TED2009
Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest
Willie Smits obnavlja prašumu
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
819,517 views
Rješavajući složenu ekološku zagonetku, biolog Willie Smits je, spašavajući lokalne orangutane, pronašao načina za obnovu posječene prašume na Borneu -- i tako je stvorio uzbudljiv uzor za obnovu krhkih ekosustava.
Willie Smits - Conservationist
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
0
0
3000
Jednoga sam dana sa ženom šetao tržnicom,
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
1
3000
2000
kad mi netko uvali kavez pred lice.
00:23
And in between those slits
2
5000
2000
Između rešetaka su bile
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
3
7000
2000
najtužnije oči koje sam ikada vidio.
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
4
9000
3000
Unutra je bilo vrlo bolesno mladunče orangutana; moj prvi susret.
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
5
12000
3000
Te večeri vratio sam se na tržnicu po mraku
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
6
15000
3000
i začuo "ahh, ahh," i...
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
7
18000
5000
tu sam pronašao umiruće mladunče orangutana na hrpi smeća.
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
8
23000
2000
Naravno, kavez su zadržali.
00:43
I took up the little baby,
9
25000
2000
Uzeo sam tu mladu ženku,
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
10
27000
3000
masirao je, tjerao je da pije
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
11
30000
3000
sve dok nije počela normalno disati.
00:51
This is Uce.
12
33000
2000
Ovo je Uce.
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
13
35000
2000
Sada živi u prašumi Sungai Wain,
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
14
37000
2000
i ovo je Matahari, njen drugi sin,
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
15
39000
5000
a on je također sin drugog orangutana kojega sam spasio, Dodoy-a.
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
16
44000
2000
To mi je prilično dramatično promjenilo život,
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
17
46000
5000
tako da danas imam skoro 1.000 mladunčadi u moja dva centra.
01:09
(Applause)
18
51000
2000
(Pljesak)
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
19
53000
2000
Ne. Ne. Ne. Pogrešno.
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
20
55000
3000
To je stravično. To je dokaz da ih ne uspijevamo spasiti u divljini.
01:16
It's not good.
21
58000
2000
To nije dobro.
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
22
60000
4000
To je samo dokaz da svi mi ne uspijevamo ispravno postupiti.
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
23
64000
4000
Imajući u posjedu više orangutana nego svi zoološki vrtovi u svijetu zajedno,
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
24
68000
3000
ali za svako takvo mladunče žrtvovano je
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
25
71000
3000
šest koji su nestali sa šumom.
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
26
74000
2000
Krčenje šuma, posebno zbog uljnih palmi,
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
27
76000
3000
zbog proizvodnje biogoriva za zapadne zemlje
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
28
79000
3000
uzrok je ovih problema.
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
29
82000
3000
A to su močvarne šume koje rastu na 20 metara treseta,
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
30
85000
3000
što je najveća akumulacija organskog materijala na svijetu.
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
31
88000
3000
Kada to izložite suncu zbog uzgoja uljnih palmi
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
32
91000
2000
stvarate CO2 vulkane
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
33
93000
3000
koji ispuštaju tako mnogo CO2
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
34
96000
5000
da je moja zemlja sada treća na svijetu prema emisiji stakleničnih plinova,
01:59
after China and the United States.
35
101000
2000
nakon Kine i Sjedinjenih Država,
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
36
103000
3000
iako uopće nemamo industriju.
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
37
106000
3000
Samo zbog ovakvog krčenja šuma.
02:07
And these are horrible images.
38
109000
3000
I ovo su stravične slike.
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
39
112000
2000
Ne želim predugo pričati o tome,
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
40
114000
2000
ali postoji toliko pripadnika Uce-ine obitelji
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
41
116000
4000
koji nisu bili toliko sretni da žive u toj šumi,
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
42
120000
2000
koji tek trebaju to naučiti,
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
43
122000
2000
a ja ne znam gdje više da ih smjestim.
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
44
124000
4000
Stoga sam odlučio da ću pronaći rješenje za njih,
02:26
but also a solution
45
128000
2000
ali također i rješenje
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
46
130000
4000
koje će biti od koristi ljudima koji eksploatiraju te šume,
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
47
134000
3000
koji se žele dočepati i zadnjeg debla
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
48
137000
3000
i koji na taj način uzrokuju
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
49
140000
3000
gubitak staništa i sve te žrtve.
