TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(موسيقى)
أحد الأمور المضحكة بخصوص امتلاك دماغ
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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هو عدم قدرتنا على التحكم بالأشياء
التي يلتقطها ويحتفظ بها،
التي يلتقطها ويحتفظ بها،
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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الحقائق والقصص. حينما تكبر تصبح الأمور أسوأ
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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في بعض الأحيان هناك أمور
تبقى في الذاكرة لسنوات
تبقى في الذاكرة لسنوات
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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قبل أن تفهم لماذا تهمك
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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ولماذا هي مهمة بالنسبة لك
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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سأخبركم بـثلاثة أمثلة خاصة بي
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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حينما كان ريتشارد فاينمان
فتى يافعا في مدينة كوينز
فتى يافعا في مدينة كوينز
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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ذهب ليتنزه رفقة والده وعربته
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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وكرة، فلاحظ أنه حينما يجر العربة
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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تتجه الكرة صوب مؤخرة العربة
فسأل والده:
"لماذا تتجه الكرة صوب مؤخرة العربة؟"
"لماذا تتجه الكرة صوب مؤخرة العربة؟"
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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فأجابه والده:
"إنه القصور الذاتي"
"إنه القصور الذاتي"
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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فسأله"ما هو القصور الذاتي؟"
فأجابة والده
فأجابة والده
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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"إنه الاسم الذي أطلقه العلماء
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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على ظاهرة توجه الكرة صوب مؤخرة العربة"
لكن الحقيقة، أن لا أحد كان يعلم
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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حصل فايمن فيما بعد على درجات علمية
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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من جامعات MIT وبرينستون،
وحل لغز تشالنجر،
وحل لغز تشالنجر،
01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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وانتهى به المطاف بالفوز بجائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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عن مخططات فايمن التي تصف حركة الجسيمات تحت الذرية.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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ويرجع الفضل في ذالك إلى المحادثة التي كانت مع والده
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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والتي مكنته من فهم
أن أبسط الأسئلة قد تدفعك إلى حدود المعرفة الإنسانية،
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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وهناك كان يود أن يلعب.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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وقد فعل.
01:23
And play he did.
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كان إراتوستينس الأمين الثالث للمكتبة الكبرى في الإسكندرية
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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ولقد قام بالعديد من الإسهامات العظيمة للعلوم.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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لكن أكثر ما يتذكره الناس
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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قد بدأ بـرسالة تلقاها كأمين مكتبة،
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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من مدينة أسوان، التي تقع في جنوب الإسكندرية.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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تضمنت الرسالة حقيقة ظلت راسخة في ذهن إراتوستينس
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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وكانت الحقيقة أن الكاتب قال عند الظهيرة
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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يوم الانقلاب الشمسي، عندما نظر إلى أسفل بئر عميق
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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استطاع أن يرى انعكاس صورته في الأسفل ولاحظ أن رأسه
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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هو الذي كان يحجب الشمس
دعوني أخبركم أن فكرة كريستوف كلومبس حول اكتشاف كروية الأرض
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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كانت ساذجة تماما، وليست صحيحة بتاتا.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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في الحقيقة، كل من تلقى تعليمه قد يفهم أن الأرض كروية
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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منذ عصر أرسطو، حيث أثبت أرسطو ذالك
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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بـملاحظة بسيطة.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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حيث لاحظ أن كل مرة يرى فيها ظل الأرض على القمر
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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يكون دائرياً،
و الشكل الوحيد الذي قد يخلق ظلاً دائرياً باستمرار
02:11
it was circular,
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02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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هي الكرة، وبالتالي فالأرض كروية
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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لكن لا أحد كان يعلم كم كان حجمها
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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حتى استقبل إراتوستينس هذه الرسالة والتي بها تلك الحقيقة.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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فعلم أن الشمس متواجدة مباشرة فوق مدينة أسوان،
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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لأنه بالنظر لأسفل البئر، كان خطا مستقيما
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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بدايةً من أسفل البئر لرأسه وصولا للشمس.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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علم إراتوستينس بحقيقة أخرى.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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علم أن العصا المغروسة في الأرض في الإسكندرية
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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في نفس الوقت في نفس اليوم، عند الظهيرة،
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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عند وقت ذروة الشمس، وقت الانقلاب،
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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الشمس تلقي بظلالها بدرجة 7.2 خارج المحور.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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الآن، إن كنتم تعلمون محيط دائرة،
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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وعليها نقطتان،
كل ما يتوجب عليكم معرفته هي المسافة بين هاتين النقطتين،
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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لكي تحصلوا على محيط هذه الدائرة.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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360 درجة قسمة 7.2 يعادل 50.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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أعلم أنه رقم تقريبي وهذا ما يجعلني أرتاب من هذة القصة أيضاً،
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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لكنها قصة رائعة، وسنكملها.
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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يحتاج لمعرفة المسافة بين أسوان والإسكندرية
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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وهذا أمر رائع لأن إراتوستينس كان جيدا في الجغرافيا.
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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في الحقيقة، هو من قدم مصطلح الجغرافيا.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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كان الطريق بين أسوان والإسكندرية
03:17
(Laughter)
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03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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طريقاً تجارياً،
ويحتاج التجار لمعرفة كم من الوقت يُستغرق للوصول هناك.
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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كان يحتاج لمعرفة المسافة بالضبط، وبالتالي كان يعرف بدقة كبيرة
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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أن المسافة بين المدينتين هي 500 ميل.
