TEDGlobal 2014
Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it
米奎爾‧尼可雷立斯: 腦對腦的溝通已經來臨，我們是如何做到的
Filmed:
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你或許記得神經科學米奎爾‧尼可雷立斯──他建造大腦控制外骨骼機器人，可以讓癱瘓的人在 2014 年世界杯足球賽開球。米奎爾現在正在做些什麼呢？建造大腦與大腦之間可以互相傳遞訊息的方法（目前是以老鼠和猴子做實驗），看到影片的最後一個實驗，如米奎爾所說的將會挑戰你想像力的極限。
Miguel Nicolelis - Neuroscientist
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33
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2014 年 6 月 12 日，
更準確地說是下午3 點 33 分，
更準確地說是下午3 點 33 分，
00:18
in a balmy winter afternoon
in São Paulo, Brazil,
in São Paulo, Brazil,
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在巴西聖保羅的一個溫暖冬日午後，
00:23
a typical South American winter afternoon,
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一個典型的南美洲冬天午後，
00:26
this kid, this young man
that you see celebrating here
that you see celebrating here
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這個孩子，如你所看到的
00:29
like he had scored a goal,
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像是他射了門般地慶祝的年輕人，
00:31
Juliano Pinto, 29 years old,
accomplished a magnificent deed.
accomplished a magnificent deed.
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29 歲的朱利亞諾·平托
完成了一個偉大的創舉。
完成了一個偉大的創舉。
雖然他全身癱瘓
00:38
Despite being paralyzed
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00:40
and not having any sensation
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
from mid-chest to the tip of his toes
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而且從胸部到腳尖都沒有任何知覺。
00:45
as the result of a car crash six years ago
that killed his brother
that killed his brother
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這是 6 年前的一場車禍造成
同時也奪去他弟弟的生命，
同時也奪去他弟弟的生命，
00:49
and produced a complete spinal cord lesion
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
that left Juliano in a wheelchair,
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車禍造成脊椎損傷，
讓朱利亞諾·平托必需依靠輪椅，
讓朱利亞諾·平托必需依靠輪椅，
00:57
Juliano rose to the occasion,
and on this day did something
and on this day did something
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朱利亞諾克服萬難，並在這一天，
01:02
that pretty much everybody that saw him
in the six years deemed impossible.
in the six years deemed impossible.
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做了一件在這六年內看到他的人
都覺得不可思議的事情。
都覺得不可思議的事情。
01:09
Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick
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朱利亞諾·平托在巴西
01:14
of the 2014 Brazilian
World Soccer Cup here
World Soccer Cup here
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替 2014 年世界足球盃開球，
01:20
just by thinking.
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僅僅透過他腦中的思考來達成。
01:22
He could not move his body,
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他無法移動他的身體，
01:24
but he could imagine the movements
needed to kick a ball.
needed to kick a ball.
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但他卻可以想像踢球需要的動作。
01:29
He was an athlete before the lesion.
He's a para-athlete right now.
He's a para-athlete right now.
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他在脊椎損傷之前是個運動員，
他現在是個殘障運動員。
他現在是個殘障運動員。
01:32
He's going to be in the Paralympic Games,
I hope, in a couple years.
I hope, in a couple years.
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他即將進入殘障奧運會比賽，
我希望能在幾年內達成。
我希望能在幾年內達成。
01:36
But what the spinal cord lesion
did not rob from Juliano
did not rob from Juliano
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脊椎損傷並沒有奪走朱利亞諾
01:40
was his ability to dream.
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實現夢想的能力。
01:43
And dream he did that afternoon,
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
for a stadium of about 75,000 people
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在那個下午他夢想成真，
在容納七萬五千人的體育場內，
在容納七萬五千人的體育場內，
01:49
and an audience of close to a billion
watching on TV.
watching on TV.
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還有在將近十億電視機前的觀眾。
01:54
And that kick crowned, basically,
30 years of basic research
30 years of basic research
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那關鍵一踢，基本上，
表揚了三十年來
表揚了三十年來
02:00
studying how the brain,
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對於腦部的基礎研究，
02:02
how this amazing universe
that we have between our ears
that we have between our ears
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這個我們兩耳間的神奇宇宙，
是如何運作的研究。
是如何運作的研究。
02:06
that is only comparable to universe
that we have above our head
that we have above our head
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它是唯一能和我們頭頂上
的宇宙媲美的，
的宇宙媲美的，
02:10
because it has about 100 billion elements
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因為它有大約有千億個元素，
02:13
talking to each other
through electrical brainstorms,
through electrical brainstorms,
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互相透過腦內的電子流溝通著，
02:16
what Juliano accomplished
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
took 30 years to imagine in laboratories
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讓朱利亞諾達成夢想
花了三十年在實驗室的構思，
花了三十年在實驗室的構思，
02:21
and about 15 years to plan.
