TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Salah satu hal yang unik tentang
memiliki sebuah otak
memiliki sebuah otak
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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adalah bahwa Anda tidak bisa mengendalikan hal-hal yang dikumpulkan dan diingatnya,
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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fakta-fakta dan kisah-kisah.
Semakin tua Anda, semakin memburuk.
Semakin tua Anda, semakin memburuk.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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Hal-hal tertentu kadang tinggal di dalam ingatan kita bertahun-tahun
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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sebelum Anda memahami
mengapa Anda tertarik kepada hal tersebut,
mengapa Anda tertarik kepada hal tersebut,
sebelum Anda mengerti dampaknya untuk Anda.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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Berikut tiga hal yang saya baru sadari.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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Ketika Richard Feynman masih remaja di Queens,
dia berjalan-jalan dengan ayahnya
menggunakan kereta-keretaannya
menggunakan kereta-keretaannya
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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membawa sebuah bola.
Dan dia menyadari saat dia menarik keretanya,
Dan dia menyadari saat dia menarik keretanya,
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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bolanya bergulir ke bagian belakang kereta.
Dan dia bertanya kepada ayahnya,
"Kenapa bola itu bergulir ke belakang kereta, Yah?"
"Kenapa bola itu bergulir ke belakang kereta, Yah?"
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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"Itu namanya inersia," jawab ayahnya.
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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Lalu dia bertanya lagi, " Apa itu inersia, Yah?"
Kemudian ayahnya menjawab, "Ah.
Kemudian ayahnya menjawab, "Ah.
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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Inersia adalah sebutan yang diberikan ilmuwan
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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terhadap peristiwa bergulirnya bola ke belakang kereta.
00:55
(Laughter)
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Namun yang sebenarnya, tidak seorang pun tahu."
00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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Feynman lalu pergi kuliah dan memperoleh gelar akademik di MIT, Princeton,
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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dia memecahkan misteri kecelakaan Challanger,
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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dan dia memenangkan hadiah Nobel di bidang Fisika
untuk diagram Feynman yang menggambarkan pergerakan partikel sub-atom.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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Dan dia berterima kasih pada pembicaraannya
dengan ayahnya saat itu,
dengan ayahnya saat itu,
yang memberikan arahan baginya
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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bahwa pertanyaan yang paling sederhana dapat membawa kita ke ujung pengetahuan manusia,
dan disanalah dia ingin bermain.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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Dan dia memang bermain.
01:23
And play he did.
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01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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Nah, Eratosthenes adalah pustakawan ketiga
di Perpustakaan Alexandria,
di Perpustakaan Alexandria,
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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dan dia memberi banyak kontribusi
bagi ilmu pengetahuan.
bagi ilmu pengetahuan.
Namun yang membuatnya diingat
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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bermula saat dia menerima sebuah surat saat berkerja sebagai pustakawan,
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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dari kota Swenet, di selatan Alexandria.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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Surat itu menceritakan sebuah kejadian yang melekat di ingatan Eratosthenes,
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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dan kejadiannya adalah,
si penulis berkata bahwa pada siang hari
si penulis berkata bahwa pada siang hari
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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pada waktu matahari berada di titik balik,
ketika ia melihat ke dalam sebuah sumur,
ketika ia melihat ke dalam sebuah sumur,
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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dia dapat melihat bayangannya di dasar sumur,
dan dia juga dapat melihat bahwa kepalanya
dan dia juga dapat melihat bahwa kepalanya
01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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menghalangi matahari.
Saya harus menceritakan kepada Anda --
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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pernyataan yang mengatakan bahwa Christopher Columbus menemukan bahwa bumi ini bulat
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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adalah bohong belaka. Tidak benar sama sekali.
01:59
It's not true at all.
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Kenyataannya, semua orang yang berpendidikan tahu bahwa bumi itu bulat
02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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sejak zaman Aristoteles,
dan Aristoteles telah membuktikannya
dan Aristoteles telah membuktikannya
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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dengan sebuah pengamatan sederhana.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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Dia mencermati bahwa setiap Anda melihat
bayangan bumi di bulan
bayangan bumi di bulan
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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bayangan itu bulat,
02:11
it was circular,
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dan satu-satunya bentuk yang selalu
menghasilkan bayangan bulat
menghasilkan bayangan bulat
02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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adalah lingkaran, yang membuktikan bahwa
bumi itu bulat.
bumi itu bulat.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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Namun tidak seorangpun tahu berapa besarnya
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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hingga Eratosthenes memperoleh surat ini.
