Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it
ميغويل نيكوليليس: التواصل بين دماغين أصبح متاحًا. كيف قمنا بذلك؟
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in São Paulo, Brazil,
that you see celebrating here
الذي ترونه يحتفل هنا
accomplished a magnificent deed.
حقق أمرًا رائعًا.
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
صدره إلى أطراف أصابع قدميه
that killed his brother
وقع قبل ست سنوات مات فيه شقيقه
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
أقعد جوليانو على كرسيٍّ متحرك،
and on this day did something
وفعل أمرًا في ذلك اليوم
in the six years deemed impossible.
خلال السنوات الست تلك أمرًا مستحيلاً.
World Soccer Cup here
needed to kick a ball.
الحركات اللازمة لركل الكرة.
He's a para-athlete right now.
وهو حاليًّا رياضي مقعد.
I hope, in a couple years.
(أولمبياد المعاقين)، كما آمل، خلال أعوام.
did not rob from Juliano
العمود الفقري من جوليانو
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
في ملعب رياضي يضم حوالي 75000 شخص
watching on TV.
على شاشات التليفزيون.
30 years of basic research
that we have between our ears
that we have above our head
through electrical brainstorms,
من خلال موجات أفكار كهربائية،
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
30 عامًا من التصوّر في المختبرات
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
منذ 15 عامَا، اقتراحًا في ورقة
that we called a brain-machine interface,
could just move these devices,
من تحريك هذه الأجهزة،
from their own bodies,
we actually needed professional help,
إلى مساعدة المتخصصين،
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
لم يستسلم الإسكتلندي والبرازيلي،
in our respective countries,
في بلداننا كل على حدة،
suggesting that this was possible.
ما يوحي بإمكانية فعل ذلك.
is not rocket science,
that a brain is producing
التي ينتجها العقل
to the spinal cord,
of these brain cells simultaneously,
that the brain is generating
these signals into digital commands
هذه الإشارات إلى أوامر رقمية
or even a virtual device can understand
أو حتى افتراضي أن يستوعبها
what he, she or it wants to make move,
التي يُريد القيام بها،
with lots of different types of sensors,
بواسطة عدة أنواع من مجسات الاستشعار،
back to the brain to confirm
was being enacted, no matter where --
or across the planet.
أو في جميع أنحاء المعمورة.
back to the brain,
التغذية الراجعة إلى الدماغ،
to make us move.
that we published a few years ago,
of an avatar arm,
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
visually identical spheres
متجانسة بشكل بصري
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
وهي قطرة من عصير برتقال يفضله هذا القرد،
select one of these objects
ويختار واحدة منها
touches one of the objects,
هذه الذراع الافتراضية أحد الأجسام،
to the brain of the animal
of the surface of this object,
the correct object that he has to grab,
للجسم الذي يلزمه الإمساك به.
without moving a muscle.
يحصل على مكافأة دون تحريك أي عضلة.
and getting your orange juice.
that we had published 15 years ago.
التي نشرناها منذ 15 عامًا.
a human being that is paralyzed
أن نحصل على إنسان مشلول
interface to regain mobility.
لاستعادة القدرة على الحركة.
transforms your life completely.
of the spinal cord,
cannot reach your muscles.
التي يولدها الدماغ لا تصل للعضلات.
continue to be generated in your head.
dream about moving every night.
بالحركة كل ليلة.
to get that code out of it
إخراج تلك الشفرة من رؤوسهم
let's create a new body.
kick that ball just by thinking,
من ركل الكرة من خلال التفكير،
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
يتحكم بها الدماغ
quadriplegic patients to move
استخدامها للتمكن من الحركة
156 people from 25 countries
of this beautiful Earth,
dropped their patents,
kids, school, jobs,
وأطفالهم، ومدارسهم، ووظائفهم،
for 18 months to actually get this done.
لمدة 18 شهرًا لتنفيذ هذه الفكرة.
was awarded the World Cup,
استضافة كأس العالم ببضعة سنوات،
wanted to do something meaningful
أرادت أن تفعل شيئًا ذا معنى
and perfected soccer
اختراع كرة القدم المُحكمة
needs to talk about that.
is to showcase
and technology,
25 million people around the world
25 مليون شخص حول العالم
because of a spinal cord injury.
بسبب إصابة في العمود الفقري.
and to FIFA and proposed,
وقدمنا اقتراحنا،
of the 2014 World Cup
that allows him to kick the ball
يتيح له ركل الكرة
thought that we were completely nuts,
from zero, from scratch.
من البداية، من الصفر.
ولم يكن لدينا مرضى،
in a routine of training
وأخضعناهم لتدريب منتظم
exoskeleton to be built
Brazilian scientist ever,
created and flew himself
أول سفينة جوية متحكم بها
in Paris for a million people to see.