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
50
143000
2000
Zato sam stvorio mjesto Samboja Lestari,
02:43
and the idea was,
51
145000
2000
a ideja je bila
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
52
147000
3000
ako mogu to uraditi na najgorem mogućem mjestu za koje znam,
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
53
150000
2000
gdje ništa nije ostalo,
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
54
152000
4000
niko neće moći imati izgovora da kaže "Da, ali..."
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
55
156000
4000
Ne. Svi bi trebali biti u stanju napraviti isto.
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
56
160000
5000
Mi smo, dakle, u Istočnom Borneu. Ovo je mjesto odakle sam počeo.
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
57
165000
2000
Kako možete vidjeti, ovdje postoji samo žuto zemljište,
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
58
167000
3000
ništa nije ostalo, samo nešto trave tamo.
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
59
170000
4000
2002. tu smo imali oko 50 posto nezaposlenih.
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
60
174000
2000
Kriminala je bilo jako puno.
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
61
176000
5000
Ljudi su trošlili puno novca na liječenje i pitku vodu.
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
62
181000
3000
Više nije postojala nikakva poljoprivredna djelatnost.
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
63
184000
3000
Ovo je bio najsiromašniji okrug cijele provincije,
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
64
187000
3000
sav je biljni i životnjski svijet bio uništen.
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
65
190000
2000
To je bilo kao biološka pustinja.
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
66
192000
4000
Kada sam stajao tamo u travi; tamo je vruće -- nisu se čuli ni kuci --
03:34
just this waving grass.
67
196000
2000
samo šuštanje trave.
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
68
198000
5000
Ipak, četiri godine kasnije stvorili smo posao za oko 3.000 ljudi.
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
69
203000
3000
Klima se promijenila. Pokazat ću vam...
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
70
206000
2000
nema više poplava, nema više požara.
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
71
208000
3000
To više nije najsiromašniji okrug,
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
72
211000
2000
a tu je i velik porast bioraznolikosti.
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
73
213000
6000
Imamo preko 1.000 vrsta stabala, danas imamo 137 vrsta ptica.
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
74
219000
2000
Imamo 30 vrsta reptila.
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
75
221000
6000
Što se ovdje dogodilo? U ovoj smo šumi napravili ogromnu ekonomsku grešku.
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
76
227000
3000
Zapravo je cijeli proces uništenja
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
77
230000
3000
bio nešto sporiji od onoga što se danas događa s uljnim palmama.
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
78
233000
2000
Ali vidjeli smo istu stvar --
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
79
235000
2000
imali smo poljoprivredu tipa posjeci i zapali;
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
80
237000
2000
ljudi si ne mogu priuštiti gnojivo
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
81
239000
3000
pa spale drveće i pola tamo dostupnih minerala.
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
82
242000
2000
Požari postaju češći
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
83
244000
3000
i nakon nekog vremena preostane ti
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
84
247000
2000
komad zemljišta koje nije više plodno.
04:27
There are no trees left.
85
249000
2000
Nema više drveća.
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
86
251000
3000
Ipak, na ovom mjestu, na tim livadama
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
87
254000
3000
na kojima možete vidjeti naš prvi ured tamo na onom brdu,
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
88
257000
5000
četiri godine kasnije stvorena je ova masa zelenila na površini Zemlje...
04:40
(Applause)
89
262000
2000
(Pljesak)
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
90
264000
3000
I tamo su sve ove životinje, i svi ovi ljudi - sretni,
04:45
and there's this economic value.
91
267000
2000
i tamo je sva ova ekonomska vrijednost.
04:47
So how's this possible?
92
269000
2000
Kako je to moguće?
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
93
271000
2000
Bilo je vrlo jednostavno, ako razmotrimo ove korake:
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
94
273000
2000
kupili smo zemlju, prekinuli paljevinu,
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
95
275000
3000
i tek nakon toga smo krenuli sa pošumljavanjem
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
96
278000
3000
kombinirajući poljoprivredu sa šumarstvom.
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
97
281000
4000
Tek onda smo postavili infrastruturu, menadžment i nadzor.
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
98
285000
3000
Ali, pobrinuli smo se da na svakom koraku
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
99
288000
3000
lokalno stanovništvo bude potpuno uključeno
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
100
291000
4000
tako da ne bude uplitanja vanjskih čimbenika.
