TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
2,830,544 views
Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(음악)
뇌에 관해 재미있는 사실 하나는
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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뇌가 어떤 사실이나 이야기를 모으고 저장하는 것을
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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여러분이 통제할 수 없다는 겁니다.
나이가 들면 더 나빠지기만 하죠.
나이가 들면 더 나빠지기만 하죠.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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어떤 것들은 수 년이 지나서야
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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비로소 자신이 왜 거기에 관심을 가졌는지 알게 되고,
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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새삼 그것의 의미를 이해하게 되죠.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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여기 세가지 이야기가 있습니다.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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리처드 파인만이 어린 시절 퀸즈 지방에 있을때,
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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아버지와 함께 수레를 끌고 걸었죠.
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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수레엔 공이 실려있었는데, 수레를 끌어당기면
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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공이 수레의 뒤쪽으로 굴러간다는 것을 알아챘어요.
아버지에게 물었죠. "왜 공이 수레 뒤쪽으로 가요?"
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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아버지가 말했죠. "그게 관성이란다."
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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그는 "관성이 뭐죠?" 물었고, 아버지는 “아,
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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관성은 과학자들이 붙인 명칭인데,
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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공이 수레 뒤로 굴러가는 현상을 말하지.
그러나 정말로 이해하는 사람은 없단다."
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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나중에 파인만은 MIT, 프린스턴에서 학위를 얻었고,
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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챌린저 우주왕복선 폭발 사고를 밝혀냈고,
01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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마침내 노벨물리학상을 수상했습니다.
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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아원자 입자의 운동을 설명하는
파인만 다이어그램으로 말이죠.
파인만 다이어그램으로 말이죠.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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그는 아버지와의 대화 덕분에
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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깨달음을 얻었다고 합니다.
아주 간단한 질문도 인간 지식의
한계를 벗어날 수 있다는 것,
한계를 벗어날 수 있다는 것,
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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그가 즐기려는 곳이 바로 그 지점이라는 것입니다.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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그리고 그는 즐겼습니다.
01:23
And play he did.
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자, 에라토스테네스는
알렉산드리아 도서관의 세번째 관장이었고,
알렉산드리아 도서관의 세번째 관장이었고,
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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과학에 많은 기여를 했습니다.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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하지만 그를 가장 기억되게 하는 것은
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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관장일 때 그가 받은
한 통의 편지에서 시작되었습니다.
한 통의 편지에서 시작되었습니다.
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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알렉산드리아 남쪽의 스
웨넷(아스완) 마을에서 온 편지였죠.
웨넷(아스완) 마을에서 온 편지였죠.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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이 편지에 씌어진 사실이
에라토스테네스의 마음을 사로잡았습니다.
에라토스테네스의 마음을 사로잡았습니다.
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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편지에는, 태양이 최고조에 이른 정오에
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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깊은 우물을 내려다 보았을때
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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바닥에 자신의 그림자가 보였고, 자기 머리가
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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태양을 가리고 있었다는 겁니다.
이걸 말해야겠군요. 크리스토퍼 콜롬버스가
세상이 둥글다는걸 발견했다는 것은
세상이 둥글다는걸 발견했다는 것은
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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거짓이에요. 전혀 사실이 아닙니다.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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사실, 교육받은 사람들은 모두
세계가 둥글다는 것을 알고 있었어요.
세계가 둥글다는 것을 알고 있었어요.
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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아리스토텔레스 시대 이래로 말이죠.
아리스토텔레스가 그걸
아리스토텔레스가 그걸
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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단순한 관찰로 증명했죠.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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그는 달에 비치는 지구의 그림자가 언제나
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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둥글다고 알려주었죠.
그리고 언제나 둥근 그림자를 만드는 형체는
02:11
it was circular,
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02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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구체라고 증명했습니다.
완벽하죠, 지구는 둥급니다.
완벽하죠, 지구는 둥급니다.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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그러나 지구가 얼마나 큰지는 아무도 몰랐습니다.
