ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jim Holt - Writer and philosopher
Why is there something rather than nothing? In his book "Why Does the World Exist?" Jim Holt dares to ask.

Why you should listen

In his 2012 book Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story, Jim Holt creates a narrative out of one of the biggest questions we can ask -- and how modern scientists and philosophers are asking it. Can answers be found in many-worlds theory, in quantum mechanics, in a theology? Traveling around North America and Europe, he talks to physicists, including David Deutsch; philosophers, including Richard Swinburne; and the novelist John Updike. Why? Because as he tells Vanity Fair, "To me it’s the most sublime and awesome question in all of philosophy and all of human inquiry."

A longtime contributor to the New York Times, Slate and the New Yorker, Holt has written on string theory, time, infinity, numbers, humor, logic, truth and bullshit, among other topics. Holt studied mathematics at the University of Virginia, and was a faculty fellow in the philosophy department at Columbia. He is now at work on a book about free will, weakness of will, self-knowledge and happiness.

More profile about the speaker
Jim Holt | Speaker | TED.com
TED2014

Jim Holt: Why does the universe exist?

吉姆•霍尔特: 宇宙为何会存在?

Filmed:
7,775,216 views

为什么有物存在,而不是一切皆空?换句话说:为什么宇宙会存在(我们为何会在宇宙中)?哲学家及作家吉姆•霍尔特针对这个问题,为我们带来了三种,抑或是四种解答。或者,根本没有答案。
- Writer and philosopher
Why is there something rather than nothing? In his book "Why Does the World Exist?" Jim Holt dares to ask. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Why does the universe宇宙 exist存在?
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宇宙为何会存在?
00:15
Why is there — Okay. Okay. (Laughter笑声)
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为什么有宇宙?——好吧,好吧。(笑声)
00:18
This is a cosmic宇宙的 mystery神秘. Be solemn庄严.
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这是个宇宙的谜题,所以请严肃些。
00:21
Why is there a world世界, why are we in it,
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为何会存在世界,为何我们会在这个世界里,
00:25
and why is there something rather than nothing at all?
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为什么有物存在,而不是一切皆空?
00:27
I mean, this is the super ultimate最终 "why" question?
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要我说,这是最终极的“为何”。
00:31
So I'm going to talk about the mystery神秘 of existence存在,
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我会谈一谈“存在”的奥秘
00:34
the puzzle难题 of existence存在,
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和“存在”的困惑所在,
00:35
where we are now in addressing解决 it,
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我们在这个问题上进展到什么程度,
00:38
and why you should care关心,
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以及你们为何要在乎这些,
00:40
and I hope希望 you do care关心.
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我希望你们确实是在乎的。
00:42
The philosopher哲学家 Arthur亚瑟 Schopenhauer叔本华 said that
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哲学家阿瑟•叔本华曾说,
00:45
those who don't wonder奇迹 about
the contingency偶然性 of their existence存在,
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那些不关心自身存在的偶然性、
00:49
of the contingency偶然性 of the world's世界 existence存在,
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以及这个世界存在的偶然性的人,
00:52
are mentally精神上 deficient匮乏.
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是心智不健全的。
00:53
That's a little harsh苛刻, but still. (Laughter笑声)
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听起来有些刺耳,但这是事实。(笑声)
00:57
So this has been called the most sublime升华
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因此,这个谜题被称为是最崇高、
00:59
and awesome真棒 mystery神秘,
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最令人敬畏、
01:01
the deepest最深 and most far-reaching深远 question
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最深刻的,也是人们可以提出的最深远
01:04
man can pose提出.
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的问题。
01:05
It's obsessed痴迷 great thinkers思想家.
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它吸引了很多伟大的思想家。
01:07
Ludwig路德维希 Wittgenstein维特根斯坦, perhaps也许 the greatest最大
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路德维希•维特根斯坦,也许是
01:08
philosopher哲学家 of the 20th century世纪,
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二十世纪最伟大的哲学家,
01:11
was astonished惊讶 that there should be a world世界 at all.
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震惊于“世界竟然会存在”这个最基本的问题。
01:13
He wrote in his "Tractatus维特根斯坦," Proposition主张 4.66,
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他在《逻辑哲学论》第4章66节中写到:
01:17
"It is not how things are in the world世界
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“神秘的不是世界上
01:20
that is the mystical神秘,
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物质的存在,
01:21
it's that the world世界 exists存在."
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而是这个世界本身。”
01:24
And if you don't like taking服用 your epigrams警句
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如果你不喜欢听哲学家的言论,
01:26
from a philosopher哲学家, try a scientist科学家.
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那我举一个科学家的例子吧。
01:29
John约翰 Archibald阿奇博尔德 Wheeler车夫, one of the great physicists物理学家
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约翰•阿奇博尔德•惠勒,二十世纪
01:31
of the 20th century世纪,
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最杰出的物理学家之一,
01:33
the teacher老师 of Richard理查德 Feynman费曼,
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也是理查德•费曼的老师,
01:34
the coinercoiner of the term术语 "black黑色 hole,"
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“黑洞”一词的创作者,
01:37
he said, "I want to know
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他说:“我想知道
01:40
how come the quantum量子,
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量子从何而来,
01:41
how come the universe宇宙, how come existence存在?"
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宇宙从何而来,一切的存在从何而来?”
01:44
And my friend朋友 Martin马丁 Amis阿美族
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我的朋友马丁•艾米斯——
01:46
sorry that I'll be doing a lot of
name-dropping擅用他人名义 in this talk,
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请原谅我会一直列举很多人名,
01:49
so get used to it —
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所以,尽快习惯吧——
01:50
my dear friend朋友 Martin马丁 Amis阿美族 once一旦 said
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我的好朋友马丁•艾米斯曾说,
01:55
that we're about five Einsteins爱因斯坦 away from answering回答
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要回答宇宙从何而来这个问题,
01:59
the mystery神秘 of where the universe宇宙 came来了 from.
