Tom Griffiths: 3 ways to make better decisions -- by thinking like a computer
| توم غريفيثس |: 3 أساليب لاتخاذ قرارات أفضل عبر التفكير مثل الحاسوب
Tom Griffiths uses ideas from computer science to understand how human minds work. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
a place to buy or rent,
to find a home here recently,
هنا عن منزل،
about what's out there
of the very best place passing you by.
to switch from looking
التخلي عن مجرد المشاهدة
that it has a simple solution.
that you find the very best place,
على السكن الأنسب لكم،
of what's on the market,
ممّا معروض في السوق،
on the next place you see,
الذي تشاهدونه،
that you've seen so far.
التي زرتموها من قبل.
take 37 percent of that time --
37 بالمائة من تلك المدة،
trying to find a place to live
stopping problem.
studied extensively
من المشكلات
to our dismal failures.
إلى حالات فشلنا المخزي.
the computational structure
في البنية الحسابية
that arise in everyday life,
solutions to those problems
لهذه المشكلات
a little bit of computer science
أكثر سهولة.
as an overly cerebral kid ...
بشكل مبالغ فيه...
that I thought was rational,
التي أظنها عقلانية،
the very best action to take.
that doesn't scale up
the sorts of problems
to break up with my girlfriend
الانفصال عن صديقتي
her preferences as well as my own
خياراتها إلى جانب خياراتي
the wrong approach
what restaurant to go to
كاختيار المطعم الذي سوف نقصده
who to spend the rest of your life with,
الشخص الذي ستمضي معه بقية حياتك،
with computational problems
بمشكلات ذات طابع حاسوبي
by applying sheer effort.
the first people you think to talk to.
من يخطر على بالكم أن تتحدثوا إليهم.
exhaustive and exact --
of human decisions
في قرارات الإنسان
we've got this backwards.
قد فهمنا عكس المقصود.
of difficult problems
المشكلات الصعبة
actually solve those problems
تلك المشكلات
that people really act.
الذي يتَّبعه الناس فعلاً.
what restaurant to go to.
الذي سنرتاده.
a particular computational structure.
one of those options,
exactly the same decision tomorrow.
في اليوم الموالي.
what computer scientists call
to try something new --
to use in the future --
استخدامها مستقبلاً،
that you already know is pretty good --
تعلمون مسبقاً أنه جيد جداً،
that you've already gathered so far.
shows up any time you have to choose
كلما توجب عليكم الاختيار
that you already know is pretty good,
أنه جيد جداً،
who you're going to spend time with.
that technology companies face
مثل اختيار محتوى صفحاتها الإلكترونية.
like decide what ad to show on a web page.
لغاية اكتساب معارف جديدة حوله،
and learn something about it,
في النهاية على زرّ المشاهدة؟
chance you're going to click on?
a lot of progress understanding
بين الاستكتشاف والاستتثمار
some surprising insights.
وجهات نظر مفاجئة
what restaurant to go to,
you're going to be in town.
for a short time,
you already know is good.
for a longer time, explore.
مدة أطول قوموا بالاستكشاف.
التي ستحصلون عليها
because the information you get
your choices in the future.
you're going to have to use it.
of a human life as well.
for being particularly rational.
in their mouths.
في أفواههم كما تعلمون.
what they should be doing.
phase of their lives,
could turn out to be delicious.
to the same restaurant
that he's earned
بين الاستكشاف والاستثمار
the explore/exploit trade-off
ونهوّن على أنفسنا
to sort of relax and go easier on yourself
لأفضل المطاعم كل ليلة.
to the best restaurant every night.
قوموا بالاستكشاف.
than one pretty good dinner.
to make it easier on us
تسهيل الأمورعلينا
مثلا وفي المكتب.
to tidy up your wardrobe,
agonizing decision:
you're going to keep
قد فكرت مليًّا في هذا الأمر...
to have thought very hard about this --
of something that I already own?
I wore it or used it?"
بارتدائه أو استخدامه؟
even harder about this problem,
is more important than the others.
هو حتما أهمّ من البقيّة.
the memory systems of computers.
من أنظمة الذاكرة:
two kinds of memory systems:
that has limited capacity,
which is much larger.
بأكبر قدر ممكن من الكفاءة،
as efficiently as possible,
you want to access
النفاذ إليها
a piece of information,
التي سيزيلها من هذه الذاكرة،
it has to remove from that memory,
بعض الاستراتيجيات المختلفة
a few different strategies
from the fast memory.
something at random
the "first-in, first-out principle,"
"مبدأ المُدرج أولا يُحذف أولا"
for the longest.
which have been least recently used.
التي كان استخدامها أقل، مؤخراً.
من ذاكرة الحاسوب،
to remove something from memory,
last accessed the furthest in the past.
قمتم بالنفاذ إليه في الماضي.
kind of logic to this.
منذ نفاذكم إلى تلك المعلومات،
accessed that piece of information,
to access it again.
وذاكرة الحاسوب.
the computer's memory.
التي ترون أنكم ستحتاجونها أكثر
the things that you're most likely to need
as quickly as possible.
المبدأ المستخدم مؤخرا
the least recently used principle
الأربعة لمارثا ستيوارت
to Martha's four questions,
would say that of these,
بأن تكون متاحة
likely to need are most accessible
that has exactly this property.
بنفس الخاصيات
من الورق المقوّى
from the left-hand side.
to the left-hand side of the box.
a document, he'd take it out,
on the left-hand side.
ordered from left to right
من اليسار إلى اليمين
what he was looking for
ما يبحث عنه بسرعة
side of the box
and implement this filing system --
that you probably already have.
as messy and disorganized,
هي مرتبة بشكل مثالي...
perfectly organized --
to be ordered from top to bottom
من الأعلى إلى الأسفل
what you're looking for
problems in your life.
are simply very, very hard.
هي في غاية الصعوبة
بعض الاستراتيجيات
تعمل من أجل الحصول على نتائج منطقية
what makes the most sense
into simpler problems --
or by allowing approximations.
أو تمهيد الطريق للتقديرات التقريبية.
into the harder problems,
pretty good solutions in their own right.
to relax when I have to make decisions.
على الاسترخاء عند اتخاذ القرارات.
مثلا لدى البحث عن منزل
for finding a home as an example.
consider all of the options,
the optimal strategy,
the very best place is --
can help to make us more forgiving
أن تساعدنا على التصالح
بل في الطرق التي نتّبعها.
just processes.
the best process,
قدمتم أفضل ماعندكم
involve taking a chance --
يفرض علينا خوض المجازفات...
كل الخيارات على سبيل المثال،
for a pretty good solution.
التي نقوم بها عند عجزنا على أن نكون عقلانيين
that we make when we can't be rational --
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tom Griffiths - Psychologist, cognitive scientistTom Griffiths uses ideas from computer science to understand how human minds work.
Why you should listen
Tom Griffiths's research explores connections between natural and artificial intelligence to discover how people solve the challenging computational problems they encounter in everyday life. Currently the Henry R. Luce Professor of Information Technology, Consciousness, and Culture at Princeton University, his work has received awards from organizations ranging from the American Psychological Association to the Sloan Foundation.
In 2016, Griffiths and his friend and collaborator Brian Christian published Algorithms to Live By, a book that illustrates how understanding the algorithms used by computers can inform human decision-making (and vice versa). The book was named one of the Amazon.com "Best Science Books of 2016" and appeared on Forbes's "Must-read brain books of 2016" list as well as the MIT Technology Review's "Best books of 2016" list.
Tom Griffiths | Speaker | TED.com