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和大概十五年的計畫。
02:24
When John Chapin and I,
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
15 years ago, proposed in a paper
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當約翰·蔡平和我在十五年前
在一篇論文中提出
在一篇論文中提出
02:28
that we would build something
that we called a brain-machine interface,
that we called a brain-machine interface,
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我們應該建造一種叫做
「腦機介面」的東西，
「腦機介面」的東西，
02:33
meaning connecting a brain to devices
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意思是連接頭腦和裝置，
02:36
so that animals and humans
could just move these devices,
could just move these devices,
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讓動物和人類可以移動這些裝置，
02:40
no matter how far they are
from their own bodies,
from their own bodies,
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不論這些裝置離自己的身體有多遠，
02:42
just by imagining what they want to do,
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只要透過思考來達到他們想做的事，
02:44
our colleagues told us that
we actually needed professional help,
we actually needed professional help,
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我們的同事當時跟我們說
我們需要來自精神醫學
我們需要來自精神醫學
的專業協助。
02:49
of the psychiatry variety.
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02:52
And despite that,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,
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儘管如此，一個蘇格蘭人
和巴西人的堅持，
和巴西人的堅持，
02:57
because that's how we were raised
in our respective countries,
in our respective countries,
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因為那是我們在我們的國家
從小所接受的觀念，
從小所接受的觀念，
03:02
and for 12, 15 years,
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而接下來 12，15 年中，
03:04
we made demonstration after demonstration
suggesting that this was possible.
suggesting that this was possible.
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我們做出一次次的實驗，
證明這是可行的。
證明這是可行的。
03:08
And a brain-machine interface
is not rocket science,
is not rocket science,
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而一個腦機介面並不像是火箭科學，
03:11
it's just brain research.
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它只是個腦部研究。
03:13
It's nothing but using sensors
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它只是利用感測器
03:16
to read the electrical brainstorms
that a brain is producing
that a brain is producing
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讀懂大腦所產生的電子流
03:19
to generate the motor commands
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以下達運動命令
03:21
that have to be downloaded
to the spinal cord,
to the spinal cord,
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而這指令需要傳至脊椎。
03:24
so we projected sensors that can read
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所以我們設計了可以同時讀懂
03:26
hundreds and now thousands
of these brain cells simultaneously,
of these brain cells simultaneously,
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幾百種，
現在是數千種腦細胞的感測器，
現在是數千種腦細胞的感測器，
03:30
and extract from these electrical signals
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並從電子訊號中知道
03:33
the motor planning
that the brain is generating
that the brain is generating
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大腦正在產生的動作計畫
03:36
to actually make us move into space.
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讓我們移動到對的位置。
03:39
And by doing that, we converted
these signals into digital commands
these signals into digital commands
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如此一來，
我們把這些訊息轉換成數字指令，
我們把這些訊息轉換成數字指令，
03:42
that any mechanical, electronic,
or even a virtual device can understand
or even a virtual device can understand
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讓任何機械、電子、
甚至虛擬設備能理解，
甚至虛擬設備能理解，
03:47
so that the subject can imagine
what he, she or it wants to make move,
what he, she or it wants to make move,
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使得個體可以想像他或她想做的動作，
03:54
and the device obeys that brain command.
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這個設備就會服從大腦的命令。
03:57
By sensorizing these devices
with lots of different types of sensors,
with lots of different types of sensors,
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藉著在這些有很多感測器的設備
加上感知能力，
加上感知能力，
正如你們等一下就會看到的，
04:01
as you are going to see in a moment,
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04:03
we actually sent messages
back to the brain to confirm
back to the brain to confirm
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我們事實上是把訊息
傳回給大腦來確認，
傳回給大腦來確認，
04:07
that that voluntary motor will
was being enacted, no matter where --
was being enacted, no matter where --
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隨意移動意志會被啟動，
不管在哪裡，
不管在哪裡，
04:11
next to the subject, next door,
or across the planet.
or across the planet.
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像是在個體旁邊、隔壁、
或是地球的另一端。
或是地球的另一端。
04:16
And as this message gave feedback
back to the brain,
back to the brain,
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而當這個訊息被回饋給大腦時，
04:19
the brain realized its goal:
to make us move.
to make us move.
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大腦就會發現他的目標
是要讓我們移動。
是要讓我們移動。
04:23
So this is just one experiment
that we published a few years ago,
that we published a few years ago,
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這是幾年前我們發表的一個實驗，
04:27
where a monkey, without moving its body,
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實驗中一隻猴子
不用透過移動牠的身體
不用透過移動牠的身體
04:29
learned to control the movements
of an avatar arm,
of an avatar arm,
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可以控制一個虛擬手臂的動作，
04:33
a virtual arm that doesn't exist.
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這個虛擬手臂並不真的存在。
04:35
What you're listening to
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
is the sound of the brain of this monkey
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你現在聽到的是
這隻猴子大腦所發出的聲音
這隻猴子大腦所發出的聲音
04:39
as it explores three different
visually identical spheres
visually identical spheres
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在虛擬空間裡
探索三個看起來
探索三個看起來
04:43
in virtual space.