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我们还需要五个爱因斯坦的智慧。
02:01
And I've no doubt怀疑 there are five Einsteins爱因斯坦
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我确信今晚这儿的观众里
02:03
in the audience听众 tonight今晚.
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有五位爱因斯坦,
02:05
Any Einsteins爱因斯坦? Show显示 of hands? No? No? No?
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有吗?是的请举手?没有?没有?没有?
02:06
No Einsteins爱因斯坦? Okay.
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没有爱因斯坦?好吧。
02:08
So this question, why is there
something rather than nothing,
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所以,为何有物存在,而不是一切皆空,
02:12
this sublime升华 question, was posed构成 rather late晚了
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这个崇高的问题,在人类思想史相对
02:14
in intellectual知识分子 history历史.
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后期才被提出来,
02:16
It was towards the end结束 of the 17th century世纪,
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是在十七世纪末,
02:19
the philosopher哲学家 Leibniz莱布尼茨 who asked it,
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由哲学家莱布尼兹提出,
02:21
a very smart聪明 guy, Leibniz莱布尼茨,
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莱布尼兹是个聪明绝顶的家伙,
02:23
who invented发明 the calculus结石
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跟艾萨克•牛顿
02:25
independently独立地 of Isaac艾萨克 Newton牛顿,
at about the same相同 time,
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几乎在同一时期独立地创造微积分。
02:28
but for Leibniz莱布尼茨, who asked why is
there something rather than nothing,
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但对于莱布尼兹,
“为何有物存在,而不是一切皆空”的问题,
02:31
this was not a great mystery神秘.
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他不感觉有多神秘。
02:33
He either was or pretended假装的 to be
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在形而上的外衣下,他要么真的是,
02:35
an Orthodox正统 Christian基督教 in his metaphysical抽象的 outlook外表,
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要么假装是正统的基督教徒,
02:38
and he said it's obvious明显 why the world世界 exists存在:
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声称世界存在的理由再明显不过:
02:41
because God created创建 it.
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造物主创造了世界。
02:44
And God created创建, indeed确实, out of nothing at all.
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没错,造物主从无到有地创造了世界。
02:47
That's how powerful强大 God is.
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造物主就是这么强大。
02:48
He doesn't need any preexisting预先存在的
materials物料 to fashion时尚 a world世界 out of.
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它不需要任何基础,凭空就能创造世界。
02:52
He can make it out of sheer绝对 nothingness虚无,
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它能从无到有地开天辟地,
02:54
creation创建 ex nihilo无中生有.
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所谓“创世论”。
02:56
And by the way, this is what
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顺便说一下,
02:57
most Americans美国人 today今天 believe.
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这正是今天大部分美国人相信的。
03:00
There is no mystery神秘 of existence存在 for them.
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对于他们而言,“存在”没有奥妙可言。
03:01
God made制作 it.
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造物主造出来的。
03:03
So let's put this in an equation方程.
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我们把它表达成等式,
03:05
I don't have any slides幻灯片 so
I'm going to mime哑剧 my visuals视觉效果,
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我没有任何演示文稿,
所以我会模拟地演示一下。
03:08
so use your imaginations想象.
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开动你们的想象力。
03:09
So it's God + nothing = the world世界.
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造物主+空=世界
03:15
Okay? Now that's the equation方程.
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没问题吧?这就是刚才提到的等式。
03:19
And so maybe you don't believe in God.
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也许你不信造物主,
03:20
Maybe you're a scientific科学 atheist无神论者
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也许你是个信奉科学的无神论者,
03:22
or an unscientific不科学 atheist无神论者,
and you don't believe in God,
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或是个不信奉科学的无神论者,
你就不信造物主,
03:26
and you're not happy快乐 with it.
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你就不能接受那个等式了。
03:27
By the way, even if we have this equation方程,
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顺便提一下,即便等式成立,
03:30
God + nothing = the world世界,
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造物主+空=世界,
03:32
there's already已经 a problem问题:
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这本身就有问题:
03:33
Why does God exist存在?
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为何造物主会存在?
03:36
God doesn't exist存在 by logic逻辑 alone单独
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造物主不能只存在于逻辑中,
03:38
unless除非 you believe the ontological本体论 argument论据,
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除非你相信本体论。
03:40
and I hope希望 you don't, because
it's not a good argument论据.
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我希望你不要信,
因为本体论不是很严谨。
03:43
So it's conceivable可以想象, if God were to exist存在,
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设想一下,如果造物主存在,
03:46
he might威力 wonder奇迹, I'm eternal永恒, I'm all-powerful万能,
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它会想,我是永恒的,我是无所不能的,
03:49
but where did I come from?
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但我从何而来呢?
03:51
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:54
Whence何处 then am I?
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吾源自何处?
03:55
God speaks说话 in a more formal正式 English英语.
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如果造物主说更正式些的英语。
03:58
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:00
And so one theory理论 is that God was so bored无聊 with
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有种理论说造物主考虑自身存在的问题,
04:03
pondering琢磨 the puzzle难题 of His own拥有 existence存在
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考虑地实在太无聊了,
04:05
that He created创建 the world世界 just to distract转移 himself他自己.
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就创造了世界来分散注意力。
04:08
But anyway无论如何, let's forget忘记 about God.
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无论如何,我们先不谈造物主。
04:10
Take God out of the equation方程: We have
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把造物主从这个等式中拿走,就是
04:11
________ + nothing = the world世界.
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________ + 空=世界
04:14
Now, if you're a Buddhist佛教徒,
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如果你是个佛教徒,
04:16
you might威力 want to stop right there,
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你会觉得等式已经成立了,
04:18
because essentially实质上 what you've got is
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因为等式是:
04:20
nothing = the world世界,
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空=世界,
04:22
and by symmetry对称 of identity身分, that means手段
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等式左右互换,
04:23
the world世界 = nothing. Okay?
