TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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Uma das coisas engraçadas
de termos um cérebro
de termos um cérebro
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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é não termos controlo sobre as coisas
que ele acumula e a que se agarra,
que ele acumula e a que se agarra,
00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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os factos e as histórias.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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E com a idade, apenas piora.
As coisas permanecem, por vezes,
durante anos
durante anos
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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antes de compreendermos
porque nos interessam,
porque nos interessam,
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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antes de compreendermos a
sua importância para nós.
sua importância para nós.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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00:30
Here's three of mine.
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Apresento-vos três das minhas.
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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Quando Richard Feynman era
um jovem de Queens,
um jovem de Queens,
ele foi dar um passeio com o seu
pai e o seu carrinho e uma bola.
pai e o seu carrinho e uma bola.
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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E ele reparou que,
quando puxava o carrinho,
quando puxava o carrinho,
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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a bola ia para a parte de trás deste.
Então perguntou ao pai:
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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"Porque é que a bola vai
para a parte de trás do carrinho?"
para a parte de trás do carrinho?"
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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E o seu pai disse: "É a inércia".
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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Ele perguntou: "O que é a inércia?"
E o seu pai disse: "Ah!
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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"Inércia é o nome que os cientistas dão
00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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"ao fenómeno da bola ir para a
parte de trás do carrinho".
parte de trás do carrinho".
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
"Mas, na realidade, ninguém sabe".
00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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Feynman adquiriu graus académicos
no MIT, em Princeton,
no MIT, em Princeton,
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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resolveu o desastre do Challenger,
acabou por ganhar o Prémio Nobel da Física
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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pelos seus diagramas de Feynman,
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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que descrevem o movimento
das partículas subatómicas.
das partículas subatómicas.
E ele classifica a conversa com o seu pai
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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como lhe tendo dado noção
de que as perguntas mais simples
de que as perguntas mais simples
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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nos podem levar ao topo
do conhecimento humano
do conhecimento humano
e que era aí que ele queria ter um papel.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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01:23
And play he did.
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E que papel teve.
Eratóstenes foi o terceiro bibliotecário
na grande Biblioteca de Alexandria
na grande Biblioteca de Alexandria
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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e contribuiu bastante para a ciência.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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Mas o motivo porque ele é mais recordado
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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começou com uma carta que ele
recebeu enquanto bibliotecário
recebeu enquanto bibliotecário
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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da cidade de Swenet, a sul da Alexandria.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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A carta referia um facto que ficou
na cabeça de Eratóstenes.
na cabeça de Eratóstenes.
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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O escritor disse que, ao meio-dia,
no solstício, quando olhava para
o fundo de um poço,
o fundo de um poço,
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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ele conseguia ver o seu reflexo no fundo,
assim como a sua cabeça
assim como a sua cabeça
01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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a bloquear o sol.
Agora, devo dizer-vos,
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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a ideia de que Cristovão Colombo
descobriu que o mundo é redondo
descobriu que o mundo é redondo
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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é um perfeito disparate.
Não é, de todo, verdade.
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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Aliás, todas as pessoas instruídas
percebiam que o mundo era redondo
percebiam que o mundo era redondo
desde o tempo de Aristóteles
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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e Aristóteles havia-o provado
com uma simples observação.
com uma simples observação.
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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Ele reparou que, de cada vez que
se via a sombra da Terra na lua,
se via a sombra da Terra na lua,
02:11
it was circular,
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esta era redonda,
02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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e a única forma que constantemente
criava uma sombra redonda
criava uma sombra redonda
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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é uma esfera, C.Q.D., a Terra é redonda.
Mas ninguém sabia a sua dimensão
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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até Eratóstenes receber a carta
com estes factos.
com estes factos.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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Então ele percebeu que o sol estava
directamente por cima da cidade de Swenet,
directamente por cima da cidade de Swenet,
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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pois olhando para o fundo de um poço,
havia uma linha recta
havia uma linha recta
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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até ao fundo do poço, passando a cabeça
do homem até chegar ao sol.
do homem até chegar ao sol.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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Eratóstenes sabia outro facto.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Ele sabia que um pau espetado
no chão, em Alexandria,
no chão, em Alexandria,
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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à mesma hora e no mesmo dia, ao meio-dia,
o sol em zénite, no solstício,
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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o sol tapou com uma sombra que mostrou
estar 7,2º fora do eixo.
estar 7,2º fora do eixo.
Agora, se vocês conhecerem a
circunferência de um círculo
circunferência de um círculo
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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e tiverem aí dois pontos,
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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apenas precisam de conhecer a distância
entre esses dois pontos
entre esses dois pontos
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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e conseguem extrapolar a circunferência.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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360º a dividir por 7,2 é igual a 50.
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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Eu sei que é um número
um tanto redondo,
um tanto redondo,
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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o que também me fez desconfiar
da história,
da história,
03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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mas é uma boa história,
pelo que vou mantê-la.
pelo que vou mantê-la.
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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Ele precisava conhecer a distância
entre Swenet e Alexandria,
entre Swenet e Alexandria,
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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o que é bom porque Eratóstenes
era bom em geografia.
era bom em geografia.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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Na realidade, ele inventou
a palavra geografia.
a palavra geografia.
03:17
(Laughter)
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A estrada entre Swenet e Alexandria
03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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era uma estrada de comércio
e o comércio precisava saber quanto tempo
precisava para chegar ao destino.
precisava para chegar ao destino.
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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Era necessário saber a distância exacta
mas ele sabia com exactidão
mas ele sabia com exactidão
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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que a distância entre as duas
cidades era de 800 kms.
cidades era de 800 kms.
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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Multipliquem por 50 e obtêm 40 000,
03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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o que faz cerca de 1% do diâmetro da Terra.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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Ele fez isto há 2200 anos.