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
101
295000
4000
Da ljudi postanu branitelji te šume.
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
102
299000
2000
Mi, dakle, provodimo načelo "ljudi, profit, planet"
05:19
but we do it in addition
103
301000
2000
ali to radimo uz još nešto --
05:21
to a sure legal status --
104
303000
2000
siguran pravni status --
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
105
305000
2000
jer ako šuma pripada državi
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
106
307000
3000
ljudi će reći pripada meni, tj. pripada svakome.
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
107
310000
3000
Uz to primjenjujemo i sve ostale principe
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
108
313000
4000
poput transparentnosti, profesionalnog menadžmenta, mjerivih rezultata,
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
109
317000
3000
skalabilnosti, replikabilnosti, itd.
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
110
320000
3000
Ono što smo učinili jest da smo formulirali recepte
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
111
323000
3000
kako krenuti sa startne situacije gdje nemate ništa
05:44
to a target situation.
112
326000
2000
do ciljne situacije.
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
113
328000
5000
Formulirate recept na osnovu faktora koje možete kontrolirati.
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
114
333000
4000
Bilo da su to vještine ili gnojivo ili izbor biljaka.
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
115
337000
5000
Tada pogledate na ishode i započnete s mjerenjem rezultata.
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
116
342000
2000
U takvom receptu također imate i troškove.
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
117
344000
3000
Također znate koliko je rada potrebno.
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
118
347000
3000
Ako taj recept možete baciti na mapu,
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
119
350000
2000
na pješčano tlo, na glineno tlo,
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
120
352000
2000
na strmu padinu, na ravnicu,
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
121
354000
3000
ako razvijete tako različite recepte; ako ih iskombinirate,
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
122
357000
2000
iz toga proizađe poslovni plan,
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
123
359000
3000
proizađe radni plan, i možete ga optimizirati
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
124
362000
4000
za količinu radne snage koju imate dostupnu ili za količinu gnojiva koje imate,
06:24
and you can do it.
125
366000
2000
i možete ga primjeniti.
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
126
368000
4000
Ovako to izgleda u praksi. Imamo ovu travu koje se želimo rješiti.
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
127
372000
3000
Ona ispušta alkalne spojeve iz korjenja,
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
128
375000
3000
ali stabla akacije su male vrijednosti
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
129
378000
3000
no trebaju nam za obnavljanje mikro klime, kako bismo zaštitili zemljište
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
130
381000
3000
i riješili se trava.
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
131
384000
3000
I nakon 8 godine mogli bi čak imati i debla za eksploataciju,
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
132
387000
3000
tj, ako ga očuvamo na pravi način,
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
133
390000
2000
što možemo učiniti sa bambusovom korom.
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
134
392000
3000
To je stara japanska tehnika za građenje hramova
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
135
395000
2000
ali bambus je veoma podložan vatri.
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
136
397000
2000
Ako bi ga posadili na početku
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
137
399000
4000
ima li bi visok rizik ponovnog gubitka svega
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
138
403000
2000
Stoga ga posadimo kasnije, uz kanale za navodnjavanje
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
139
405000
2000
u svrhu filtriranja vode, i dobivanja sirovine
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
140
407000
3000
upravo u vrijeme kada debla budu spremna.
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
141
410000
3000
Ideja je sljedeća: kako integrirati sve te tokove
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
142
413000
5000
u prostoru, vremenu i s ograničenim sredstvima koja imate.
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
143
418000
2000
Stoga posadimo drveće, posadimo ove ananase
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
144
420000
4000
i grahorice i đumbir između, da umanjimo konkurenciju za drveće,
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
145
424000
5000
gnojivo za kulture -- organski materijal je koristan za poljoprivredne kulture
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
146
429000
3000
za ljude, ali također i za drveće, poljoprivrednici imaju slobodnu zemlju,
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
147
432000
4000
sustav proizvodi godišnji prihod, orangutani dobivaju zdravu hranu
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
148
436000
3000
a mi možemo ubrzati regeneraciju ekosustava
07:37
while even saving some money.
149
439000
2000
pa čak i uštedjeti nešto novca.
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
150
441000
2000
Tako divno. Kakva teorija.
07:41
But is it really that easy?
151
443000
3000
Ali je li to zbilja tako lako?