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世界=空。对吧?
04:25
And to a Buddhist佛教徒, the world世界
is just a whole整个 lot of nothing.
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对于佛教徒而言,
空即是色,色即是空。
04:28
It's just a big cosmic宇宙的 vacuity真空.
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万物皆空。
04:31
And we think there's a lot of something out there
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如果我们觉得世间有物,
04:33
but that's because we're enslaved奴役 by our desires欲望.
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那是我们被欲望困住了,
04:36
If we let our desires欲望 melt熔化 away,
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放空欲望,
04:39
we'll see the world世界 for what it truly is,
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我们就会看到世界的本真,
04:42
a vacuity真空, nothingness虚无,
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空无一物,
04:44
and we'll slip into this happy快乐 state of nirvana
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这样我们就能到达涅磐的境界,
04:46
which哪一个 has been defined定义 as having
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涅磐的意思是
04:48
just enough足够 life to enjoy请享用 being存在 dead. (Laughter笑声)
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看透生死,通往极乐。(笑)
04:51
So that's the Buddhist佛教徒 thinking思维.
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以上就是佛教的思想。
04:53
But I'm a Westerner西方人, and I'm still concerned关心
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我是西方人,所以我仍然关心
04:56
with the puzzle难题 of existence存在, so I've got
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“存在”的谜题,所以
04:58
________ + —
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________ + —
05:00
this is going to get serious严重 in a minute分钟, so —
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接下来我们要严肃一些了,
05:02
________ + nothing = the world世界.
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________ + 空= 世界
05:05
What are we going to put in that blank空白?
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空白处该填些什么呢?
05:06
Well, how about science科学?
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“科学”怎么样?
05:08
Science科学 is our best最好 guide指南 to the nature性质 of reality现实,
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科学最适合用来解读现实的本质,
05:12
and the most fundamental基本的 science科学 is physics物理.
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最基础的科学是物理学。
05:15
That tells告诉 us what naked reality现实 really is,
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物理学会告诉我们事实到底是什么,
05:18
that reveals揭示 what I call TAUFOTUTAUFOTU,
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即我所谓的“TAUFOTU”
05:20
the True真正 And Ultimate最终 Furniture家具 Of The Universe宇宙.
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“宇宙的真实而根本的解释”。
05:23
So maybe physics物理 can fill this blank空白,
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所以,物理学或许能填入上述等式的空白,
05:26
and indeed确实, since以来 about the late晚了 1960s or around 1970,
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事实上,自从上世纪六十年代末七十年代初,
05:31
physicists物理学家 have purported声称 to give
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物理学家们声称,
05:35
a purely纯粹 scientific科学 explanation说明 of how
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已能够用纯科学的理论
05:38
a universe宇宙 like ours我们的 could have popped膨化 into existence存在
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来解释像我们这样的宇宙的起源,
05:41
out of sheer绝对 nothingness虚无,
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如何从无到有地产生,
05:43
a quantum量子 fluctuation波动 out of the void空虚.
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即量子波动,源于空。
05:46
Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金 is one of these physicists物理学家,
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斯蒂芬•霍金就是这些物理学家之一,
05:48
more recently最近 Alex亚历克斯 Vilenkin维兰金,
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还有最近的亚历克斯•维兰金,
05:50
and the whole整个 thing has been popularized推广
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这整套理论由劳伦斯•克劳斯发扬广大,
05:52
by another另一个 very fine physicist物理学家 and friend朋友 of mine,
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他是另一位很有名的物理学家,也是我的朋友,
05:54
Lawrence劳伦斯 Krauss克劳斯, who wrote a book called
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他写过一本书,叫
05:57
"A Universe宇宙 from Nothing,"
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《无中生有的宇宙》
05:59
and Lawrence劳伦斯 thinks that he's given特定
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劳伦斯认为——
06:01
he's a militant激进 atheist无神论者, by the way,
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他自己是激进的无神论者,顺便说一下,
06:03
so he's gotten得到 God out of the picture图片.
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因而他不将造物主列入考虑范围。
06:05
The laws法律 of quantum量子 field领域 theory理论,
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量子场论,
06:07
the state-of-the-art最先进的 physics物理, can show显示 how
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这个最顶尖的物理学理论,
06:09
out of sheer绝对 nothingness虚无,
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可以揭示在空无一物、
06:10
no space空间, no time, no matter, nothing,
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没有空间、时间、物质,什么都没有的情况下,
06:12
a little nugget金块 of false vacuum真空
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微小的假真空是如何
06:16
can fluctuate波动 into existence存在,
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波动形成物质,
06:18
and then, by the miracle奇迹 of inflation通货膨胀,
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然后,通过宇宙大爆炸,
06:20
blow打击 up into this huge巨大 and variegated cosmos宇宙
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不断膨胀,成为我们看到的巨大而斑斓的
06:23
we see around us.
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宇宙。
06:25
Okay, this is a really ingenious巧妙 scenario脚本.
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这真是一个天才的理论,
06:28
It's very speculative投机. It's fascinating迷人.
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让人眼前一亮,心驰神往。
06:31
But I've got a big problem问题 with it,
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但我对其有个巨大的疑问,
06:33
and the problem问题 is this:
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问题是这样的:
06:35
It's a pseudo-religious伪宗教 point of view视图.
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这是一个伪宗教主义的看法。
06:37
Now, Lawrence劳伦斯 thinks he's an atheist无神论者,
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劳伦斯认为他是个无神论者,
06:39
but he's still in thrall崇信 to a religious宗教 worldview世界观.
