TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Müzik)
Beyne sahip olmanın en eğlenceli yanlarından biri
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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beyninize giren ve onun hatırladığı bilgiler ya da hikayeler
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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üzerinde hiç bir kontrolünüzün olmaması.Yaşlandıkça, bu kontrolsüzlük daha da kötüleşiyor.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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Bazı şeyler, siz neden öğrendinizi hatırlayamadan,
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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ya da size ne gibi bir faydası olduğunu düşünmeden
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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beyninizde yıllarca yapışıp kalıyor.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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Size 3 örnek vereyim.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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Richard Feynman Queens'de yaşayan küçük bir çocuktu.
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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Bir gün babasıyla ve içinde top olan el arabasıyla yürüyüş yaparken
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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el arabasını çektiğinde içindeki topun
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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diğer yöne gittiğini fark etti.
Babasına, topun neden el arabasının tersine hareket ettiğini sordu.
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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Babası "Buna eylemsizlik denir." dedi.
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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Richard "Eylemsizlik nedir?" diye soru. Babası,
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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"Eylemsizlik bilim insanlarının geriye giden
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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topları açıklamak için kullandıkları terimdir.
Fakat gerçekte kimse bilmez."
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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Feynman eğitimine MIT
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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ve Princeton'da devam etti, Challenger felaketini çözdü.
01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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Ve Nobel fizik ödülünü atom altı parçacıkların hareketini anlatan
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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Feynman diyagramlarıyla kazandı.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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Ve bütün başarısını, babasıyla yaptığı küçük
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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konuşmaya bağladı.
Çünkü basit bir soru ona insanlığın bilgi sınırlarına taşıyabilirdi
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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ve o, bilginin sınırında olmak istiyordu.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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Ve oldu da.
01:23
And play he did.
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Eratosthenes İskenderiye Kütüphanesin'in 3. kütüphanecisiydi.
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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Bilime sayısız katkılar yaptı.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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Fakat en çok hatırlanan hikayesi,
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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kütüphaneciyken İskenderiye'nin güneyindeki
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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Swenet kasabasında yaşayan bir arkadaşından aldığı mektübla başlar.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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Mektupta yazan şu bilgi, Erastosthenes in aklına takılmıştı.
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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Mektupta, ekinoks döneminde öğle vakti
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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derin bir kuyudan aşağı bakıldığında
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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yansımasını görebileceği, aynı zamanda basının güneşi
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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kapattığı bilgisi yazılıydı.
Şimdi şunu da söyleyeyim, Christopher Columbus'un dünyanın yuvarlak
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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olduğunu keşfettiği fikri büyük bir gaftır. Çünkü bu doğru değil.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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Aslında, Aristo zamanından beri, eğitimli herkes dünyanın
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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yuvarlak oldugunu anlayabilirdi ve Aristo bunu
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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basit bir gözlemle ispatlamıştı.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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Dünyanın gölgesini ayın üzerinde ne zaman görse
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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onun yuvarlak olduğunu fark ediyordu.
Ve sürekli yuvarlak bir gölgeye sahip olan şekil
02:11
it was circular,
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02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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bir küredir, işte ispatı bu. Dünya yuvarlaktır.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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Ama hiç kimse, onun ne kadar büyük olduğunu bilmiyordu.
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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ta ki Eratosthenes bu bilgi notunu alana kadar.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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Bu bilgilerden anladı ki, Güneş tam olarak Swenet kasabasının üzerinde.
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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Çünkü kuyudan aşağıya bakmak, güneşten gelen, adamın başından geçen
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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ve kuyuya ulaşan düz bir çizgidir.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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Eratosthenes'in bildiği başka bir şey daha vardı.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Biliyordu ki, aynı anda, aynı gün, ekinoksta,
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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öğle vakti güneş tepedeyken bir sopayı
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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İskenderiye'de yere dikseniz,
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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güneş ekseninden 7.2 derece kaydığını gösteren bir gölgeye sebep oluyordu.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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Şimdi, bir dairenin çevresini biliyorsanız,
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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ve bu daire üzerinde 2 noktanız varsa
bilmeniz gereken sadece bu iki noktanın uzaklığıdır.
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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Buradan dairenin çevresini çıkartabilirsiniz.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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360 derece 7.2 derece ile bölünürse 50 yapar.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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Bu, yuvarlak rakam ve beni bu hikaye hakkında şüpheye düşürüyor.
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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ama güzel bir hikaye devam edelim.
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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Dairenin çevresini hesaplamak için Swenet ve İskenderiye arasındaki mesafeyi billmesi gerekiyordu.
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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Eratosthenes'in coğrafya bilgisi iyi olduğu için bu bilgiyi kolaylıkla edinebilir.
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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Aslında, o coğrafya sözcüğünü bulan kişi.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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Swenet ve İskenderiye arasındaki yol
03:17
(Laughter)
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03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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bir ticaret yoluydu
ve ticaret yapanlar oraya ne kadar zamanda varacaklarını bilmek isterledi.
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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Kesin mesafeyi bilmesi gerekiyordu ve aşağı yukarı
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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iki yer arasının 500 mil olduğunu biliyordu.