اضرب ذالك في 50 وستحصل على 25,000،
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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والتي تعتبر قريبة بـ1% من القطر الفعلي للكرة الأرضية
لقد قام بذالك قبل 2,200 سنة.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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الآن نحن نعيش في عصر حيث
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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تستخدم فيه أجهزة بمليارات الدولارات للبحث عن بوزون هيغز.
وحالياً نكتشف جزيئات قد تتنقل أسرع من سرعة الضوء،
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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وكل تلك الإكتشافات صارت ممكنة
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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بفضل التكنولوجيا التي طورت في العقود القليلة الماضية
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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لكن بالنسبة لمعظم التاريخ البشري
03:58
But for most of human history,
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كان علينا اكتشاف هذه الأشياء باستخدام أعيننا وآذاننا وعقولنا
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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كان أرماند فيزو عالم فيزياء يقوم بإجراء تجارب في باريس
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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في الواقع كان تخصصه تحسين وتأكيد نتائج الآخرين،
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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ربما يبدو هذا الأمر غير مميز،
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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لكنه في الحقيقة يعتبر جوهر العلم،
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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لأنه لا يوجد شيء كحقيقة لا يمكن إثباتها بشكل مستقل.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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وكان على ذراية بتجارب غاليليو
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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في محاولته لإثبات إذا ماكان للضوء سرعة أم لا.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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فغاليلو قام بتلك التجربة الجميلة
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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حيث كان هو ومساعده يحملان مصابيح
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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كان كل واحدٍ منهم يحمل مصباحاً،
فيقوم بفتح مصباحه ومساعده كذالك.
فيقوم بفتح مصباحه ومساعده كذالك.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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وحصلوا على التوقيت بشكل جيد،
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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تعرفوا على توقيتهم بشكل جيد ووقفوا على تلين،
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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تبعدان ميلين عن بعض، قاما بنفس الشيء على فرضية
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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إنه لو كان للضوء سرعة ملحوظة،
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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سيلاحظ غاليليو تأخرا في سرعة الضوء القادمة من مصباح مساعده.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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لكن الضوء كان سريعا جداً بالنسبه لغاليليو.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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كان بعيداً عن القيمة التي افترضها
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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أن سرعة الضوء أكبر من سرعة الصوت بـحوالي 10 مرات.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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كان فيزو على علم بهذة التجربة. وقد عاش في باريس،
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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وأنشأ محطتين للتجارب،
تبعدان عن بعضهما حوالي 5 أميال ونصف،
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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في باريس. وحل اشكالية غاليليو،
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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وقد قام بذالك بـالاستعانة بقطعة من المعدات البسيطة.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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قام بإجرائها باستخدام واحدة من هذه.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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سأقوم بوضع جهاز التحكم جانباً لبضعة ثوان.
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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لأني أريد أن أقحم عقولكم في هذا الأمر.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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هذه عجلة مسننة. لديها مجموعة من الشقوق
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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وكذلك مجموعة من الأسنان.
كان هذا حل فيزو لإرسال نبضات منفصلة من الضوء.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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قام بوضع شعلة خلف واحدة من هذه الشقوق.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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إذا وجهت شعلة من خلال واحدة من هذه الشقوق على المرآة،
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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على بعد خمسة أميال، سيرتد الضوء من المرآة.
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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وسيعود إلي من خلال هذا الشق.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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لكن أمر مثير سيحدث حينما يدير العجلة بسرعة.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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لاحظ أنه يبدو كباب بدأ بالانغلاق.
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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إلى شعاع الضوء الذي يأتي إلى عينه.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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لماذا هذا؟
05:53
Why is that?
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لأنه بسبب أن نبضات الضوء، لا تأتي
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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من خلال نفس الشق، إنها في الواقع تصطدم بسن العجلة.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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وعندما يدير العجلة بسرعة كافية
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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سيقوم بحبس الضوء تماماً. وبعد ذالك،
اعتمادا على المسافة بين المحطتين
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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وسرعة عجلته وعدد الشقوق في العجلة،
قام بحساب سرعة ضوء مقاربة بـ 2% للقيمة الحقيقية.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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قام بتلك التجربة عام 1849.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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وهذا ما يجعلني حقاً مهتما بـالعلم.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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كلما كان لدي مشكلة في فهم مفهوم،
أذهب وأبحث عمن اكتشف هذا المفهوم.
أذهب وأبحث عمن اكتشف هذا المفهوم.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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ألقي نظرة على قصة توصلهم لفهم المفهوم.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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وماذا يحدث حينما تلقي نظرة على ما كان يفكر فيه المكتشفون
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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لحظة توصلهم لاكتشافاتهم، أنك تفهم
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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أنهم ليسوا مختلفين عنا.
جميعنا بشر من لحم ودم. وجميعنا بدأ بـنفس الأدوات.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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تعجبني فكرة اطلاق مصطلح المجالات الدراسية
على مختلف الفروع العلمية.
على مختلف الفروع العلمية.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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العديد من الناس يعتقدون أن العلم مغلق، صندوق أسود،
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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لكنه في الواقع مجال مفتوح
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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وجميعنا مستكشفون.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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والناس الذين حققوا تلك الاكتشافات فقط فكروا أكثر قليلاً
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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بما كانوا ينظرون إليه، وكانوا أكثر فضولا.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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وفضولهم هذا غير طريقة تفكير الناس عن العالم.
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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وبالتالي هذا ما غير العالم.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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لقد غيروا العالم، وأنتم كذالك باستطاعتكم ذلك.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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شكراُ لكم.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(تصفيق)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com