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但他还是被宗教主义的观点束缚着。
06:41
He sees看到 physical物理 laws法律 as being存在 like divine神圣 commands命令.
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他将物理定律看作神的旨意。
06:46
The laws法律 of quantum量子 field领域 theory理论 for him
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量子场论对他而言就如同
06:48
are like fiat菲亚特 lux勒克司, "Let there be light."
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圣经里那句“要有光”。
06:51
The laws法律 have some sort分类 of ontological本体论 power功率 or clout影响力
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量子场论具有某种本体论的性质,
06:55
that they can form形成 the abyss深渊,
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它揭示物质可以
06:57
that it's pregnant with being存在.
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从无到有地产生。
06:59
They can call a world世界 into existence存在 out of nothing.
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这些理论可以说世界从无到有,
07:02
But that's a very primitive原始 view视图 of what
167
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但这和对物理定律的
07:04
a physical物理 law is, right?
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最基本的认识是矛盾的,不是吗?
07:06
We know that physical物理 laws法律 are actually其实
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我们知道,物理定律事实上
07:09
generalized一般性 descriptions说明 of patterns模式 and regularities规律
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是对世界上物体形态与规则
07:12
in the world世界.
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的基本描述,
07:13
They don't exist存在 outside the world世界.
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物理定律在世界之外不存在。
07:15
They don't have any ontic本体的 cloud of their own拥有.
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它们没有本体性质。
07:17
They can't call a world世界 into existence存在
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它们不能让世界
07:19
out of nothingness虚无.
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从无到有地产生。
07:21
That's a very primitive原始 view视图
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这是对科学法则的
07:22
of what a scientific科学 law is.
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最基础的认识。
07:24
And if you don't believe me on this,
178
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如果你不相信,
07:26
listen to Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金,
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1802
听听斯蒂芬•霍金怎么说的吧,
07:28
who himself他自己 put forward前锋 a model模型 of the cosmos宇宙
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霍金自己创造了一个能自圆其说的
07:32
that was self-contained自足,
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宇宙模型,
07:33
didn't require要求 any outside cause原因, any creator创造者,
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它不需要任何外界的因素。
07:37
and after proposing建议 this,
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在公布这个模型后,
07:39
Hawking霍金 admitted承认 that he was still puzzled困惑.
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霍金承认他自己仍然很困惑。
07:41
He said, this model模型 is just equations方程.
185
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3312
他说,这个模型只是些等式。
07:44
What breathes吐气 fire into the equations方程
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是什么激活了这个等式,
07:47
and creates创建 a world世界 for them to describe描述?
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创造了这个由等式描述的世界?
07:50
He was puzzled困惑 by this,
188
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对此他很困惑,
07:51
so equations方程 themselves他们自己 can't do the magic魔法,
189
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3805
等式自身不能产生这样的魔力,
07:55
can't resolve解决 the puzzle难题 of existence存在.
190
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2138
不能解决“存在”的谜题。
07:57
And besides除了, even if the laws法律 could do that,
191
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另外,即便物理学定律能解释,
08:00
why this set of laws法律?
192
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1823
为什么是这一套定律?
08:02
Why quantum量子 field领域 theory理论 that describes介绍
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为什么是以一定数量的
08:05
a universe宇宙 with a certain某些 number of forces军队
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力和粒子等等来描绘宇宙的
08:06
and particles粒子 and so forth向前?
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量子场理论?
08:07
Why not a completely全然 different不同 set of laws法律?
196
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为什么不是一套完全不同的定律?
08:10
There are many许多, many许多 mathematically数学
consistent一贯 sets of laws法律.
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3288
这些定律包含那么多完整的数学公式,
08:13
Why not no laws法律 at all? Why not sheer绝对 nothingness虚无?
198
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3439
为什么不能根本没有定律?为什么不是空无一物?
08:16
So this is a problem问题, believe it or not,
199
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1732
这个问题,信不信,
08:18
that reflective反光 physicists物理学家 really think a lot about,
200
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2998
让很多物理学家冥思苦想,
08:21
and at this point they tend趋向 to go metaphysical抽象的,
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3108
现在他们倾向于形而上的思想,
08:24
say, well, maybe the set of laws法律
202
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2215
那么,也许是这一套定律
08:26
that describes介绍 our universe宇宙,
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1247
解释了宇宙,
08:28
it's just one set of laws法律
204
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1735
但它只是众多套定律之一,
08:29
and it describes介绍 one part部分 of reality现实,
205
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2036
它只解释了部分现实,
08:31
but maybe every一切 consistent一贯 set of laws法律
206
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2796
但也许每一套完整的定律
08:34
describes介绍 another另一个 part部分 of reality现实,
207
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1786
都可以解释另一部分现实。
08:36
and in fact事实 all possible可能 physical物理 worlds世界
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事实上所有可能的现实世界
08:40
really exist存在, they're all out there.
209
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2451
都存在,它们都在那。
08:42
We just see a little tiny part部分 of reality现实
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2283
我们只是看到了非常小的一部分现实,
08:45
that's described描述 by the laws法律 of quantum量子 field领域 theory理论,
211
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2543
这部分现实是由量子场理论描述的。
08:47
but there are many许多, many许多 other worlds世界,
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1732
但有很多很多其他的世界
08:49
parts部分 of reality现实 that are described描述
213
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和其他部分的现实,是由
08:51
by vastly大大 different不同 theories理论
214
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1957
无数的不同的理论描述的,
08:53
that are different不同 from ours我们的 in ways方法 we can't imagine想像,
215
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3016
这些理论跟我们的世界里的理论不同,
08:56
that are inconceivably不可思议 exotic异国情调.