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相同的球體。
04:45
And to get a reward,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,
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猴子得到的獎賞
是一滴牠喜歡的柳橙汁，
是一滴牠喜歡的柳橙汁，
04:49
this animal has to detect,
select one of these objects
select one of these objects
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這隻動物需要偵查，
透過觸碰
透過觸碰
04:52
by touching,
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選取其中一個物體，
04:54
not by seeing it, by touching it,
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不是透過觀看，而是透過觸摸，
04:56
because every time this virtual hand
touches one of the objects,
touches one of the objects,
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因為每一次這個虛擬的手
碰到任一個物品時，
碰到任一個物品時，
04:59
an electrical pulse goes back
to the brain of the animal
to the brain of the animal
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一個電脈衝會傳回動物的大腦
05:02
describing the fine texture
of the surface of this object,
of the surface of this object,
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描述這個物品的表面材質，
05:06
so the animal can judge what is
the correct object that he has to grab,
the correct object that he has to grab,
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所以牠才能判斷哪一個
才是牠要拿的正確物品，
才是牠要拿的正確物品，
05:10
and if he does that, he gets a reward
without moving a muscle.
without moving a muscle.
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如果拿對了，
牠可以不動用肌肉就獲得獎賞。
牠可以不動用肌肉就獲得獎賞。
一個完美的巴西式午餐：
05:16
The perfect Brazilian lunch:
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05:18
not moving a muscle
and getting your orange juice.
and getting your orange juice.
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不動用肌肉就獲得你的柳橙汁。
05:22
So as we saw this happening,
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當我們看見發生這種事情，
05:25
we actually came and proposed the idea
that we had published 15 years ago.
that we had published 15 years ago.
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事實上我們十五年前
就提出這個想法並發表它。
就提出這個想法並發表它。
05:29
We reenacted this paper.
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我們重現這篇論文。
05:31
We got it out of the drawers,
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我們把文章從抽屜裡拿出來，
05:33
and we proposed that perhaps we could get
a human being that is paralyzed
a human being that is paralyzed
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然後我們提出，
或許我們可以讓一個癱瘓的人
或許我們可以讓一個癱瘓的人
05:37
to actually use the brain-machine
interface to regain mobility.
interface to regain mobility.
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實際使用腦機介面來重獲行動能力。
05:42
The idea was that if you suffered --
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這個概念是，
萬一你為此所苦
萬一你為此所苦
05:44
and that can happen to any one of us.
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而這可能會發生
在我們任何一個人身上。
在我們任何一個人身上。
05:46
Let me tell you, it's very sudden.
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我跟你們說，世事難料。
05:48
It's a millisecond of a collision,
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只要千分之一秒的撞擊，
05:50
a car accident that
transforms your life completely.
transforms your life completely.
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一場車禍就會完全改變你的人生。
05:53
If you have a complete lesion
of the spinal cord,
of the spinal cord,
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如果你的脊椎完全損傷，
05:56
you cannot move because your brainstorms
cannot reach your muscles.
cannot reach your muscles.
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你就不能動了，因為你腦中
的電子訊號無法到達你的肌肉。
的電子訊號無法到達你的肌肉。
06:00
However, your brainstorms
continue to be generated in your head.
continue to be generated in your head.
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然而，
電子訊號還是持續在你腦中產生。
電子訊號還是持續在你腦中產生。
06:04
Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients
dream about moving every night.
dream about moving every night.
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半身或全身癱瘓的患者
每晚都會夢到他們在移動。
每晚都會夢到他們在移動。
06:08
They have that inside their head.
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在他們腦中有那種移動的感覺。
06:10
The problem is how
to get that code out of it
to get that code out of it
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問題是要如何把這個密碼取出
06:13
and make the movement be created again.
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且讓動作可以再被創造出來。
06:16
So what we proposed was,
let's create a new body.
let's create a new body.
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所以我們提出的想法是，
我們來做個新的身體。
我們來做個新的身體。
06:19
Let's create a robotic vest.
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我們來做個機械背心。
06:21
And that's exactly why Juliano could
kick that ball just by thinking,
kick that ball just by thinking,
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而這正是為什麼朱利亞諾
可以僅透過思考來踢球，
可以僅透過思考來踢球，
06:26
because he was wearing
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
the first brain-controlled robotic vest
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因為他穿著第一件
大腦控制的機械背心。
大腦控制的機械背心。
06:30
that can be used by paraplegic,
quadriplegic patients to move
quadriplegic patients to move
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這背心可以讓半身或全身癱瘓
的病人移動，
的病人移動，
06:34
and to regain feedback.
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並且重獲移動的反饋。
06:35
That was the original idea, 15 years ago.
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這是十五年前的原創想法。
06:38
What I'm going to show you is how
156 people from 25 countries
156 people from 25 countries
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我現在要展現給你們的是
來自這美麗地球五大洲
來自這美麗地球五大洲
06:44
all over the five continents
of this beautiful Earth,
of this beautiful Earth,
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25 個國家的 156 個人，
06:47
dropped their lives,
dropped their patents,
dropped their patents,
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他們拋下他們的生活，
拋下他們的父母，
拋下他們的父母，
06:50
dropped their dogs, wives,
kids, school, jobs,
kids, school, jobs,
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拋下他們的狗、妻子、孩子、
學校、工作，
學校、工作，
06:54
and congregated to come to Brazil
for 18 months to actually get this done.
for 18 months to actually get this done.