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
152
446000
3000
Ne baš, jer ako ste vidjeli šta se desilo 1998,
07:47
the fire started.
153
449000
2000
požari su započeli.
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
154
451000
2000
Ovo je područje od oko 50 miliona hektara.
07:51
January.
155
453000
1000
Siječanj.
07:53
February.
156
455000
1000
Veljača.
07:55
March.
157
457000
1000
Ožujak.
07:57
April.
158
459000
1000
Travanj.
07:58
May.
159
460000
1000
Svibanj.
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
160
461000
4000
Izgubili smo 5.5 milijuna hektara u samo nekoliko mjeseci.
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
161
465000
3000
Zato jer imamo 10.000 takvih podzemnih požara
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
162
468000
4000
kakve imate i vi u Pennsylvaniji, ovdje u Sjedinjenim Državama.
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
163
472000
3000
A kad se zemlja isuši, kad dođe sušno razdoblje, zemlja popuca,
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
164
475000
4000
kisik uđe unutra, plamen krene van i problem započne opet iznova.
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
165
479000
2000
Pa kako prekinuti taj ciklus?
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
166
481000
2000
Požari su najveći problem.
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
167
483000
3000
Ovako je izgledalo čak tri mjeseca.
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
168
486000
3000
Tri mjeseca se vanjsko automatsko osvjetljenje nije gasilo
08:27
because it was that dark.
169
489000
2000
jer je bilo toliko mračno.
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
170
491000
4000
Izgubili smo sve kulture, nijedno dijete nije dobilo na težini čitave godine.
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
171
495000
3000
Izgubili su 12 bodova na testu inteligencije; bila je to katastrofa
08:36
for orangutans and people.
172
498000
2000
za orangutane i ljude.
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
173
500000
3000
Dakle ti požari prvi moraju biti riješeni.
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
174
503000
2000
Zato sam ih ovdje i stavio kao zasebnu točku.
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
175
506000
3000
Potrebno vam je lokalno stanovništvo, jer ova travnata područja
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
176
509000
4000
kada počnu gorjeti, vatra prođe kroz njih kao oluja
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
177
513000
3000
i vi ponovo izgubite zadnju trunku pepela i hranjivih sastojaka
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
178
516000
2000
s prvim kišama koje ih otplave prema moru,
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
179
518000
3000
gdje uništavaju koraljne grebene.
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
180
521000
2000
Stoga morate to raditi sa lokalnim stanovništvom.
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
181
523000
3000
To je kratkoročno rješenje, ali morate imati i dugoročno rješenje.
09:04
So what we did is, we created
182
526000
2000
Stoga smo posadili
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
183
528000
3000
krug šećernih palmi oko područja.
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
184
531000
3000
Šećerne palme su otporne na vatru,
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
185
534000
2000
uz to su i otporne na poplave.
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
186
536000
4000
A omogućuju i pristojne prihode za lokalno stanovništvo.
09:18
This is what it looks like:
187
540000
2000
Ovako to izgleda:
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
188
542000
3000
ljudi ih moraju zarezati dvaput dnevno, samo milimetarski rez
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
189
545000
3000
i jedino što ubirete jeste šećerna voda
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
190
548000
4000
- ugljični dioksid, kiša i malo sunca.
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
191
552000
2000
Vi zapravo od tog drveća napravite
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
192
554000
3000
biološke fotovoltažne ćelije.
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
193
557000
3000
I iz ovoga možete proizvesti puno energije
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
194
560000
5000
jer one proizvode trostruko više energije po hektaru po godini
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
195
565000
2000
jer ih se zarezuje svakodnevno.
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
196
567000
2000
Ne trebate dirati u rasadnik
09:47
or any other of the crops.
197
569000
2000
ili bilo koju od kultura.
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
198
571000
4000
Ovo je kombinacija gdje imamo sav taj genetski potencijal tropa,
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
199
575000
4000
koji je još uvijek neiskorišten, i koristimo ga u kombinaciji sa tehnologijom
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
200
579000
4000
ali također vaša zakonska strana treba biti u redu.
10:01
So we bought that land,
201
583000
2000
Stoga smo kupili zemljište
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
202
585000
2000
i ovdje smo započeli naš projekt,
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
203
587000
2000
u središtu pustare.