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无法想象,无法理解。
08:59
Steven史蒂芬 Weinberg温伯格, the father父亲
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1737
史蒂文•温伯格,
09:01
of the standard标准 model模型 of particle粒子 physics物理,
218
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2441
粒子物理学的标准模型提出者,
09:04
has actually其实 flirted调情 with this idea理念 himself他自己,
219
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2826
以自娱自乐的态度看待这个问题,
09:07
that all possible可能 realities现实 actually其实 exist存在.
220
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他说所有可能的现实都存在。
09:11
Also, a younger更年轻 physicist物理学家, Max马克斯 TegmarkTegmark,
221
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3089
另外,一个更年轻的物理学家,马克斯•泰格马克,
09:14
who believes相信 that all mathematical数学的 structures结构 exist存在,
222
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4376
相信所有的数学理论架构都存在,
09:18
and mathematical数学的 existence存在 is the same相同 thing
223
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2137
数学的存在跟物理的存在
09:20
as physical物理 existence存在,
224
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1767
是一回事,
09:22
so we have this vastly大大 rich丰富 multiverse多重宇宙
225
550612
2318
因此,那么多多元宇宙的存在
09:24
that encompasses包括 every一切 logical合乎逻辑 possibility可能性.
226
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3441
包含了所有逻辑可能性。
09:28
Now, in taking服用 this metaphysical抽象的 way out,
227
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3510
现在,暂不考虑形而上的哲学,
09:31
these physicists物理学家 and also philosophers哲学家 are actually其实
228
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2272
有些物理学家和哲学家
09:34
reaching到达 back to a very old idea理念
229
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2522
的思想在靠近古老的
09:36
that goes back to Plato柏拉图.
230
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1457
柏拉图的思想,
09:38
It's the principle原理 of plenitude丰富 or fecundity肥沃,
231
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3198
这就是“丰饶原则”,
09:41
or the great chain of being存在,
232
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1913
或称“存在之链”,
09:43
that reality现实 is actually其实 as full充分 as possible可能.
233
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3867
即有“无限可能”的现实。
09:47
It's as far removed去除 from nothingness虚无
234
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1701
这是“空无一物”的
09:48
as it could possibly或者 be.
235
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2895
绝对对立面。
09:51
So we have these two extremes极端 now.
236
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2494
现在就有两个极端了。
09:54
We have sheer绝对 nothingness虚无 on one side,
237
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3299
一边是绝对的“空”;
09:57
and we have this vision视力 of a reality现实
238
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2498
而另一个极端认为世界的实相
09:59
that encompasses包括 every一切 conceivable可以想象 world世界
239
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3183
包含每一种可能的世界:
10:03
at the other extreme极端: the fullest最大 possible可能 reality现实,
240
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2729
“无限可能”的现实,
10:05
nothingness虚无, the simplest简单 possible可能 reality现实.
241
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2893
对应“空无一物”,“最简可能”的现实。
10:08
Now what's in between之间 these two extremes极端?
242
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2879
那这两个极端之间是什么呢?
10:11
There are all kinds of intermediate中间 realities现实
243
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2027
这之间有无数现实,
10:13
that include包括 some things and leave离开 out others其他.
244
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2947
它们包含某些可能,又不完全。
10:16
So one of these intermediate中间 realities现实
245
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1596
这之间的现实中,有一个
10:18
is, say, the most mathematically数学 elegant优雅 reality现实,
246
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5695
从数学的角度来看是最优雅的,
10:23
that leaves树叶 out the inelegant不雅 bits,
247
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1675
不含不和谐的曲调、
10:25
the ugly丑陋 asymmetries不对称 and so forth向前.
248
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2646
不完美的对称等。
10:28
Now, there are some physicists物理学家 who will tell you
249
616267
2326
有些物理学家会告诉你,
10:30
that we're actually其实 living活的 in the most elegant优雅 reality现实.
250
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3634
事实上我们正生活在最优雅的这个现实中。
10:34
I think that Brian布赖恩 Greene格林 is in the audience听众,
251
622227
2947
我想布赖恩•格林就在观众席里,
10:37
and he has written书面 a book
called "The Elegant优雅 Universe宇宙."
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3613
他写的书叫《宇宙的琴弦》,
10:40
He claims索赔 that the universe宇宙 we live生活 in mathematically数学
253
628787
2271
他说我们的宇宙在数学的角度上是
10:43
is very elegant优雅.
254
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1709
非常优雅的。
10:44
Don't believe him. (Laughter笑声)
255
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1683
不要信他。(笑声)
10:46
It's a pious hope希望, I wish希望 it were true真正,
256
634450
3087
这是个不切实际的希望,我倒希望他说的是真的,
10:49
but I think the other day he admitted承认 to me
257
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1913
我想,那天他向我承认过,
10:51
it's really an ugly丑陋 universe宇宙.
258
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3064
这个宇宙实际上是丑陋的,
10:54
It's stupidly愣神 constructed,
259
642514
1376
有着拙劣的架构,
10:55
it's got way too many许多 arbitrary随意 coupling耦合 constants常量
260
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3254
有太多随意的耦合常数、
10:59
and mass ratios
261
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1666
质量比,
11:00
and superfluous多余 families家庭 of elementary初级 particles粒子,
262
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2778
以及多余的基本粒子族,
11:03
and what the hell地狱 is dark黑暗 energy能源?
263
651588
2148
还有见鬼的暗能量到底是什么?
11:05
It's a stick and bubble泡沫 gum contraption玩意儿.
264
653736
3399
这个宇宙是个“泡泡糖装置”,
11:09
It's not an elegant优雅 universe宇宙. (Laughter笑声)
265
657135
4003
不是一个优雅的宇宙。(笑声)
11:13
And then there's the best最好 of all possible可能 worlds世界
266
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2743
从伦理学层面看,所有可能存在的世界中,
11:15
in an ethical合乎道德的 sense.