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然後聚集在巴西，
待了十八個月把這個完成。
待了十八個月把這個完成。
06:59
Because a couple years after Brazil
was awarded the World Cup,
was awarded the World Cup,
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這是因為巴西
獲得世界杯足球賽主辦權的幾年後，
獲得世界杯足球賽主辦權的幾年後，
07:03
we heard that the Brazilian government
wanted to do something meaningful
wanted to do something meaningful
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我們聽說巴西政府想要在開幕典禮上
07:07
in the opening ceremony
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做一些有意義的事，
07:08
in the country that reinvented
and perfected soccer
and perfected soccer
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在這個重建
並完善足球運動的國家裡，
並完善足球運動的國家裡，
07:12
until we met the Germans, of course.
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當然，那是在我們碰到德國人之前。
07:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:16
But that's a different talk,
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但那會是另一個演講，
07:18
and a different neuroscientist
needs to talk about that.
needs to talk about that.
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而且要有一個不同的
神經科學家來講這件事。
神經科學家來講這件事。
07:22
But what Brazil wanted to do
is to showcase
is to showcase
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不過巴西當時想要做的事是
07:24
a completely different country,
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展現一個完全不同的國家，
07:25
a country that values science
and technology,
and technology,
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一個重視科學與科技的國家，
07:28
and can give a gift to millions,
25 million people around the world
25 million people around the world
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而且可以送個禮物給世界上二十五萬
07:32
that cannot move any longer
because of a spinal cord injury.
because of a spinal cord injury.
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因為脊椎受傷而失去行動能力的人。
07:35
Well, we went to the Brazilian government
and to FIFA and proposed,
and to FIFA and proposed,
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我們去巴西政府和國際足協，
07:39
well, let's have the kickoff
of the 2014 World Cup
of the 2014 World Cup
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提議讓一個巴西的半癱瘓者
07:42
be given by a Brazilian paraplegic
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來為 2014 世界盃開球，
07:44
using a brain-controlled exoskeleton
that allows him to kick the ball
that allows him to kick the ball
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使用一個大腦控制的
外骨骼機器人來踢球
外骨骼機器人來踢球
07:49
and to feel the contact of the ball.
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並感覺與球的接觸。
07:52
They looked at us,
thought that we were completely nuts,
thought that we were completely nuts,
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他們看著我們，
覺得我們簡直是怪胎，
覺得我們簡直是怪胎，
07:54
and said, "Okay, let's try."
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然後說：「好吧，我們來試試看。」
07:57
We had 18 months to do everything
from zero, from scratch.
from zero, from scratch.
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我們以 18 個月的時間
來做所有的事情，從零、從無開始。
來做所有的事情，從零、從無開始。
08:01
We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,
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我們沒有外骨骼機器人，沒有病人，
08:04
we had nothing done.
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我們什麼都沒有。
08:06
These people came all together
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那些人全部聚集在一起，
08:08
and in 18 months, we got eight patients
in a routine of training
in a routine of training
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然後在 18 個月內，
我們對 8 個病人做日常訓練，
我們對 8 個病人做日常訓練，
08:12
and basically built from nothing this guy,
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並且基本上是從無開始，這個傢伙，
08:16
that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.
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我們稱它為
「巴西－桑托斯杜蒙一號」。
「巴西－桑托斯杜蒙一號」。
08:21
The first brain-controlled
exoskeleton to be built
exoskeleton to be built
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世界第一個大腦控制的外骨骼機器人
08:24
was named after the most famous
Brazilian scientist ever,
Brazilian scientist ever,
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是以巴西有史以來最有名的科學家，
08:28
Alberto Santos Dumont,
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亞伯托‧桑托斯‧杜蒙來命名，
08:30
who, on October 19, 1901,
created and flew himself
created and flew himself
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他在 1901 年 10 月 19 日，
駕駛自己所創造的
駕駛自己所創造的
08:36
the first controlled airship on air
in Paris for a million people to see.
in Paris for a million people to see.
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第一架飛行器，在巴黎上空
一百萬人的注視下飛行。
一百萬人的注視下飛行。
08:43
Sorry, my American friends,
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不好意思，我的美國朋友們，
08:45
I live in North Carolina,
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我住在北卡羅萊納州，
08:47
but it was two years
before the Wright Brothers flew
before the Wright Brothers flew
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但萊特兄弟是在二年之後
08:52
on the coast of North Carolina.
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才飛過北卡羅萊納州海岸。
08:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:57
Flight control is Brazilian.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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飛行管制是巴西人建立的。
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
09:02
So we went together with these guys
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所以我們跟這些人一起
09:05
and we basically put
this exoskeleton together,
this exoskeleton together,
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把這個外骨骼機器人組起來，
09:08
15 degrees of freedom,
hydraulic machine
hydraulic machine
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15 個自由度，液壓控制的機器，
09:11
that can be commanded by brain signals
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由大腦訊號所控制
09:14
recorded by a non-invasive technology
called electroencephalography
called electroencephalography
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被一個非侵入性的科技，
叫腦波儀所記錄下來
。
叫腦波儀所記錄下來
。
09:18
that can basically allow the patient
to imagine the movements
to imagine the movements
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這可以讓病人來想像動作，
09:22
and send his commands
to the controls, the motors,
to the controls, the motors,
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然後傳遞他的指令
到控制系統與運動神經，
到控制系統與運動神經，
09:26
and get it done.