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
204
589000
4000
I ako uvećate malo vidjeti ćete da je sve ovo područe
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
205
593000
3000
podjeljeno u trake koje pokrivaju razne tipove zemljišta
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
206
596000
3000
i mi u stvari pratimo,
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
207
599000
6000
mjerimo svako pojedinačno stablo na ovih 2.000 hektara, 20 km2.
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
208
605000
3000
A ova šuma je posve drugačija.
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
209
608000
2000
Zapravo sam samo pratio prirodu,
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
210
610000
3000
a u prirodi ne postoje monokulture,
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
211
613000
3000
već prirodna šuma ima više razina.
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
212
616000
2000
To znači da i na zemlji i iznad zemlje
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
213
618000
3000
može bolje iskoristiti dostupno svijetlo,
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
214
621000
5000
može uskladištiti ugljik u sustav, može omogućiti više funkcija,
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
215
626000
4000
ali još više je zamršeno, nije tako jednostavno i morate raditi sa ljudima.
10:48
So, just like nature,
216
630000
3000
Ono što radimo je također, kao priroda,
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
217
633000
3000
uzgajamo brzorastuće drveće i ispod njega
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
218
636000
6000
uzgajamo sporo rastuće, visoko kvalitetno šumsko drveće visoke raznolikosti
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
219
642000
2000
koje može optimalno iskoristiti svetlo i onda,
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
220
644000
4000
što je jednako važno, postaviti tamo ispravne gljive
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
221
648000
3000
koje će urasti u to lišće, vratiti hranjive materije
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
222
651000
4000
korijenju drveća s kojeg je to lišće opalo u zadnja 24 sata.
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
223
655000
2000
I one postaju pumpe hranjivih materija
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
224
657000
3000
i potebne su vam bakterije da vežu dušik,
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
225
660000
5000
i bez tih mikroorganizama, nećete postići nikakve rezultate.
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
226
665000
4000
I tada smo počeli sadnju -- samo 1.000 stabala dnevno.
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
227
669000
3000
Mogli smo posaditi mnogo, mnogo više, ali nismo htjeli
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
228
672000
3000
jer smo željeli održati stabilan broj radnih mjesta.
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
229
675000
3000
Nismo željeli izgubiti ljude
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
230
678000
4000
koji će raditi na toj plantaži.
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
231
682000
2000
A mi ovdje imamo jako puno posla.
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
232
684000
3000
Koristimo biljke koje upućuju na vrstu zemljišta,
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
233
687000
3000
ili koje će povrće, ili kakvo će drveće tamo rasti.
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
234
690000
5000
Pratili smo svako pojedinačno stablo iz svemira.
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
235
695000
2000
Ovako to izgleda u stvarnosti,
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
236
697000
2000
imate ovaj nepravilan krugu uokolo,
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
237
699000
4000
sa 100 metara širokim trakama šećernih palmi
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
238
703000
3000
koje mogu dati prihod za 648 obitelji.
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
239
706000
3000
I to je samo mali dio područja.
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
240
709000
3000
Rasadnik, ovo ovdje, je sasvim drugačiji.
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
241
712000
3000
Ako pogledate na broj vrsta stabala koje imamo na primjer u Europi,
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
242
715000
3000
od Urala do Engleske, znate li koliko imamo?
12:16
165.
243
718000
2000
165
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
244
720000
4000
U ovom rasadniku, uzgajat ćemo 10 puta veći broj vrsta.
12:22
Can you imagine?
245
724000
2000
Možete li zamisliti?
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
246
726000
2000
Trebate znati sa čime radite,
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
247
728000
3000
ali upravo je raznolikost ono što sve pokreće.
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
248
731000
3000
Da možete poći od ove nulte situacije
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
249
734000
4000
sadnjom povrća i drveća, ili direktno drveća
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
250
738000
2000
u linijama u toj travi,
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
251
740000
3000
postavljajući zaštitnu zonu, proizvodeći svoj kompost,
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
252
743000
5000
i onda se pobrinuti da na svakom koraku ove rastuće šume
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
253
748000
2000
postoje kulture koje se mogu iskorištavati.
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
254
750000
2000
U početku, možda ananas i grahorice i kukuruz.
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
255
752000
3000
U drugoj fazi bit će banane i papaje.
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
256
755000
3000
Kasnije bit će čokolade i čili.
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
257
758000
2000
I onda, polako, drveće počinje prevladavati,
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
258
760000
4000
donoseći rod, od voća, debla, drva za gorivo.