267
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1590
存在最完美的。
11:17
You should get solemn庄严 now,
268
665471
1179
你们要严肃一些了,
11:18
because a world世界 in which哪一个 sentient有情 beings众生
269
666650
3195
在那个世界里,众生不会
11:21
don't suffer遭受 needlessly不必要,
270
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1620
无缘由地受苦受难,
11:23
in which哪一个 there aren't things like
271
671465
1869
没有像
11:25
childhood童年 cancer癌症 or the Holocaust大屠杀.
272
673334
2215
儿童癌症、大屠杀一类的事情。
11:27
This is an ethical合乎道德的 conception概念.
273
675549
1251
这是在伦理学层面上看。
11:28
Anyway无论如何, so between之间 nothingness虚无
274
676800
2065
总之,在“空无一物”与
11:30
and the fullest最大 possible可能 reality现实,
275
678865
1633
“无限可能”的现实之间,
11:32
various各个 special特别 realities现实.
276
680498
1545
存在不同的、特殊的现实。
11:34
Nothingness虚无 is special特别. It's the simplest简单.
277
682043
2280
“空无一物”是特殊的,是最简单的。
11:36
Then there's the most elegant优雅 possible可能 reality现实.
278
684323
3510
最优雅的那个现实,
11:39
That's special特别.
279
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1364
同样是特殊的。
11:41
The fullest最大 possible可能 reality现实, that's special特别.
280
689197
2652
“无限可能”的现实,也是特殊的。
11:43
But what are we leaving离开 out here?
281
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1516
还有什么呢?
11:45
There's also just the crummy照出,
282
693365
2736
也有一些微不足道的、
11:48
generic通用 realities现实
283
696101
1755
一般的现实,
11:49
that aren't special特别 in any way,
284
697856
2621
没有任何特殊之处,
11:52
that are sort分类 of random随机.
285
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1552
只是一些随机的组合。
11:54
They're infinitely无限地 removed去除 from nothingness虚无,
286
702029
2727
它们绝非“空无一物”,
11:56
but they fall秋季 infinitely无限地 short of complete完成 fullness充满.
287
704756
3926
但也远远不是“无限可能”,
12:00
They're a mixture混合物 of chaos混沌 and order订购,
288
708682
2520
它们是混沌和秩序的结合,
12:03
of mathematical数学的 elegance优雅 and ugliness丑陋.
289
711202
4198
数学角度来看,是优雅和丑陋的结合。
12:07
So I would describe描述 these realities现实
290
715400
1785
因此我会将它们描述为
12:09
as an infinite无穷, mediocre平庸, incomplete残缺 mess食堂,
291
717185
4127
无限而平凡的、不完整的混沌,
12:13
a generic通用 reality现实, a kind of cosmic宇宙的 junk破烂 shot射击.
292
721312
3380
一种一般的现实,一种“废物”宇宙。
12:16
And these realities现实,
293
724692
2184
这些现实,
12:18
is there a deity in any of these realities现实?
294
726876
2266
这所有的现实中,哪一个有神的概念?
12:21
Maybe, but the deity isn't perfect完善
295
729142
2411
也许有,但这个神不像
12:23
like the Judeo-Christian犹太教和基督教 deity.
296
731553
2336
犹太和基督教的神那么完美。
12:25
The deity isn't all-good都好 and all-powerful万能.
297
733889
3307
这个神不善良,不无所不能。
12:29
It might威力 be instead代替 100 percent百分 malevolent坏心肠的
298
737196
3331
它或许彻头彻尾地邪恶,
12:32
but only 80 percent百分 effective有效,
299
740527
2103
但最多发挥80%的能力,
12:34
which哪一个 pretty漂亮 much describes介绍 the world世界
we see around us, I think. (Laughter笑声)
300
742630
6137
我想这就描绘了我们眼前的世界。(笑声)
12:40
So I would like to propose提出 that the resolution解析度
301
748767
2732
因此,我想提出这样一个看法,
12:43
to the mystery神秘 of existence存在
302
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1836
“存在”谜题的答案是:
12:45
is that the reality现实 we exist存在 in
303
753335
4090
我们所在的这个世界
12:49
is one of these generic通用 realities现实.
304
757425
2056
是这些一般的现实之一。
12:51
Reality现实 has to turn out some way.
305
759481
2655
现实总会以某种方式显现,
12:54
It can either turn out to be nothing
306
762136
2070
或是“空无一物”,
12:56
or everything or something in between之间.
307
764206
3681
或是“无限可能”,或是介于两者之间。
12:59
So if it has some special特别 feature特征,
308
767887
3691
所以,如果它有某种特质,
13:03
like being存在 really elegant优雅 or really full充分
309
771578
2190
像完美无缺、“无限可能”,
13:05
or really simple简单, like nothingness虚无,
310
773768
1608
或绝对的简单、“空无一物”,
13:07
that would require要求 an explanation说明.
311
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就需要一个解释。
13:09
But if it's just one of these random随机, generic通用 realities现实,
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但如果它只是随机的、一般的现实之一,
13:12
there's no further进一步 explanation说明 for it.
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就不需要任何的解释了。
13:14
And indeed确实, I would say
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说实在的,我认为
13:15
that's the reality现实 we live生活 in.
315
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1980
这正是我们眼前的世界,
13:17
That's what science科学 is telling告诉 us.