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來把動作完成。
09:27
This exoskeleton was covered
with an artificial skin
with an artificial skin
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這個外骨骼機器人
被一層人造皮膚覆蓋。
被一層人造皮膚覆蓋。
09:30
invented by Gordon Cheng,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
one of my greatest friends, in Munich,
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這是我在慕尼黑最優秀的朋友之一，
戈登‧鄭所發明的。
戈登‧鄭所發明的。
09:34
to allow sensation from the joints moving
and the foot touching the ground
and the foot touching the ground
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這個人造皮可以讓關節移動
和腳掌接觸地面的感覺，
和腳掌接觸地面的感覺，
09:39
to be delivered back to the patient
through a vest, a shirt.
through a vest, a shirt.
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透過背心或上衣傳回病人身上。
09:43
It is a smart shirt
with micro-vibrating elements
with micro-vibrating elements
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這是一件有微震動元件的智慧衣服，
09:46
that basically delivers the feedback
and fools the patient's brain
and fools the patient's brain
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衣服傳遞反饋，
給病患的大腦產生假象。
給病患的大腦產生假象。
09:51
by creating a sensation that it is not
a machine that is carrying him,
a machine that is carrying him,
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創造一種不是機器在移動人，
09:55
but it is he who is walking again.
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而是人自己走路的感覺。
09:58
So we got this going,
and what you'll see here
and what you'll see here
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所以我們讓這機器人可以運作，
然後你將會看到的是，
然後你將會看到的是，
10:01
is the first time one of our patients,
Bruno, actually walked.
Bruno, actually walked.
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我們其中一個病人，
布魯諾，第一次行走。
布魯諾，第一次行走。
10:06
And he takes a few seconds
because we are setting everything,
because we are setting everything,
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他花了幾秒的時間，
因為我們要設定所有東西，
因為我們要設定所有東西，
10:08
and you are going to see a blue light
cutting in front of the helmet
cutting in front of the helmet
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接著你會看到頭罩前面有一道藍光，
10:12
because Bruno is going to imagine
the movement that needs to be performed,
the movement that needs to be performed,
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因為布魯諾需要想像
移動所需要做的動作，
移動所需要做的動作，
10:16
the computer is going to analyze it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
Bruno is going to certify it,
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電腦會分析這個動作，
布魯諾會確認它，
布魯諾會確認它，
10:19
and when it is certified,
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當它被確認之後，
10:21
the device starts moving
under the command of Bruno's brain.
under the command of Bruno's brain.
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這個裝置開始在
布魯諾大腦的命令下移動。
布魯諾大腦的命令下移動。
10:24
And he just got it right,
and now he starts walking.
and now he starts walking.
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現在他剛站好，然後他開始走。
10:29
After nine years without
being able to move,
being able to move,
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在九年不能移動之後，
10:32
he is walking by himself.
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他開始自己走路。
10:34
And more than that --
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而且不只如此
10:36
(Applause) --
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（掌聲）
10:39
more than just walking,
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不只是走路，
10:41
he is feeling the ground,
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他能感受地面，
10:43
and if the speed of the exo goes up,
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當外骨骼機器人的速度變快，
10:45
he tells us that he is walking again
on the sand of Santos,
on the sand of Santos,
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他告訴我們他像是再一次
走在桑托斯的沙灘上，
走在桑托斯的沙灘上，
10:50
the beach resort where he used to go
before he had the accident.
before he had the accident.
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那是他發生意外之前
習慣去的海灘度假區。
習慣去的海灘度假區。
10:54
That's why the brain is creating
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
a new sensation in Bruno's head.
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這是為什麼布魯諾的大腦
會創造出一個全新的感受。
會創造出一個全新的感受。
10:57
So he walks, and at the end of the walk --
I am running out of time already --
I am running out of time already --
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他行走，在結束行走的時候
我快沒時間了
我快沒時間了
11:01
he says, "You know, guys,
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他說：「各位，
11:04
I need to borrow this thing from you
when I get married,
when I get married,
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我結婚的時候需要跟你們借這個東西，
11:06
because I wanted to walk to the priest
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因為我想要走到神父面前
11:09
and see my bride and actually
be there by myself.
be there by myself.
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去看我的新娘，
而且是我本人在場。」
而且是我本人在場。」
11:13
Of course, he will have it
whenever he wants.
whenever he wants.
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當然，他隨時都可以擁有。
11:16
And this is what we wanted to show
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
during the World Cup, and couldn't,
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這是我們在世界盃
很想展示卻沒有展示的東西，
很想展示卻沒有展示的東西，
11:20
because for some mysterious reason,
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
FIFA cut its broadcast in half.
