15:37
Nineteen十九 members會員 of Al QuedaQueda plotting繪製 to fly planes飛機 into buildings房屋
395
922000
2000
十九名基地組織的成員計畫用飛機衝撞大樓,
15:39
constitutes構成 a conspiracy陰謀.
396
924000
2000
算是某種陰謀。
15:41
But that's not what the "9/11 trutherstruthers" think.
397
926000
2000
但是"911真相調查會"可不這麼想,
15:43
They think it was an inside job工作 by the Bush襯套 administration行政.
398
928000
3000
他們認為是小布希政府在幕後操作...
15:46
Well, that's a whole整個 other lecture演講.
399
931000
2000
光這個主題就可以另外講一整場。
15:48
You know how we know that 9/11
400
933000
2000
不過你會說,我們怎麼知道911事件
15:50
was not orchestrated策劃 by the Bush襯套 administration行政?
401
935000
2000
不是布希政府自導自演的?
15:52
Because it worked工作.
402
937000
2000
因為它成功了!
15:54
(Laughter笑聲)
403
939000
3000
(笑聲)
15:57
(Applause掌聲)
404
942000
3000
(掌聲)
16:00
So we are natural-born天生的 dualists二元論.
405
945000
2000
我們是天生的二元論者。
16:02
Our agenticityagenticity process處理 comes from
406
947000
2000
我們創造形象的能力,來自於
16:04
the fact事實 that we can enjoy請享用 movies電影 like these.
407
949000
2000
一種讓我們能夠享受這種電影的天賦。
16:06
Because we can imagine想像, in essence本質,
408
951000
2000
因為我們能夠想像事物的本質,
16:08
continuing繼續 on.
409
953000
2000
並且舉一反三。
16:10
We know that if you stimulate刺激 the temporal lobe,
410
955000
2000
我們知道如果刺激顳葉,
16:12
you can produce生產 a feeling感覺 of out-of-body外的體 experiences經驗,
411
957000
2000
就可以模擬靈魂出竅的經驗、
16:14
near-death接近死亡 experiences經驗,
412
959000
2000
瀕死體驗等,
16:16
which哪一個 you can do by just touching接觸 an electrode電極 to the temporal lobe there.
413
961000
3000
你只需要用電極刺激顳葉裡的特定位置。
16:19
Or you can do it through通過 loss失利 of consciousness意識,
414
964000
2000
或者是利用離心機加速,
16:21
by accelerating加速 in a centrifuge離心分離機.
415
966000
2000
讓人失去知覺。
16:23
You get a hypoxia缺氧, or a lower降低 oxygen.
416
968000
3000
當你缺氧,血液含氧量降低,
16:26
And the brain then senses感官
417
971000
2000
大腦就會接著
16:28
that there's an out-of-body外的體 experience經驗.
418
973000
2000
產生脫離身體的感覺。
16:30
You can use -- which哪一個 I did, went out and did --
419
975000
2000
你可以利用 --我曾經嘗試過--
16:32
Michael邁克爾 Persinger'sPersinger的 God Helmet頭盔,
420
977000
2000
麥可佩辛格的"上帝的頭盔",
16:34
that bombards炮轟 your temporal lobes with electromagnetic電磁 waves波浪.
421
979000
2000
它利用電磁波轟炸你的顳葉,
16:36
And you get a sense of out-of-body外的體 experience經驗.
422
981000
3000
讓你能夠體驗靈魂出竅的感受。
16:39
So I'm going to end結束 here with a short video視頻 clip
423
984000
2000
最後我想利用一段影片
16:41
that sort分類 of brings帶來 all this together一起.
424
986000
2000
來作個總結。
16:43
It's just a minute分鐘 and a half.
425
988000
2000
只有一分半鐘的短片,
16:45
It ties聯繫 together一起 all this into the power功率 of expectation期望 and the power功率 of belief信仰.
426
990000
3000
展現出「期望」和「信念」的力量有多麼強大。
16:48
Go ahead and roll it.
427
993000
2000
請撥放影片。
16:50
Narrator旁白: This is the venue會場 they chose選擇 for their fake auditions試鏡
428
995000
3000
旁白:這裡是他們用來假裝面試的地方,
16:53
for an advert廣告 for lip balm香脂.
429
998000
2000
面試內容是一個護唇膏的廣告。
16:55
Woman女人: We're hoping希望 we can use part部分 of this
430
1000000
2000
我們希望可以使用一部分內容,
16:57
in a national國民 commercial廣告, right?
431
1002000
2000
放在全國性的廣告上。
16:59
And this is test測試 on some lip balms香脂
432
1004000
2000
測試內容是這裡所放的
17:01
that we have over here.
433
1006000
2000
幾種護唇膏。
17:03
And these are our models楷模 who are going to help us,
434
1008000
2000
我們請了幾位模特兒來幫忙,
17:05
Roger羅傑 and Matt馬特.
435
1010000
2000
羅傑和麥特。
17:07
And we have our own擁有 lip balm香脂,
436
1012000
2000
這是我們的護唇膏,
17:09
and we have a leading領導 brand.
437
1014000
2000
以及幾款市面上的領導品牌。
17:11
Would you have any problem問題
438
1016000
2000
如果需要你和我們的模特兒接吻,
17:13
kissing接吻 our models楷模 to test測試 it?
439
1018000
2000
你會不會有困難?
17:15
Girl女孩: No.
440
1020000
2000
女孩:不會。
17:17
Woman女人: You wouldn't不會? (Girl女孩: No.) Woman女人: You'd think that was fine.
441
1022000
2000
沒有問題吧?(女孩:沒有。)你可以接受?
17:19
Girl女孩: That would be fine. (Woman女人: Okay.)
442
1024000
2000
女孩:沒問題。(好的。)
17:21
So this is a blind test測試.
443
1026000
3000
這是一個蒙眼測試。
17:24
I'm going to ask you to go ahead
444
1029000
2000
我會請你上前,
17:26
and put a blindfold盲目的 on.
445
1031000
2000
用眼罩遮住。
17:29
Kay, now can you see anything? (Girl女孩: No.)
446
1034000
3000
好,你現在還看的到嗎?(女孩:看不到。)
17:32
Pull it so you can't even see down. (Girl女孩: Okay.)
447
1037000
2000
往下拉一點,這樣才不會看到下方。(女孩:好。)
17:34
Woman女人: It's completely全然 blind now, right?
448
1039000
2000
現在你完全看不見了。
17:36
Girl女孩: Yes. (Woman女人: Okay.)
449
1041000
2000
女孩:是的。(很好。)
17:38
Now, what I'm going to be looking for in this test測試
450
1043000
3000
這個測試的目的是要觀察護唇膏
17:41
is how it protects保護 your lips嘴唇,
451
1046000
3000
對嘴唇的保護作用,
17:44
the texture質地, right,
452
1049000
2000
觸感,
17:46
and maybe if you can discern辨別 any flavor味道 or not.
453
1051000
3000
你也許能夠辨別的出某種味道。
17:49
Girl女孩: Okay. (Woman女人: Have you ever doneDONE a kissing接吻 test測試 before?)
454
1054000
3000
女孩:了解。(你有過接吻測試的經驗嗎?)
17:52
Girl女孩: No.
455
1057000
2000
女孩:沒有。
17:54
Woman女人: Take a step here.
456
1059000
2000
往前站一點。
17:56
Okay, now I'm going to ask you to pucker皺紋 up.
457
1061000
2000
好,現在請你把嘴唇噘起來,
17:58
Pucker皺紋 up big and lean in just a little bit, okay?
458
1063000
3000
盡量噘起來,然後稍微往前傾,很好。
18:06
(Music音樂)
459
1071000
4000
(音樂)
18:10
(Laughter笑聲)
460
1075000
5000
(笑聲)
18:19
(Laughter笑聲)
461
1084000
3000
(笑聲)
18:30
Woman女人: Okay.
462
1095000
2000
好。
18:32
And, Jennifer詹妮弗, how did that feel?
463
1097000
2000
珍妮,感覺如何?
18:34
Jennifer詹妮弗: Good.
464
1099000
2000
珍妮:不錯。
18:36
(Laughter笑聲)
465
1101000
7000
(笑聲)
18:43
Girl女孩: Oh my God!
466
1108000
2000
女孩:喔,天哪。
18:45
(Laughter笑聲)
467
1110000
4000
(笑聲)
18:50
Michael邁克爾 Shermer舍默: Thank you very much. Thank you. Thanks謝謝.
468
1115000
3000
非常感謝各位,謝謝
Translated by Hsin Cheng Lin
Reviewed by Lin Su-Wei()