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这正是科学所解释的世界。
13:20
At the beginning开始 of the week,
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这周初,
13:21
we got the exciting扣人心弦 information信息 that
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789438
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我们获悉了一则令人激动的消息,
13:24
the theory理论 of inflation通货膨胀, which哪一个 predicts预测 a big,
319
792554
3139
宇宙膨胀理论,这个理论设想了广袤的、
13:27
infinite无穷, messy, arbitrary随意, pointless无意义 reality现实,
320
795693
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无限的、混沌的、任意的、空洞的现实,
13:31
it's like a big frothing发泡 champagne香槟酒
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3825
它假想宇宙像充满泡沫的香槟
13:35
coming未来 out of a bottle瓶子 endlessly不休,
322
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2684
永不停歇地从瓶口汹涌而出,
13:38
a vast广大 universe宇宙, mostly大多 a wasteland荒地
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806172
2092
广袤无垠,如荒地般,
13:40
with little pockets口袋 of charm魅力 and order订购 and peace和平,
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不那么优雅,缺少秩序和宁静。
13:44
this has been confirmed确认,
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这个宇宙膨胀理论,
13:46
this inflationary通胀 scenario脚本, by the observations意见
326
814895
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通过位于南极洲的电波望远镜
13:49
made制作 by radio无线电 telescopes望远镜 in Antarctica南极洲
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的观测结果被证实,
13:51
that looked看着 at the signature签名 of the gravitational引力 waves波浪
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这个电波望远镜观测了宇宙大爆炸前的
13:54
from just before the Big Bang.
329
822713
1924
引力波的痕迹。
13:56
I'm sure you all know about this.
330
824637
1845
我相信你们都知道这个消息了。
13:58
So anyway无论如何, I think there's some evidence证据
331
826482
2824
总之我想,已有证据证明,
14:01
that this really is the reality现实 that we're stuck卡住 with.
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这个现实正是我们所生活的世界。
14:04
Now, why should you care关心?
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832793
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那么,你为什么要在乎?
14:07
Well — (Laughter笑声) —
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835900
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好吧 —(笑声)—
14:09
the question, "Why does the world世界 exist存在?"
335
837136
3424
“世界为何会存在”这个问题,
14:12
that's the cosmic宇宙的 question, it sort分类 of rhymes童谣
336
840560
1679
是个宇宙层面的问题,它微妙地联系着
14:14
with a more intimate亲密 question:
337
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1454
一个更私人的问题:
14:15
Why do I exist存在? Why do you exist存在?
338
843693
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我为何会存在?你为何会存在?
14:18
you know, our existence存在 would
seem似乎 to be amazingly令人惊讶 improbable难以置信,
339
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你懂的,我们看起来
都是以极低的概率来到这个世界,
14:22
because there's an enormous巨大 number
of genetically基因 possible可能 humans人类,
340
850376
4319
因为基因组合可形成的人有无数多种,
14:26
if you can compute计算 it by looking at
341
854695
1404
如果你以基因的数量
14:28
the number of the genes基因 and the
number of alleles等位基因 and so forth向前,
342
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2342
和等位基因的数量来计算,
14:30
and a back-of-the-envelope回最信封 calculation计算 will tell you
343
858441
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很快就可以算出,
14:32
there are about 10 to the 10,000th
344
860737
2155
大概有10的10000次方
14:34
possible可能 humans人类, genetically基因.
345
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个可能的人。
14:36
That's between之间 a googol天文数字 and a googolplex古戈尔普勒克斯.
346
864552
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介于googol与googolplex之间。
(译者注:这两个数分别是10的100次方,和10的googol次方)
14:40
And the number of the actual实际
humans人类 that have existed存在
347
868020
1616
而来到过这个地球上的人,
14:41
is 100 billion十亿, maybe 50 billion十亿,
348
869636
2494
实际上有1000亿,或是500亿,
14:44
an infinitesimal无限 fraction分数, so all of us,
349
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是个无穷小的比例,所以,我们
14:46
we've我们已经 won韩元 this amazing惊人 cosmic宇宙的 lottery抽奖.
350
874195
1930
所有的人都赢得了这个神奇的“彩票”,
14:48
We're here. Okay.
351
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2119
来到了这个世界。
14:50
So what kind of reality现实 do we want to live生活 in?
352
878244
2921
那么,我们想生活在哪一种现实中呢?
14:53
Do we want to live生活 in a special特别 reality现实?
353
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2250
我们想不想生活在一种特殊的现实中?
14:55
What if we were living活的 in the
most elegant优雅 possible可能 reality现实?
354
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4229
如果我们生活在最优雅的现实中怎么样?
14:59
Imagine想像 the existential存在 pressure压力 on us
355
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2509
设想这个假定存在的压力
15:02
to live生活 up to that, to be elegant优雅,
356
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1839
施加在我们身上,要优雅,
15:03
not to pull down the tone of it.
357
891992
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不要做不优雅的事情。
15:05
Or, what if we were living活的
in the fullest最大 possible可能 reality现实?
358
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3081
或者,如果我们生活在有
“无限可能”的现实中呢?
15:08
Well then our existence存在 would be guaranteed保证,
359
896939
2011
那么我们的生存就有保障了,
15:10
because every一切 possible可能 thing
360
898950
1778
因为所有可能的事情
15:12
exists存在 in that reality现实,
361
900728
1366
都存在,
15:14
but our choices选择 would be meaningless无意义的.
362
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2161
但我们的选择就变得没有意义。
15:16
If I really struggle斗争 morally道德 and agonize烦恼
363
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2995
如果我千辛万苦地维持正派,
15:19
and I decide决定 to do the right thing,
364
907250
2080
并下决心做正确的事,
15:21
what difference区别 does it make,
365
909330
1195
但这么做又会有什么不同呢?
15:22
because there are an infinite无穷 number
366
910525
2025
因为有
15:24
of versions版本 of me
367
912550
1014
无数个我,
15:25
also doing the right thing
368
913564
1397
都在做正确的事情,
15:26
and an infinite无穷 number doing the wrong错误 thing.
369
914961
1655
也有无数个我在做错误的事情。
15:28
So my choices选择 are meaningless无意义的.
370
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1840
因此我的选择就没意义了。
15:30
So we don't want to live生活 in that special特别 reality现实.