Jadi dia paham bahwa matahari
berada tepat di atas kota Swenet,
berada tepat di atas kota Swenet,
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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karena dengan melihat ke dalam sumur,
dapat ditarik sebuah garis lurus
dapat ditarik sebuah garis lurus
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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dari dalam sumur,
tepat melewati kepalanya hingga ke matahari.
tepat melewati kepalanya hingga ke matahari.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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Eratosthenes mengetahui fakta lain.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Dia tahu bahwa sebuah tiang yang ditancapkan ke tanah di Alexandria
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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pada saat dan hari yang sama, tengah hari,
matahari sedang berada di zenit, di titik baliknya,
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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matahari akan menghasilkan bayangan yang berada 7,2 derajat dari titik aksis.
Nah, jika Anda tahu keliling sebuah lingkaran,
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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dan Anda punya dua titik diatasnya,
dan Anda harus mengetahui jarak kedua titik tersebut,
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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Anda bisa mengasumsikan keliling lingkaran
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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360 derajat dibagi 7,2 sama dengan 50.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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Saya tahu angkanya bulat, yang juga membuat saya curiga dengan kebenaran cerita ini,
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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namun ini adalah cerita yang bagus,
jadi kita akan lanjutkan saja.
jadi kita akan lanjutkan saja.
03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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Dia ingin tahu jarak antara Swenet dan Alexandria,
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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ini baik, karena Eratosthenes pintar dalam geografi.
Kenyataannya dia menciptakan kata geografi.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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03:17
(Laughter)
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Jalan antara Swenet dan Alexandria
03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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adalah jalur perdagangan,
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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dan dalam perdagangan perlu diketahui berapa lama dibutuhkan untuk sampai kesana.
Perlu diketahui jarak yang tepat, jadi dia tahu persis
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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bahwa jarak antar kedua kota tersebut adalah 500 mil.
Kalikan dengan 50, akan Anda peroleh 25,000,
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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yang merupakan satu persen dari diameter bumi yang sebenarnya.
Dia melakukan hal ini 2.200 tahun yang lalu.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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Saat ini kita hidup di era dimana
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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mesin berharga jutaan milyar dolar
berusaha menemukan partikel Higgs.
berusaha menemukan partikel Higgs.
Kita menemukan partikel yang dapat berjalan
lebih cepat dari kecepatan cahaya,
lebih cepat dari kecepatan cahaya,
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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dan semua penemuan tersebut dimungkinkan
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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oleh teknologi yang telah dikembangkan
dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini.
dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini.
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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Namun dalam sebagian besar sejarah manusia,
03:58
But for most of human history,
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kita harus menemukan benda-benda ini menggunakan mata, telinga, dan pikiran kita.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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Armand Fizaeu adalah seorang
fisikawan eksperimental di Paris.
fisikawan eksperimental di Paris.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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Keahliannya adalah memperbaiki dan mengkonfirmasi hasil penemuan orang lain,
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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mungkin kedengarannya seperti ikut-ikutan,
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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namun kenyataannya ini adalah jiwa dari ilmu pengetahuan,
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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karena tidak ada fakta yang tidak dapat didukung
secara independen.
secara independen.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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Dan dia sangat mengenal percobaan Galileo
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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yang mencoba untuk menentukan apakah
cahaya memiliki kecepatan.
cahaya memiliki kecepatan.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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Jadi, Galileo melakukan percobaan yang sangat bagus
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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dimana dia dan asistennya memiliki sebuah lampu,
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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masing-masing mereka memegang sebuah lampu. Galileo akan menghidupkan lampunya dan diikuti oleh asistennya.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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Dan waktunya sangat berdekatan.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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Mereka tahu waktunya. Lalu mereka berdiri
pada dua puncak bukit,
pada dua puncak bukit,
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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berjarak dua mil,
dan mengulangi hal yang sama dengan asumsi
dan mengulangi hal yang sama dengan asumsi
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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dari Galileo bahwa jika cahaya memiliki
kecepatan yang dapat diamati,
kecepatan yang dapat diamati,
dia akan mengetahui jika cahaya yang datang dari asistennya agak terlambat.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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Namun cahaya terlalu cepat bagi Galileo.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Dia ternyata keliru hingga 10 pangkat sekian
saat mengasumsikan
saat mengasumsikan
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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bahwa cahaya sekitar 10 kali lebih cepat
dari kecepatan suara.
dari kecepatan suara.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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Fizeau mengetahui percobaan Galileo ini.