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
259
764000
3000
I na kraju šuma šećerne palme prevlada
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
260
767000
2000
i omogućuje ljudima stalne prihode.
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
261
769000
3000
Gore lijevo, ispod tih zelenih traka,
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
262
772000
4000
vidite neke bijele točke -- to su zapravo pojedinačne sadnice ananasa
13:14
that you can see from space.
263
776000
2000
koje možete vidjeti iz svemira.
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
264
778000
5000
U ovom smo području započeli uzgajati stabla akacije
13:21
that you just saw before.
265
783000
2000
koja ste vidjeli prije
13:23
So this is after one year.
266
785000
2000
Dakle ovo je godinu poslije.
13:25
And this is after two years.
267
787000
2000
I ovo je nakon dvije godine.
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
268
789000
3000
Ako ovo zeleno, ako gledate s tornja,
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
269
792000
3000
to je kada smo započeli napadati travu.
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
270
795000
2000
Posadili smo sadnice
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
271
797000
4000
pomiješane s bananama, papayom, kulturama za lokalno stanovništvo,
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
272
801000
3000
ali u međuvremenu drveće također raste brzo.
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
273
804000
3000
I tri godine kasnije, 137 vrsta ptica... koje možete čuti.
13:45
(Applause)
274
807000
6000
(Pljesak)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
275
813000
4000
Dakle spustili smo temparaturu zraka za tri do pet stupnja Celzijusa.
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
276
817000
2000
Vlažnost zraka porasla je za 10 posto.
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
277
819000
2000
Oblačnost -- pokazat ću vam -- raste.
13:59
Rainfall is up.
278
821000
2000
Kišne padaline rastu.
14:01
And all these species and income.
279
823000
2000
I sve ove vrste donose prihod.
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
280
825000
2000
Ova eko koliba koju sam sagradio,
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
281
827000
3000
na tom je mjestu prije tri godine bilo prazno, žuto polje.
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
282
830000
4000
Ovaj transponder Evropske svemirske agencije
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
283
834000
4000
koristimo tako da svaki satelit koji prolazi preko nas u trenutku kalibracije
14:16
is taking a picture.
284
838000
2000
fotografira područje.
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
285
840000
4000
S tih fotografija analiziramo koje je koliko je ugljika, koliko se šuma razvila,
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
286
844000
6000
i možemo pratiti svako stablo koristeći satelitske fotografije,
14:28
We can use these data now
287
850000
2000
ali te podatke sada možemo koristiti
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
288
852000
4000
da ostalim regijama damo recepte i istu tehnologiju.
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
289
856000
2000
Mi to zapravo već imamo na Google Earthu.
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
290
858000
4000
Ako bi htjeli upotrijebiti malo vaše tehnologije i postaviti uređaje za praćenje u kamione
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
291
862000
3000
i koristili Google Earth u kombinaciji s tim
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
292
865000
4000
mogli bi izravno znati koje je palmino ulje održivo proizvedeno,
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
293
869000
3000
koje kompanije kradu debla
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
294
872000
2000
i mogli bi uštedjeti puno više ugljika
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
295
874000
3000
nego sa svim mjerama za uštedu energije ovdje.
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
296
877000
3000
Ovo je, dakle, područje Samboja Lestari,
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
297
880000
2000
mjerite kako se drveće obnavlja,
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
298
882000
4000
ali također možete mjeriti kako se vraća bioraznolikost.
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
299
886000
4000
A bioraznolikost je pokazatelj količine vode koja može biti usklađena,
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
300
890000
3000
koliko se lijekova može ovdje držati.
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
301
893000
3000
I konačno, pretvorili smo ga u stroj za kišu
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
302
896000
3000
jer ova šuma sada stvara svoju kišu.
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
303
899000
4000
Obližnji grad Balikpapan ima veliki problem s vodom,
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
304
903000
3000
Okružen je 80 posto morskom vodom
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
305
906000
2000
i tu je sada puno upada.
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
306
908000
3000
Sad smo gledali na oblake iznad ove šume,
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
307
911000
4000
pa na pošumljeno područne, poluotvoreno područen i otvoreno područje.
15:33
And look at these images.
308
915000
3000
I pogledajte ove slike.
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
309
918000
2000
Brzo ću vas provesti kroz njih.