371
918456
2284
所以,我们并不想生活在那种特殊的现实中。
15:32
And as for the special特别 reality现实 of nothingness虚无,
372
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2587
如果是在“空无一物”的现实中,
15:35
we wouldn't不会 be having this conversation会话.
373
923327
2227
我们不会在这里彼此交流。
15:37
So I think living活的 in a generic通用 reality现实 that's mediocre平庸,
374
925554
6935
所以我想,生活在一个平凡的现实中,
15:44
there are nasty讨厌 bits and nice不错 bits
375
932489
1896
这个现实中优雅和丑陋的事实并存,
15:46
and we could make the nice不错 bits bigger
376
934385
1542
我们能让优雅的事实变多,
15:47
and the nasty讨厌 bits smaller
377
935927
2339
让丑陋的事实变少,
15:50
and that gives us a kind of purpose目的 in life.
378
938266
2891
这会带给我们一种人生的意义。
15:53
The universe宇宙 is absurd荒诞,
379
941157
1406
在这个“荒谬”的宇宙中,
15:54
but we can still construct构造 a purpose目的,
380
942563
1727
我们仍然可以寻找到人生的意义,
15:56
and that's a pretty漂亮 good one,
381
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940
还是个相当好的意义。
15:57
and the overall总体 mediocrity庸人 of reality现实
382
945230
2665
现实的平凡
15:59
kind of resonates共振 nicely很好 with the mediocrity庸人
383
947895
2605
与我们内心深处体会到平凡
16:02
we all feel in the core核心 of our being存在.
384
950500
2312
和谐地“共鸣”,
16:04
And I know you feel it.
385
952812
1634
我知道你们能感受到。
16:06
I know you're all special特别,
386
954446
1104
我知道你们都是独特的,
16:07
but you're still kind of secretly偷偷 mediocre平庸,
387
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2322
但你们终究是某种“不为人知”的平凡,
16:09
don't you think?
388
957872
1389
不是吗?
16:11
(Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
389
959261
1937
(笑声)(掌声)
16:13
So anyway无论如何, you may可能 say, this
puzzle难题, the mystery神秘 of existence存在,
390
961198
4052
总之,或许你会说,
这个谜题,这个“存在”的谜题,
16:17
it's just silly愚蠢 mystery-mongering神秘散播.
391
965250
1418
是个愚蠢的故作玄虚的问题。
16:18
You're not astonished惊讶 at the existence存在 of the universe宇宙
392
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3867
你不因宇宙的存在感到惊讶,
16:22
and you're in good company公司.
393
970535
1635
你觉得“岁月静好”。
16:24
Bertrand贝特朗 Russell罗素 said,
394
972170
2216
伯特兰•罗素说:
16:26
"I should say the universe宇宙 is just there, and that's all."
395
974386
3655
“要我说,宇宙就是那样,没别的了。”
16:30
Just a brute畜生 fact事实.
396
978041
1401
这是个残酷的现实。
16:31
And my professor教授 at Columbia哥伦比亚, Sidney西德尼 Morgenbesser摩根贝沙,
397
979442
2834
我的哥伦比亚大学的教授,西德尼•摩根贝沙,
16:34
a great philosophical哲学上 wag摇摆,
398
982276
1709
一位伟大又幽默的哲学家,
16:35
when I said to him, "Professor教授 Morgenbesser摩根贝沙,
399
983985
1617
我问他:“摩根贝沙教授,
16:37
why is there something rather than nothing?"
400
985602
2496
为什么有物存在,而不是一切皆空?”
16:40
And he said, "Oh, even if there was nothing,
401
988098
2150
他回答说:”哦,即便是一切皆空,
16:42
you still wouldn't不会 be satisfied满意."
402
990248
1996
你还是不会满意。“
16:44
So — (Laughter笑声) — okay.
403
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3749
所以—(笑声)—好吧。
16:47
So you're not astonished惊讶. I don't care关心.
404
995993
2362
所以,如果你不惊讶(于宇宙的存在),
我也不在乎。
16:50
But I will tell you something to conclude得出结论
405
998355
2973
但我即将要做的结论,
16:53
that I guarantee保证 you will astonish震惊 you,
406
1001328
2278
保证会让你惊讶,
16:55
because it's astonished惊讶 all of the brilliant辉煌,
407
1003606
2667
因为它曾让我在TED大会上遇到的
16:58
wonderful精彩 people I've met会见 at this TEDTED conference会议,
408
1006273
2313
所有聪明的、不可思议的人惊讶,
17:00
when I've told them, and it's this:
409
1008586
2214
那就是:
17:02
Never in my life have I had a cell细胞 phone电话.
410
1010800
4502
我这一生中从没用过手机。
17:07
Thank you.
411
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1877
谢谢。
17:09
(Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
412
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4000
(笑声)(掌声)
Translated by Yumeng Guo
Reviewed by Xuying Wu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jim Holt - Writer and philosopher
Why is there something rather than nothing? In his book "Why Does the World Exist?" Jim Holt dares to ask.

Why you should listen

In his 2012 book Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story, Jim Holt creates a narrative out of one of the biggest questions we can ask -- and how modern scientists and philosophers are asking it. Can answers be found in many-worlds theory, in quantum mechanics, in a theology? Traveling around North America and Europe, he talks to physicists, including David Deutsch; philosophers, including Richard Swinburne; and the novelist John Updike. Why? Because as he tells Vanity Fair, "To me it’s the most sublime and awesome question in all of philosophy and all of human inquiry."

A longtime contributor to the New York Times, Slate and the New Yorker, Holt has written on string theory, time, infinity, numbers, humor, logic, truth and bullshit, among other topics. Holt studied mathematics at the University of Virginia, and was a faculty fellow in the philosophy department at Columbia. He is now at work on a book about free will, weakness of will, self-knowledge and happiness.

More profile about the speaker
Jim Holt | Speaker | TED.com

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