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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Agora, vivemos numa era em que
03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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máquinas de muitos milhões de dólares
procuram o bosão de Higgs.
procuram o bosão de Higgs.
03:48
We're discovering particles
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Descobrimos partículas que podem viajar
mais rápido que a velocidade da luz
mais rápido que a velocidade da luz
03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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e todas estas descobertas são possíveis
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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graças à tecnologia desenvolvida
nas últimas décadas.
nas últimas décadas.
03:58
But for most of human history,
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Mas na maior parte da
História da Humanidade,
História da Humanidade,
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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tivemos que descobrir estas coisas usando
os nossos olhos, ouvidos e cabeça.
os nossos olhos, ouvidos e cabeça.
Armand Fizeau foi um físico parisiense.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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A sua especialidade era melhorar e
confirmar os resultados de outras pessoas,
confirmar os resultados de outras pessoas,
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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e isto pode parecer que é um derrotado,
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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mas esta é a alma da ciência
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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pois não existem factos
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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que não possam ser
independentemente corroborados.
independentemente corroborados.
Ele conhecia as experiências de Galileu
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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para procurar determinar
se a luz tem velocidade.
se a luz tem velocidade.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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Galileu levou a cabo uma
experiência extraordinária
experiência extraordinária
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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em que ele e o seu assistente
tinham uma lanterna,
tinham uma lanterna,
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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cada um segurava uma lanterna.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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Galileu abria a sua lanterna
e o assistente abria a dele.
e o assistente abria a dele.
E eles acertaram o tempo muito bem.
Eles sabiam o seu tempo.
Eles sabiam o seu tempo.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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04:41
They just knew their timing.
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Eles colocaram-se no cimo de uma colina,
04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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a 3 kms de distância e fizeram
o mesmo, seguindo o pensamento
o mesmo, seguindo o pensamento
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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de Galileu de que, se a luz tivesse
uma velocidade perceptível,
uma velocidade perceptível,
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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ele notaria um atraso na luz que saía
da lanterna do seu assistente.
da lanterna do seu assistente.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Mas a luz era muito rápida, para Galileu.
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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Ele estava bastante errado
quando considerou
quando considerou
que a luz seria sensivelmente 10 vezes
mais rápida que a velocidade do som.
mais rápida que a velocidade do som.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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Fizeau estava a par desta
experiência.
experiência.
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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Ele vivia em Paris quando montou
duas estações experimentais,
duas estações experimentais,
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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a cerca de 8,70 kms de distância,
em Paris.
em Paris.
E ele resolveu o problema de Galileu
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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e fê-lo com equipamento
relativamente trivial.
relativamente trivial.
Fê-lo com um destes.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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Vou pôr o apontador de lado,
por um segundo,
por um segundo,
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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porque quero que vocês
se concentrem nisto.
se concentrem nisto.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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Esta é uma roda dentada.
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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Tem uma série de ranhuras
e uma série de dentes.
e uma série de dentes.
05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Esta era a solução de Fizeau para
enviar pulsos de luz distintos.
enviar pulsos de luz distintos.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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Ele emitia raios de luz pelos cortes.
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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Se eu apontar um raio de luz ao espelho
através dos cortes,
através dos cortes,
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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a 8 km de distância, esse raio
faz ricochete no espelho
faz ricochete no espelho
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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e volta para trás através do corte.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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Mas algo de interessante acontece
quando ele roda a roda mais depressa.
quando ele roda a roda mais depressa.
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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Ele apercebe-se de que é como se
uma porta se estivesse a fechar
uma porta se estivesse a fechar
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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no raio de luz que volta para o olho dele.
Porque é que isto acontece?
05:53
Why is that?
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05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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Acontece porque o pulso de luz
não volta para trás pelo mesmo corte.
não volta para trás pelo mesmo corte.
05:57
through the same notch.
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Isto porque está a atingir um dente.
05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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E ele gira a roda rápido o suficiente
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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bloqueando a luz.
Então, com base na distância
entre as duas estações,
entre as duas estações,
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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a velocidade da roda e o número
de cortes da roda,
de cortes da roda,
ele calcula a velocidade da luz em
2% do seu valor real.
2% do seu valor real.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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E ele faz isto em 1849.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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É isto que me entusiasma na ciência.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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Sempre que tenho dificuldades
em compreender um conceito,
em compreender um conceito,
06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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pesquiso as pessoas
que descobriram esse conceito.
que descobriram esse conceito.
Olho para a forma como chegaram
à sua compreensão.
à sua compreensão.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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06:31
What happens when you look
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E o que acontece quando olhamos para
o que os descobridores estavam a pensar
o que os descobridores estavam a pensar
06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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quando fizeram as suas descobertas,
é que compreendemos
é que compreendemos
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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que eles não são muito diferentes de nós.
Somos todos sacos de carne e água.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Todos começamos
com as mesmas ferramentas.
com as mesmas ferramentas.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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Adoro a ideia de que diferentes ramos
da ciência se chamam áreas de estudo.
da ciência se chamam áreas de estudo.
A maioria das pessoas vê a ciência como
uma caixa preta fechada
uma caixa preta fechada
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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quando, na realidade, é uma área aberta.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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E somos todos exploradores.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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As pessoas que fizeram estas descobertas
apenas pensaram um pouco mais
apenas pensaram um pouco mais
sobre aquilo que observavam e
eram um pouco mais curiosas.
eram um pouco mais curiosas.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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E a sua curiosidade mudou a forma
como as pessoas viam o mundo,
como as pessoas viam o mundo,
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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e assim mudaram o mundo.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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Eles mudaram o mundo e vocês
também o podem fazer.
também o podem fazer.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Obrigado.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com