Tom Griffiths: 3 ways to make better decisions -- by thinking like a computer
Tom Griffiths: Trzy sposoby na podejmowanie lepszych decyzji, dzięki myśleniu komputerowemu
Tom Griffiths uses ideas from computer science to understand how human minds work. Full bio
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a place to buy or rent,
do kupienia lub wynajęcia,
to find a home here recently,
znaleźć tu dom,
do domu na sprzedaż,
about what's out there
of the very best place passing you by.
może przejść wam koło nosa.
to switch from looking
that it has a simple solution.
że jest rozwiązanie tego problemu.
that you find the very best place,
znalezienia najlepszego miejsca,
of what's on the market,
on the next place you see,
oglądanym miejscu,
that you've seen so far.
co już widzieliście.
take 37 percent of that time --
obliczcie 37% tego czasu,
trying to find a place to live
stopping problem.
optymalnego zatrzymania.
studied extensively
od kognitywistyki obliczeniowej.
to our dismal failures.
the computational structure
struktury obliczeniowej problemów,
that arise in everyday life,
solutions to those problems
rozwiązania tych problemów
a little bit of computer science
zastosowanie informatyki
as an overly cerebral kid ...
jako przeintelektualizowane dziecko,
that I thought was rational,
postępować racjonalnie,
the very best action to take.
that doesn't scale up
the sorts of problems
dorosłego życia.
to break up with my girlfriend
próbowałem zerwać z dziewczyną,
her preferences as well as my own
z jej, ale też z moimi preferencjami,
the wrong approach
nie było właściwe,
what restaurant to go to
who to spend the rest of your life with,
jak wybór partnera życiowego,
with computational problems
zadaniami rachunkowymi,
by applying sheer effort.
za pomocą samych starań.
the first people you think to talk to.
którą poprosilibyście o pomoc.
exhaustive and exact --
drobiazgowe, precyzyjne,
z podejmowaniem decyzji przez człowieka,
of human decisions
we've got this backwards.
of difficult problems
actually solve those problems
that people really act.
what restaurant to go to.
a particular computational structure.
strukturę obliczeniową.
one of those options,
exactly the same decision tomorrow.
podjąć kolejnego dnia.
what computer scientists call
co informatycy nazywają
eksploracją a eksploatacją.
to try something new --
to use in the future --
that you already know is pretty good --
do znanej wam i dobrej restauracji,
that you've already gathered so far.
którą już zgromadziliście.
a eksploatacją pojawia się zawsze wtedy,
shows up any time you have to choose
that you already know is pretty good,
who you're going to spend time with.
that technology companies face
firmy technologiczne,
umieścić na na stronie internetowej.
like decide what ad to show on a web page.
i czegoś się o niej dowiedzieć,
and learn something about it,
chance you're going to click on?
że klikniecie na nią?
a lot of progress understanding
w procesie rozumienia
some surprising insights.
zaskakujące spostrzeżenia.
what restaurant to go to,
do jakiej restauracji pójść,
you're going to be in town.
for a short time,
you already know is good.
for a longer time, explore.
na dłużej - eksplorujcie.
because the information you get
bo informacja, którą zbierzecie
your choices in the future.
you're going to have to use it.
na wykorzystanie jej.
of a human life as well.
for being particularly rational.
za zbyt rozsądne istoty.
in their mouths.
what they should be doing.
phase of their lives,
could turn out to be delicious.
to the same restaurant
do tej samej restauracji
that he's earned
the explore/exploit trade-off
między eksploracją a eksploatacją,
to sort of relax and go easier on yourself
do najlepszej restauracji.
to the best restaurant every night.
than one pretty good dinner.
to make it easier on us
to tidy up your wardrobe,
posprzątać szafę,
agonizing decision:
z wyjątkowo trudnym wyborem:
you're going to keep
to have thought very hard about this --
rozmyślała o tym
of something that I already own?
I wore it or used it?"
even harder about this problem,
is more important than the others.
jest ważniejsze od pozostałych.
the memory systems of computers.
systemy pamięci komputerów.
two kinds of memory systems:
systemów pamięci:
that has limited capacity,
z ograniczoną pojemnością,
which is much larger.
która jest o wiele pojemniejsza.
as efficiently as possible,
you want to access
a piece of information,
it has to remove from that memory,
co wyrzucić z pamięci,
a few different strategies
różnych metod wyboru tego,
from the fast memory.
something at random
the "first-in, first-out principle,"
"pierwsze weszło, pierwsze wyszło",
for the longest.
which have been least recently used.
co było najdawniej modyfikowane.
to remove something from memory,
co usunąć z pamięci,
last accessed the furthest in the past.
najdalej w przeszłości.
kind of logic to this.
accessed that piece of information,
od kiedy korzystano z tej informacji,
to access it again.
the computer's memory.
the things that you're most likely to need
których najczęściej potrzebujecie,
as quickly as possible.
the least recently used principle
"najdawniej używane"
to Martha's four questions,
would say that of these,
likely to need are most accessible
są najłatwiej dostępne,
that has exactly this property.
oparty na tej zasadzie.
from the left-hand side.
od lewej strony.
to the left-hand side of the box.
a document, he'd take it out,
on the left-hand side.
z lewej strony pudełka.
ordered from left to right
były ułożone od lewej strony
what he was looking for
czego potrzebował,
side of the box
and implement this filing system --
żeby zastosować tę metodę,
that you probably already have.
czy już tego nie zrobiliście.
as messy and disorganized,
perfectly organized --
to be ordered from top to bottom
znajdziecie to, czego szukacie,
what you're looking for
problems in your life.
sprawą w waszym życiu.
are simply very, very hard.
what makes the most sense
najlepsze rozwiązania
ciężkie problemy,
into simpler problems --
or by allowing approximations.
lub wprowadzając szacowanie.
into the harder problems,
pretty good solutions in their own right.
to relax when I have to make decisions.
kiedy muszę podjąć pewne decyzje.
for finding a home as an example.
żeby znaleźć dom, jak w przykładzie.
consider all of the options,
żeby rozważyć wszystkie opcje,
the optimal strategy,
optymalną strategię,
idealnego rozwiązania.
the very best place is --
najlepszego miejsca,
can help to make us more forgiving
just processes.
wyników, tylko procesy.
the best process,
involve taking a chance --
for a pretty good solution.
that we make when we can't be rational --
kiedy nie możemy być racjonalni,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tom Griffiths - Psychologist, cognitive scientistTom Griffiths uses ideas from computer science to understand how human minds work.
Why you should listen
Tom Griffiths's research explores connections between natural and artificial intelligence to discover how people solve the challenging computational problems they encounter in everyday life. Currently the Henry R. Luce Professor of Information Technology, Consciousness, and Culture at Princeton University, his work has received awards from organizations ranging from the American Psychological Association to the Sloan Foundation.
In 2016, Griffiths and his friend and collaborator Brian Christian published Algorithms to Live By, a book that illustrates how understanding the algorithms used by computers can inform human decision-making (and vice versa). The book was named one of the Amazon.com "Best Science Books of 2016" and appeared on Forbes's "Must-read brain books of 2016" list as well as the MIT Technology Review's "Best books of 2016" list.
Tom Griffiths | Speaker | TED.com