Dia tinggal di Paris,
Dia tinggal di Paris,
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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lalu dia membangun dua stasiun penelitian,
jarak keduanya sekitar 5,5 mil,
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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berlokasi di Paris. Dan dia memecahkan
masalah Galileo,
masalah Galileo,
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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dan dengan peralatan yang sederhana.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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Dia melakukannya dengan sesuatu seperti ini.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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Saya akan menjauhkan remote-nya dulu,
karena saya ingin menyibukkan otak Anda dengan ini.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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Jadi ini adalah roda gigi.
Roda ini memiliki banyak lekukan
Roda ini memiliki banyak lekukan
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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serta sejumlah gigi.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Ini adalah solusi Fizeau untuk mengirimkan
pendaran cahaya
pendaran cahaya
Dia meletakkan sumber cahaya
di balik salah satu lekukan ini.
di balik salah satu lekukan ini.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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Jika saya melewatkan cahaya melewati lekukan ini menuju sebuah cermin,
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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yang berjarak 5 mil jauhnya, pendar cahaya tersebut memantul di cermin
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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dan kembali menuju saya melalui lekukan ini
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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Namun satu hal menarik terjadi
saat dia memutar roda ini lebih cepat.
saat dia memutar roda ini lebih cepat.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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Dia melihatnya seperti sebuah pintu
yang mulai menutup
yang mulai menutup
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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pada pendar cahaya yang kembali ke matanya.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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Mengapa demikian?
05:53
Why is that?
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Itu karena pendar cahaya tidak datang
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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melalui lekukan yang sama.
Cahaya tersebut sebenarnya menghantam gigi.
Cahaya tersebut sebenarnya menghantam gigi.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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Lalu dia memutar roda cukup cepat sehingga
dia menutup jalan buat cahaya sepenuhnya. Kemudian,
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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berdasarkan jarak antara dua stasiun ini
06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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dan kecepatan roda serta jumlah lekukan pada roda,
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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dia menghitung kecepatan cahaya menjadi sekitar dua persen dari nilai sebenarnya.
Dan dia melakukan hal ini tahun 1849.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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Inilah yang membuat saya bersemangat tentang sains.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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Setiap saya mengalami kesulitan memahami suatu konsep, saya mencari tahu tentang orang yang menemukan konsep tersebut.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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Saya membaca cerita bagaimana mereka akhirnya memahami masalah tersebut.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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Dan apa yang terjadi saat Anda memahami apa yang dipikirkan oleh para penemu
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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saat mereka menemukan temuannya,
Anda akan paham
Anda akan paham
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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bahwa mereka tidak terlalu berbeda dengan kita.
Kita semua adalah tumpukan daging dan air.
Kita semua mulai dengan alat yang sama.
Kita semua mulai dengan alat yang sama.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Saya suka ide bahwa cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang berbeda disebut bidang studi.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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Sebagian besar orang beranggapan bahwa
sains adalah kotak hitam yang tertutup,
sains adalah kotak hitam yang tertutup,
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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padahal kenyataannya sains adalah
bidang yang terbuka.
bidang yang terbuka.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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Dan kita semua adalah penjelajahnya.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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Orang-orang yang menemukan temuan-temuan ini
hanya berpikir sedikit lebih keras
hanya berpikir sedikit lebih keras
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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tentang apa yang sedang mereka cari,
dan mereka sedikit lebih ingin tahu.
dan mereka sedikit lebih ingin tahu.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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Dan rasa ingin tahu mereka mengubah
cara orang-orang berpikir tentang dunia,
cara orang-orang berpikir tentang dunia,
dan karenanya penemuan itu mengubah dunia.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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Mereka mengubah dunia, dan Anda juga bisa.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Terima kasih.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com