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因為某些神祕的原因，
國際足協把直播給減半了。
國際足協把直播給減半了。
11:25
What you are going to see very quickly
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick
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各位即將看到的是
朱里亞諾‧平托穿著外骨骼機器人踢球
朱里亞諾‧平托穿著外骨骼機器人踢球
11:33
a few minutes before we went to the pitch
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這是在我們調整好後的幾分鐘，
11:35
and did the real thing
in front of the entire crowd,
in front of the entire crowd,
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而且是觀眾面前做這件事，
11:38
and the lights you are going to see
just describe the operation.
just describe the operation.
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你們即將看到藍光描述這個過程。
11:41
Basically, the blue lights pulsating
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
indicate that the exo is ready to go.
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基本上，藍色光閃爍
代表外骨骼機器人已經準備好運作。
代表外骨骼機器人已經準備好運作。
11:46
It can receive thoughts
and it can deliver feedback,
and it can deliver feedback,
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它可以接受想法並且傳遞回饋，
11:49
and when Juliano
makes the decision to kick the ball,
makes the decision to kick the ball,
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而當朱利亞諾做出踢球的決定時，
11:52
you are going to see
two streams of green and yellow light
two streams of green and yellow light
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你們將會看到二道綠光和黃光
11:55
coming from the helmet
and going to the legs,
and going to the legs,
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從頭罩流到腿，
11:58
representing the mental commands
that were taken by the exo
that were taken by the exo
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這代表外骨骼機器人
已經接獲指令
已經接獲指令
12:02
to actually make that happen.
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來讓動作真的產生。
12:04
And in basically 13 seconds,
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在 13 秒內，
12:07
Juliano actually did.
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朱利亞諾就做到了。
12:09
You can see the commands.
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你可以看到那些指令。
12:11
He gets ready,
the ball is set, and he kicks.
the ball is set, and he kicks.
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他準備好，球放好，然後他踢球。
12:15
And the most amazing thing is,
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最令人訝異的是，
12:17
10 seconds after he did that,
and looked at us on the pitch,
and looked at us on the pitch,
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在他做完十秒後，
他看著主控台上的我們，
他看著主控台上的我們，
12:20
he told us, celebrating as you saw,
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他跟我們說，
歡欣鼓舞就像你們看到的樣子，
歡欣鼓舞就像你們看到的樣子，
12:22
"I felt the ball."
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「我感覺到球了。」
12:25
And that's priceless.
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那真是無價。
12:27
(Applause)
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1872
(掌聲)
12:29
So where is this going to go?
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所以這會怎麼發展下去?
12:31
I have two minutes to tell you
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我有兩分鐘可以告訴你們，
12:33
that it's going to the limits
of your imagination.
of your imagination.
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受限於各位想像力。
12:36
Brain-actuating technology is here.
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腦驅動的科技就在這裡。
12:38
This is the latest: We just
published this a year ago,
published this a year ago,
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2554
這是最近的，我們一年前才發表，
12:41
the first brain-to-brain interface
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第一個腦對腦介面
12:43
that allows two animals
to exchange mental messages
to exchange mental messages
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能讓兩隻動物交換心靈訊息。
12:46
so that one animal that sees something
coming from the environment
coming from the environment
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所以一隻動物
從環境中看到某些東西，
從環境中看到某些東西，
12:50
can send a mental SMS,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,
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可以傳一個心靈簡訊，一個魚雷，
一個神經生理的魚雷，
一個神經生理的魚雷，
12:56
to the second animal,
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給另一隻動物。
12:57
and the second animal performs
the act that he needed to perform
the act that he needed to perform
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然後第二隻動物
做出牠需要做的反應，
做出牠需要做的反應，
13:01
without ever knowing what
the environment was sending as a message,
the environment was sending as a message,
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甚至不知道環境給了什麼訊息，
13:05
because the message came
from the first animal's brain.
from the first animal's brain.
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因為訊息
是從第一隻動物的腦傳出來的。
是從第一隻動物的腦傳出來的。
13:09
So this is the first demo.
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所以這是第一個展示，
13:11
I'm going to be very quick
because I want to show you the latest.
because I want to show you the latest.
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我要加快腳步
因為我想要給你們看最新的。
因為我想要給你們看最新的。
13:15
But what you see here
is the first rat getting informed
is the first rat getting informed
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你們看到的是第一隻老鼠，
13:21
by a light that is going to show up
on the left of the cage
on the left of the cage
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被籠子左邊出現的光提示
13:24
that he has to press the left cage
to basically get a reward.
to basically get a reward.
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要按左邊籠子來獲得獎賞。
13:27
He goes there and does it.
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牠走到那邊然後按下去。
13:29
And the same time,
he is sending a mental message
he is sending a mental message
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在這同時，牠傳送一個心靈訊息，
13:31
to the second rat
that didn't see any light,
that didn't see any light,
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給沒有看到任何光線的第二隻老鼠，
13:35
and the second rat,
in 70 percent of the times
in 70 percent of the times
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而第二隻老鼠，
在百分之七十的試驗裡，
在百分之七十的試驗裡，
13:37
is going to press the left lever
and get a reward
and get a reward
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會去按左邊控制桿然後獲得獎賞，
13:41
without ever experiencing
the light in the retina.
the light in the retina.