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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50 kere 500 25000 mil eder.
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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ki bu da dünyanın gerçek çapından sadece %1 fark ediyor.
O bu hesaplamaları 2200 yıl önce yaptı.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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Şimdi biz öyle bir devirdeyiz ki milyarlık aletler
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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Higgs bozon parçacığını gözlemliyor.
Işıktan daha hızlı hareket edebilme ihtimali olan parçacıkları keşfediyoruz.
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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Ve bunların hepsini henüz 30-40 yıllık ömrü olan bir
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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teknolojiyle yapabiliyoruz.
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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Fakat, insanlık tarihi boyunca
03:58
But for most of human history,
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tüm bu keşifleri göz, kulak ve akıllarımızı kullanarak yaptık.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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Armand Fizeau Paris'te yaşayan deneysel fizikçidir.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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Uzmanlığı, diğer insanların deney sonuçlarını incelemek ve teyit etmektir.
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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Bu size sıkıcı ve başarısız bir iş gibi gelebilir.
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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Fakat aslında bilimin ruhu burada,
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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çünkü bağımsız bir şekilde ispatlanmadıkça gerçekten söz edilemez.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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Galileo'nun ışığın bir hızının olup olmadığı üzerine
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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yaptığı deneylere yabancı sayılmazdı.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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Galileo, şu mükemmel deneyi gerçekleştirmişti:
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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Kendisi ve asistanı ellerine birer lamba alıp
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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lambayı aynı anda açıp kapamaya çalıştılar.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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Ve aradaki zamanı gerçekten iyi kaydettiler.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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Aradaki zamanı biliyorlardı. İkisi de birer tepede duruyordu,
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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aralarında 2 mil mesafe vardı.
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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Galileo'ya göre, ışığın farkedilir biz hızı olsaydı
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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asistanının yaktığı ışığın kendisine ulaşmasında belirli bir gecikme gözlemleyecekti.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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Ama ışık Galileo için çok hızlıydı.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Işığın hızının, ses hızından 10 kat hızlı olduğunu tahmin etmişti ama
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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bu konuda birkaç kat eksik tahminde bulunmuştu.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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Fizeau, bu deneyi biliyordu. Paris'te yaşıyordu
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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ve Paris'te birbirinden yaklaşık 5.5 mil kadar uzak
iki deney düzeneği kurdu.
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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Ve Galileo'nun problemini
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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gerçekten önemsiz bir parça alet ile çözdü.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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Şu gördüklerinizden biri ile.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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Şimdi müsaadenizle, kumandayı biraz bırakacağım.
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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çünkü beyinlerinizin bu konuya odaklanmasını istiyorum.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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Bu bir dişli çark. Üzerinde bir sürü çentik ve
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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bir sürü diş var.
Fizeau belli aralıklarşa ışık göndermek için bu çözümü bulmuştu.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Çentiklerin birinin arkasına bir ışık demeti koydu.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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Bu ışık demeti bu çentikten geçecek, 5 mil ötedeki aynaya ulaşacak,
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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o aynadan yansıyıp
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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tekrar bu çentikten geçip bana gelecek.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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Ama, dişli çarkı hızlıca döndürürken ilginç birşey gözlemledi.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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Kendisine doğru gelen ışıkta sanki bir kapının
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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kapandığını fark etti.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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Bu neden oluyordu.
05:53
Why is that?
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Çünkü geri gelen ışık, gönderdiği çentikten geçmiyordu,
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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aslında dişlilerin birine çarpıyordu.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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ve çarkı daha hızlı döndürdüğünde
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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ışığın yolunu tam olarak tıkadı. Sonrasında
bu iki istasyon arasındaki mesafeye,
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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çarkının hızına ve dışlı üzerindeki çentik sayısına
dayanarak ışığın hızını %98 doğrulukta hesap etti.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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Ve bunu 1849'da yaptı.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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Bu durum benim gerçekten bilim aşkımı arttırıyor.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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Ne zaman bir konuyu anlamada zorlansam, geri döner, o konunun nasıl bulunduğunu araştırırım.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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Onların nasıl anladığının hikayelerine bakarım.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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Ve onların araştırmalarını anladıkça
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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ben de anlıyorum ki
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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onlar bizlerden çok da farklı değillerdi.
Bizler hepimiz et ve şu karışımıyız. Hepimiz başlangıçta aynı aletlere sahibiz.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Bilimin farklı dallarına 'çalışma alanı' denmesi fikrini seviyorum.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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Çoğu insan, bilimin kapalı karanlık bir kutu olduğunu düşünür.
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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Aslında o hepimizin önünde açık bir alan.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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Ve biz hepimiz birer kâşifiz.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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Bu keşifleri yapan insanlar baktıkları şeye biraz daha derin baktılar
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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ve diğerlerine göre daha meraklıydılar.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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Onların merakı insanların dünyayı algılama biçimini
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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değiştirdi ve dolayısıyla dünya değişti.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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Onlar dünyayı değiştirdi, sizler de yapabilirsiniz.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Teşekkür ederim.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(Alkışlar)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com