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Shermer - Skeptic
Michael Shermer debunks myths, superstitions and urban legends -- and explains why we believe them. Along with publishing Skeptic Magazine, he's author of Why People Believe Weird Things and The Mind of the Market.

Why you should listen

As founder and publisher of Skeptic Magazine, Michael Shermer has exposed fallacies behind intelligent design, 9/11 conspiracies, the low-carb craze, alien sightings and other popular beliefs and paranoias. But it's not about debunking for debunking's sake. Shermer defends the notion that we can understand our world better only by matching good theory with good science.

Shermer's work offers cognitive context for our often misguided beliefs: In the absence of sound science, incomplete information can powerfully combine with the power of suggestion (helping us hear Satanic lyrics when "Stairway to Heaven" plays backwards, for example). In fact, a common thread that runs through beliefs of all sorts, he says, is our tendency to convince ourselves: We overvalue the shreds of evidence that support our preferred outcome, and ignore the facts we aren't looking for.

He writes a monthly column for Scientific American, and is an adjunct at Claremont Graduate University and Chapman University. His latest book is The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. He is also the author of The Mind of the Market, on evolutionary economics, Why Darwin Matters: Evolution and the Case Against Intelligent Design, and The Science of Good and Evil. And his next book is titled The Moral Arc of Science.

More profile about the speaker
Michael Shermer | Speaker | TED.com