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牠的視網膜完全沒有感應到光。
13:45
Well, we took this
to a little higher limit
to a little higher limit
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我們加深這個的難度，
13:49
by getting monkeys to collaborate
mentally in a brain net,
mentally in a brain net,
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讓猴子們在一個大腦網路中合作，
13:54
basically to donate their brain activity
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貢獻牠們的大腦活動，
13:56
and combine them to move
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
the virtual arm that I showed you before,
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然後結合它們來移動
我之前給你們看過的虛擬手臂，
我之前給你們看過的虛擬手臂，
14:00
and what you see here is the first time
the two monkeys combine their brains,
the two monkeys combine their brains,
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各位在這邊看到的是兩隻猴子
第一次結合牠們的大腦，
第一次結合牠們的大腦，
14:05
synchronize their brains perfectly
to get this virtual arm to move.
to get this virtual arm to move.
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完美地同步牠們的大腦
來使這隻虛擬手臂移動。
來使這隻虛擬手臂移動。
14:09
One monkey is controlling the x dimension,
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一隻猴子控制 X 方向，
14:12
the other monkey
is controlling the y dimension.
is controlling the y dimension.
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另外一隻猴子控制 Y 方向。
14:14
But it gets a little more interesting
when you get three monkeys in there
when you get three monkeys in there
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但有三隻猴子的時候，
事情變得更有趣。
事情變得更有趣。
14:19
and you ask one monkey to control x and y,
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一隻猴子控制 X 和 Y，
14:22
the other monkey to control y and z,
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另一隻控制 Y 和 Z，
14:25
and the third one to control x and z,
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第三隻控制 X 和 Z，
14:28
and you make them all
play the game together,
play the game together,
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讓牠們一起玩這個遊戲，
14:30
moving the arm in 3D into a target
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.
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在虛擬 3D 空間中移動手臂
來獲得有名的巴西柳橙汁。
來獲得有名的巴西柳橙汁。
14:36
And they actually do.
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而牠們真的做到。
14:38
The black dot is the average
of all these brains working
of all these brains working
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黑點是這三隻猴子的大腦
14:43
in parallel, in real time.
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同時、即時運作的平均值。
14:46
That is the definition
of a biological computer,
of a biological computer,
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這是生物電腦的定義，
14:49
interacting by brain activity
and achieving a motor goal.
and achieving a motor goal.
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透過大腦活動互動
並達到一個動作目標。
並達到一個動作目標。
14:53
Where is this going?
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這會發展到哪裡？
14:55
We have no idea.
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我們並不知道。
14:58
We're just scientists.
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我們只是科學家。
14:59
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
15:01
We are paid to be children,
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我們被付錢來當孩子，
15:03
to basically go to the edge
and discover what is out there.
and discover what is out there.
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往前邁進並探索外面的世界。
15:07
But one thing I know:
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但有一件事情我知道：
15:09
One day, in a few decades,
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在幾十年內的某天，
15:11
when our grandchildren
surf the Net just by thinking,
surf the Net just by thinking,
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當我們的孫子
只要透過「思考」就能上網，
只要透過「思考」就能上網，
15:15
or a mother donates her eyesight
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
to an autistic kid who cannot see,
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或是一個母親可以把視力分享給
看不見的自閉症孩子，
看不見的自閉症孩子，
15:19
or somebody speaks because
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
of a brain-to-brain bypass,
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或是某人透過腦對腦的傳遞說話，
15:22
some of you will remember
that it all started on a winter afternoon
that it all started on a winter afternoon
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各位之中的某些人
將會想起這是由一個冬天下午，
將會想起這是由一個冬天下午，
15:28
in a Brazilian soccer field
with an impossible kick.
with an impossible kick.
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在巴西足球場上不可能的一球開始的。
15:32
Thank you.
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謝謝各位。
15:34
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:43
Thank you.
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謝謝各位。
15:59
Bruno Giussani: Miguel,
thank you for sticking to your time.
thank you for sticking to your time.
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布魯諾‧朱薩尼：
米奎爾，感謝你遵守時間。
米奎爾，感謝你遵守時間。
16:03
I actually would have given you
a couple more minutes,
a couple more minutes,
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老實說我希望可以多給你幾分鐘，
16:05
because there are a couple of points
we want to develop, and, of course,
we want to develop, and, of course,
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因為我們想要繼續探究幾個點，
而且，當然，
而且，當然，
16:08
clearly it seems that we need connected
brains to figure out where this is going.
brains to figure out where this is going.
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很顯然我們需要相連接的大腦
來弄清楚這會發展到哪裡。
來弄清楚這會發展到哪裡。
16:12
So let's connect all this together.
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所以我們來把這些全部串起來。
16:14
So if I'm understanding correctly,
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如果我理解正確，
16:16
one of the monkeys
is actually getting a signal
is actually getting a signal
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一隻猴子實際上獲得訊號，
16:18
and the other monkey
is reacting to that signal
is reacting to that signal
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另外二隻猴子對那個訊號做出反應，
16:21
just because the first one is receiving it
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
and transmitting the neurological impulse.
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這是因為第一隻接收到訊號，
然後傳送這個神經脈衝。
然後傳送這個神經脈衝。
16:25
Miguel Nicolelis:
No, it's a little different.