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
310
920000
3000
U tropama, kišne kapi nisu formirane od ledenih kristala
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
311
923000
2000
kao što je slučaj u umjerenim zonama,
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
312
925000
5000
trebate drveća s kemikalije koje izlaze iz lišća stabala
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
313
930000
2000
koja iniciraju kišne kapi.
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
314
932000
4000
Dakle stvorite hladno mjesto na kojem se oblaci mogu akumulirati,
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
315
936000
2000
i imate drveće koje inicira kišu.
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
316
938000
4000
I pogledajte, sada ima 11,2 posto više oblaka,
16:00
already, after three years.
317
942000
2000
to je bilo već nakon tri godine.
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
318
944000
5000
Ako pogledate na padaline, već su povećane za 20 posto.
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
319
949000
2000
Pogledajmo na narednu godinu,
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
320
951000
2000
i možete vidjeti da se ovaj trend nastavlja.
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
321
953000
3000
Gdje smo na početku imali malu učestalost većih padavina.
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
322
956000
3000
ta se učestalost sada širi i količina postaje veća.
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
323
959000
3000
I ako pogledamo na obrazac padalina
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
324
962000
4000
iznad Samoja Lestari, to je bilo najsušnije područje,
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
325
966000
4000
ali sada se može vidjeti da se tamo dosljedno stvara najviše kiše
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
326
970000
4000
Dakle zbilja možete promjenuti klimu.
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
327
974000
4000
Naravno, u sezoni tropskih vjetrova efekat nestane,
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
328
978000
3000
ali poslije, čim se vjetar stabilizira,
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
329
981000
4000
možete vidjeti da je maksimum padavina ponovo iznad ovog područja.
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
330
985000
5000
Dakle, reći da nema nade nije ispravno,
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
331
990000
2000
jer mi u stvari možemo to promijeniti
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
332
992000
4000
ako objedinimo razne tehnologije.
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
333
996000
4000
I lijepo je imati znanost, ali ipak najviše ovisi o ljudima,
16:58
on your education.
334
1000000
2000
o vašoj edukaciji.
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
335
1002000
2000
Imamo naše škole za poljoprivrednike.
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
336
1004000
2000
Ali pravi uspjeh je naravno, naš bend
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
337
1006000
4000
jer ako se beba rodi, mi ćemo svirati, svi su naša obitelj
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
338
1010000
2000
i ne pravite probleme sa vašom obitelji.
17:10
This is how it looks.
339
1012000
2000
To tako izgleda.
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
340
1014000
2000
Imamo cestu koja ide oko ovog područja,
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
341
1016000
4000
koja donosi ljudima struju i vodu sa našeg područja.
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
342
1020000
2000
Imamo zone sa šećernim palmama,
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
343
1022000
2000
i onda imamo ovu ogradu sa vrlo trnovitim palmama
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
344
1024000
5000
da bi zadržala orangutane -- kojima osiguravamo mjesto da žive u sredini ---
17:27
and the people apart.
345
1029000
2000
i ljude razdvojene.
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
346
1031000
2000
A unutra imamo ovo područje za pošumljavanje
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
347
1033000
3000
kao genetsku banku za održavanje materijala živim,
17:34
because for the last 12 years
348
1036000
2000
jer u posljednjih 12 godina
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
349
1038000
4000
niti jedna sadnica tropskog drveta nije izrasla
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
350
1042000
3000
usljed nestanka klimatskih okidača.
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
351
1045000
2000
Sve sjeme biva pojedeno.
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
352
1047000
2000
Dakle sada pratimo iznutra
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
353
1049000
3000
s tornjeva, sa satelita, pomoću UV senzora.
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
354
1052000
4000
Svaka od obitelji koja je prodala svoju zemlju sada dobiva komad zemlje nazad.
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
355
1056000
4000
I ima dvije fine ograde od tropskih stabala,
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
356
1060000
2000
imate krošnjevito drveće posađeno prve godine
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
357
1062000
2000
ispod kojeg ste posadili šećerne palme
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
358
1065000
2000
i posadili ovu trnovitu ogradu.
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
359
1067000
4000
A nakon nekoliko godina možete srušiti neko od tih krošnjevitih stabala,
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
360
1071000
4000
ljudi će dobiti debla akacija koje smo očuvali s bambusovim korama,
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
361
1075000
3000
i mogu sagraditi dom, mogu imati nešto drveta za potpalu za kuhanje.