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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에라토스테네스가 이 사실을
편지로 받기 전까지는 말이죠.
편지로 받기 전까지는 말이죠.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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그는 태양이 스웨넷 도시의
바로 위에 있다는걸 알았습니다.
바로 위에 있다는걸 알았습니다.
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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왜냐하면 우물을 내려다볼 때, 일직선으로
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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우물 아래와 그 사람의 머리, 태양이 이어지니까요.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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에라토스테네스는 또 다른 사실도 알았는데,
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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알렉산드리아의 땅에 꽂아둔 막대기가
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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같은 시간, 같은 날 정오,
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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태양이 절정인 최고 지점일때
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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7.2도 기울어진 그림자를 만든다는 것이었습니다.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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자, 여러분이 원의 둘레를 알고자 하고
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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이 원 위에 두 점이 있다면
여러분이 알아야 할 것은 두 점간의 거리이죠.
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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그러면 원의 둘레를 추정할 수 있습니다.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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360도를 7.2도로 나누면 50이 됩니다.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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약간 어림잡은 숫자라서 의심스럽기는 합니다만,
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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어쨌든 좋은 이야기에요. 계속하겠습니다.
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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그는 스웨넷과 알렉산드리아 사이의
거리를 알아야 했는데,
거리를 알아야 했는데,
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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다행히 에라토스테네스는 지리에 익숙했습니다.
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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사실, 그는 지리학이라는 단어를 만들었어요.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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스웨넷과 알렉산드리아를 잇는 길은
03:17
(Laughter)
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03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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상업적 교역로였고,
교역을 하자면 거기 가는데
얼마나 걸리는지 알아야 했죠.
얼마나 걸리는지 알아야 했죠.
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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거리를 알아야 하는데,
그는 두 도시 사이의 거리가 500마일이라는 것을
그는 두 도시 사이의 거리가 500마일이라는 것을
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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정확히 알고 있었습니다.
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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50을 곱하면 25,000이 됩니다.
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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이것은 실제 지구 지름과 오차범위 1% 수준입니다.
이걸 2,200년 전에 측정했습니다.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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현재, 우리가 살고 있는 시대에서는
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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수십조 달러 가치의 기계로 힉스 보손 입자 를 찾고 있습니다.
(입자물리학의 표준모형이 제시하는 기본 입자 중 하나)
(입자물리학의 표준모형이 제시하는 기본 입자 중 하나)
우리는 빛보다 빠르게 움직이는
소립자들을 발견하고 있고,
소립자들을 발견하고 있고,
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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이 모든 발견이 가능해진 것은
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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지난 수십년간 기술이 발달한 덕분이죠.
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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하지만 대부분 인간 역사에서,
03:58
But for most of human history,
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우리는 이런 것들을 눈, 귀, 생각으로 발견해야 했습니다.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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아르망 피조는 파리의 실험 물리학자였습니다.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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그의 특기는 사실상 다른 사람의 결과를
다듬고 확인하는 것이었고,
다듬고 확인하는 것이었고,
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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이는 다소 뒤떨어진 느낌을 주지만,
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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사실은 이것이 과학의 본질이죠.
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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스스로 입증될 수 있는 사실은 없으니까요.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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그는 갈릴레오의 실험에 익숙했습니다.
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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빛에 속도가 있는가 파악하는 실험입니다.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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갈릴레오는 아주 훌륭한 실험을 했는데요.
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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그와 그의 조수가 램프를 각각 들고,
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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갈릴레오가 램프를 열면, 조수도 램프를 열었습니다.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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그들은 그 시간을 잘 기록했습니다.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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그저 시간을 알았습니다.
그 후 2마일 떨어진 두개의 언덕 꼭대기에 서서,
그 후 2마일 떨어진 두개의 언덕 꼭대기에 서서,
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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똑같은 실험을 했죠. 갈릴레오의 추정은
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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만약 빛이 식별할 수 있는 속도가 있다면,
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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그가 조수의 램프에서 되돌아오는 빛에
간격이 있다는 것을 알아차릴 수 있다는 것이었죠.