أمام مليون مشاهد.
before the Wright Brothers flew
قبل سنتين من تحليق الإخوة رايت
(Laughter)
this exoskeleton together,
hydraulic machine
called electroencephalography
تسمى تخطيط كهربية المخ
to imagine the movements
to the controls, the motors,
with an artificial skin
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
أحد أعظم أصدقائي، في ميونخ،
and the foot touching the ground
وملامسة القدم الأرض
through a vest, a shirt.
من خلال صدرية، قميص.
with micro-vibrating elements
and fools the patient's brain
لدماغ المريض وتضليله
a machine that is carrying him,
بأنه غير محمول على آلة،
and what you'll see here
Bruno, actually walked.
أحد مرضانا بالفعل، وهو برونو.
because we are setting everything,
cutting in front of the helmet
the movement that needs to be performed,
التي يتعين عليه تنفيذها.
Bruno is going to certify it,
وبعد ذلك يعتمدها برونو،
under the command of Bruno's brain.
and now he starts walking.
ويبدأ الآن المشي.
being able to move,
on the sand of Santos,
على رمال سانتوس،
before he had the accident.
اعتاد الذهاب إليه قبل الحادث.
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
في رأس برونو.
I am running out of time already --
- بدأ الوقت ينفذ مني -
when I get married,
عندما أتزوج،
be there by myself.
whenever he wants.
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
ولم نستطع،
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
بالهيكل الخارجي وهو ينفذ ركلته
in front of the entire crowd,
just describe the operation.
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
أن الهيكل جاهز للانطلاق.
and it can deliver feedback,
makes the decision to kick the ball,
two streams of green and yellow light
and going to the legs,
that were taken by the exo
التي اتخذها الهيكل
the ball is set, and he kicks.
and looked at us on the pitch,
ونظر إلينا في الملعب،
of your imagination.
published this a year ago,
لم ننشرها إلا العام الماضي فقط،
to exchange mental messages
coming from the environment
يرى شيئًا صادرًا من البيئة
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
قذيفة، قذيفة فيسيولوجية،
the act that he needed to perform
الفعل الذي يلزمه تأديته
the environment was sending as a message,
كانت ترسله البيئة كرسالة
from the first animal's brain.
من دماغ الحيوان الأول.
because I want to show you the latest.
is the first rat getting informed
on the left of the cage
to basically get a reward.
كي يحصل على مكافأة.
he is sending a mental message
that didn't see any light,
in 70 percent of the times
and get a reward
the light in the retina.
to a little higher limit
mentally in a brain net,
في شبكة دماغية
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
التي عرضتها لك مسبقًا.
the two monkeys combine their brains,
التي يربط فيها قردان دماغيهما،
to get this virtual arm to move.
لتحريك هذه الذراع الافتراضية.
is controlling the y dimension.
when you get three monkeys in there
عندما تُشرك ثلاثة قرود
play the game together,
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
للحصول على عصير البرتقال البرازيلي الشهير.
of all these brains working
كل تلك الأدمغة التي تعمل
of a biological computer,
and achieving a motor goal.
and discover what is out there.
surf the Net just by thinking,
بمجرد التفكير،
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
لطفلٍ توحدي لا يرى،
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
that it all started on a winter afternoon
بدأ في مساءٍ شتوي،
with an impossible kick.
thank you for sticking to your time.
على التزامك بالوقت الممنوح لك.
a couple more minutes,
we want to develop, and, of course,
التي نود أن نتوسع فيها، وبالطبع
brains to figure out where this is going.
لنعرف إلى أين سيتجه هذا
is actually getting a signal
is reacting to that signal
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
وينقل النبض العصبي.
No, it's a little different.
الأمر يختلف قليلًا.
of the other two monkeys.
بصرية ثنائية الأبعاد،
to accomplish is 3D.
هي ثلاثية الأبعاد.
in three dimensions.
the two dimensions on the video screen
المعروضين على شاشة الفيديو
to synchronize their brains,
when one monkey starts slacking down,
enhance their performance
without telling the monkey
has to control,
أن يتحكم بها كل دماغ،
forgets about the old dimensions
الأبعاد السابقة فورًا
on the new dimensions.
that no Turing machine,
what a brain net will do.
بما ستفعله الشبكة الدماغية.
as part of us.
have you succeeded versus failed?
Oh, several times.
unless I had done it a few times.
لو لم أجربها عدة مرات.
a European group
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
big ideas start in a humble way --
الأفكار العظيمة تبدأ بداية متواضعة،
of one subject
all non-invasive technology.
like our rats, a visual message,
كالفئران، رسالة بصرية،
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
نبضًا مغناطيسيًا في القشرة البصرية،
two different pulses.
he saw something different.
the first subject was sending
Okay, that's where we are going.
at the next conference.
في المؤتمر التالي.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com