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
362
1078000
4000
I mogu početi ubiranjem plodova sa drveća po želji
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
363
1082000
4000
Imaju dovoljno prihoda za tri obitelji.
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
364
1086000
4000
Šta god radili u tom programu, mora biti u potpunosti podržano od strane ljudi,
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
365
1090000
4000
što znači da se morate prilagoditi lokalnim kulturnim vrijednostima
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
366
1094000
4000
Ne postoji jednostavan, jedan recept za svako mjesto.
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
367
1098000
4000
Morate osigurati da sustav bude vrlo teško korumpirati,
18:40
that it's transparent.
368
1102000
2000
da je transparentan.
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
369
1104000
2000
Kao ovdje u Samboja Lestari,
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
370
1106000
3000
podijelili smo krug u grupe od po 20 obitelji.
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
371
1109000
2000
Ako jedan član prekrši dogovor
18:49
and does cut down trees,
372
1111000
2000
i sasječe drveće
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
373
1113000
3000
ostalih 19 članova mora odlučiti šta će biti s njim.
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
374
1116000
2000
Ako grupa ništa ne poduzme,
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
375
1118000
4000
ostale 33 grupe će morati odlučiti šta će se dogoditi toj grupi
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
376
1122000
4000
koja se nije pridržaval dobrih pogodbi koje smo im ponudili.
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
377
1126000
3000
U sjevernom Sulawesiju to je zadruga,
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
378
1129000
2000
tamo imaju demokratsku kulturu
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
379
1131000
5000
stoga tamo možete koristiti lokalno pravosuđe kao zaštitu sustava.
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
380
1136000
3000
Dakle, zaključno, pogledajte: u prvoj godini ljudi mogu prodati svoju zemlju
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
381
1139000
5000
da dobiju prihode, ali dobiju nazad poslove u izgradnji i pošumljavanju,
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
382
1144000
4000
radeći sa orangutanima, mogu koristiti otpadno drvo za rukotvorine.
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
383
1148000
3000
Također dobiju slobodnu zemljište između stabala,
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
384
1151000
2000
gdje mogu posaditi svoje kulture.
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
385
1153000
4000
Dio svoga voća mogu prodati projektu orangutana.
19:35
They get building material for houses,
386
1157000
2000
Dobiju građevinski materijal za kuće,
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
387
1159000
2000
ugovor za prodaju šećera
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
388
1161000
4000
da možemo proizvesti velike količine etanola i energije lokalno.
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
389
1165000
3000
Dobijaju i sve te ostale blagodati u svojem okolišu, novac,
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
390
1168000
2000
dobiju školovanje, to je odličan posao.
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
391
1170000
3000
I sve se temelji na jednome --
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
392
1173000
3000
pobrinuti se da šuma ostane tamo.
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
393
1176000
3000
Dakle ako želimo pomoći orangutanima --
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
394
1179000
3000
što je zapravo i bila naša namjera --
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
395
1182000
4000
moramo se pobrinuti da lokalno stanovništvo ima od toga koristi.
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
396
1186000
4000
Mislim da je pravi ključ za to, da dam jednostavan odgovor,
20:08
is integration.
397
1190000
2000
jest intergracija.
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
398
1192000
4000
Nadam se -- ako želite doznati više, možete čitati više.
20:14
(Applause)
399
1196000
21000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Willie Smits - ConservationistWillie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left.
Why you should listen
Willie Smits works at the complicated intersection of humankind, the animal world and our green planet. In his early work as a forester in Indonesia, he came to a deep understanding of that triple relationship, as he watched the growing population of Sulawesi move into (or burn for fuel) forests that are home to the orangutan. These intelligent animals were being killed for food, traded as pets or simply failing to thrive as their forest home degraded.
Smits believes that to rebuild orangutan populations, we must first rebuild their forest habitat -- which means helping local people find options other than the short-term fix of harvesting forests to survive. His Masarang Foundation raises money and awareness to restore habitat forests around the world -- and to empower local people. In 2007, Masarang opened a palm-sugar factory that uses thermal energy to turn sugar palms (fast-growing trees that thrive in degraded soils) into sugar and even ethanol, returning cash and power to the community and, with luck, starting the cycle toward a better future for people, trees and orangs.
Willie Smits | Speaker | TED.com