간격이 있다는 것을 알아차릴 수 있다는 것이었죠.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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하지만 빛은 너무 빨랐습니다.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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갈릴레오는 광속은 음속보다
10배 정도 빠를 것이라 추정했는데,
10배 정도 빠를 것이라 추정했는데,
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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규모에서 차이가 많이 났죠.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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피조는 이 실험을 알고 있었습니다. 그는 파리에 살았으며,
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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두개의 실험 장소를 만들었는데
대략 5.5마일 떨어진 거리였습니다.
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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그리고 그는 갈릴레오의 문제를 풀었습니다.
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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그는 비교적 매우 평범한 장비로 실험을 해냈습니다.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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이런 것들 중 하나를 갖고 했죠.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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제가 프리젠터를 잠시 내려놓겠습니다.
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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이걸로 여러분의 관심을 사로잡을테니까요.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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이것은 톱니바퀴입니다. 홈이 많고
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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이빨 부분도 많습니다.
이것이 피조가 단절된 빛의 파를 보낸 방법입니다.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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그는 이런 홈 부분 뒤편에 빛줄기를 두었습니다.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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빛이 홈을 지나서 거울로 가면,
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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5마일 거리에서 그 빛이 거울에 반사되어
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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다시 홈을 통해 자신에게 되돌아옵니다.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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그런데 여기서 톱니바퀴를 빨리 돌리면
흥미로운 일이 생깁니다.
흥미로운 일이 생깁니다.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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마치 문이 닫히기 시작하는 것처럼
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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그의 눈으로 되돌아오는 빛이
차단되는걸 알았습니다.
차단되는걸 알았습니다.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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왜 그럴까요?
05:53
Why is that?
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이것은 빛의 파장 때문입니다.
같은 홈을 통해
같은 홈을 통해
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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돌아오지 않는거죠.
빛이 이빨 부분을 치는 겁니다.
빛이 이빨 부분을 치는 겁니다.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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톱니바퀴를 빠르게 돌리자
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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완전히 빛을 가렸습니다.
그 후 두 지점의 사이의 거리,
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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바퀴의 속도와 홈의 갯수를 바탕으로
그는 빛의 속도를 실제 값의 2% 오차 내로 계산합니다.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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이게 1849년의 일입니다.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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제가 과학을 하게 만든 것이 이것입니다.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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개념을 이해하기 어려울 때면,
저는 과거 그 개념을 발견한 사람들을 연구합니다.
저는 과거 그 개념을 발견한 사람들을 연구합니다.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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그들이 어떻게 그걸 이해하게 됐는지 이야기를 봅니다.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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발견자들이 발견을 해낼 때 생각했던 것을
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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여러분이 살펴보고 알게 되는 것은
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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그들이 우리와 크게 다르지 않다는 겁니다.
우리는 모두 고기와 물로 되어있죠.
똑같은 도구로 시작하죠.
똑같은 도구로 시작하죠.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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저는 각각의 과학 분야를
연구 영역이라고 부르는걸 좋아합니다.
연구 영역이라고 부르는걸 좋아합니다.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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대부분 사람들은 과학은 닫힌 것,
블랙박스라 여기죠.
블랙박스라 여기죠.
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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사실은 열린 영역인데도 말이에요.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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우리는 모두 탐험가입니다.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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이런 발견을 한 사람들은 그저 조금 더 열심히
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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본 것을 생각했고, 조금 더 호기심이 많았을 뿐이죠.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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그들의 호기심은 사람들이
세계를 생각하는 방법을 바꾸었고,
세계를 생각하는 방법을 바꾸었고,
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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마침내 세계를 바꾸었습니다.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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그들은 세계를 바꾸었고,
여러분도 그럴 수 있습니다.
여러분도 그럴 수 있습니다.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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감사합니다
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(박수)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com