No, it's a little different.
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不是，這有一點不一樣。
16:27
No monkey knows of the existence
of the other two monkeys.
of the other two monkeys.
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沒有猴子知道其他兩隻猴子的存在。
16:30
They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,
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牠們獲得二維的視覺回饋，
16:33
but the task they have
to accomplish is 3D.
to accomplish is 3D.
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但是牠們要完成的任務是在三維空間。
16:36
They have to move an arm
in three dimensions.
in three dimensions.
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牠們要在三維空間中移動一隻手臂，
16:38
But each monkey is only getting
the two dimensions on the video screen
the two dimensions on the video screen
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但是每隻猴子只會在螢幕上看到
16:42
that the monkey controls.
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自己控制的兩個維度。
16:44
And to get that thing done,
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而要完成那件事情，
16:47
you need at least two monkeys
to synchronize their brains,
to synchronize their brains,
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你需要至少兩隻猴子同步牠們的大腦，
16:49
but the ideal is three.
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但是理想上是三隻。
16:51
So what we found out is that
when one monkey starts slacking down,
when one monkey starts slacking down,
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所以我們發現的是，
當其中一隻猴子開始鬆懈，
當其中一隻猴子開始鬆懈，
16:55
the other two monkeys
enhance their performance
enhance their performance
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另外兩隻猴子會表現得更好
16:57
to get the guy to come back,
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來讓那隻鬆懈的猴子跟上來，
16:59
so this adjusts dynamically,
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所以這會動態調整，
17:02
but the global synchrony remains the same.
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不過整體的同步還是維持一樣。
17:06
Now, if you flip
without telling the monkey
without telling the monkey
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現在，假設你改變
每個大腦要控制的維度，
每個大腦要控制的維度，
17:09
the dimensions that each brain
has to control,
has to control,
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而不告訴猴子，
17:11
like this guy is controlling x and y,
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比方說這隻控制 X 跟 Y，
17:13
but he should be controlling now y and z,
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但牠現在要控制 Y 跟 Z，
17:16
instantaneously, that animal's brain
forgets about the old dimensions
forgets about the old dimensions
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這隻動物的大腦立即忘記舊的維度，
17:20
and it starts concentrating
on the new dimensions.
on the new dimensions.
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而牠開始專注在新的維度。
17:23
So what I need to say is
that no Turing machine,
that no Turing machine,
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所以我必須講的是沒有任何圖靈機，
17:26
no computer can predict
what a brain net will do.
what a brain net will do.
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沒有電腦可以預測
一個大腦網路會做什麼。
一個大腦網路會做什麼。
17:30
So we will absorb technology
as part of us.
as part of us.
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我們會把科技變成我們的一部份。
17:33
Technology will never absorb us.
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科技無法吞噬我們。
17:35
It's simply impossible.
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這是不可能的。
17:38
BG: How many times have you tested this?
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布魯諾：你們做了多少次測試？
17:41
And how many times
have you succeeded versus failed?
have you succeeded versus failed?
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還有，你們成功和失敗多少次?
17:44
MN: Oh, tens of times.
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米奎爾：噢，幾十次。
17:46
With the three monkeys?
Oh, several times.
Oh, several times.
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三隻猴子的？噢，好幾次。
17:48
I wouldn't be able to talk about this here
unless I had done it a few times.
unless I had done it a few times.
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除非我做了好幾次，
不然我沒有辦法在這邊講這個議題。
不然我沒有辦法在這邊講這個議題。
17:53
And I forgot to mention, because of time,
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因為時間的關係，我忘記提及，
17:55
that just three weeks ago,
a European group
a European group
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三週前，有一個歐洲的團隊，
17:59
just demonstrated the first
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.
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剛展示了第一個人腦對人腦的連結。
18:04
BG: And how does that play?
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布魯諾：那表現如何？
18:06
MN: There was one bit of information --
big ideas start in a humble way --
big ideas start in a humble way --
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米奎爾：有一點點消息，
大的點子都從簡單的方式開始
大的點子都從簡單的方式開始
18:10
but basically the brain activity
of one subject
of one subject
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但基本上其中一個受試者的大腦活動
18:17
was transmitted to a second object,
all non-invasive technology.
all non-invasive technology.
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被傳到另一個受試者上，
全部是非侵入式科技。
全部是非侵入式科技。
18:21
So the first subject got a message,
like our rats, a visual message,
like our rats, a visual message,
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第一個受試者獲得一個訊息，
和我們的老鼠一樣，是視覺訊息，
和我們的老鼠一樣，是視覺訊息，
18:25
and transmitted it to the second subject.
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而後傳給第二個受試者。
18:28
The second subject received
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,
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第二個受試者的視覺皮層
接受到磁場脈衝，
接受到磁場脈衝，
18:32
or a different pulse,
two different pulses.
two different pulses.
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或是其它脈衝，
二種不同的脈衝。
二種不同的脈衝。
18:36
In one pulse, the subject saw something.
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在一個脈衝中，
受試者看到某個東西，
受試者看到某個東西，
18:38
On the other pulse,
he saw something different.
he saw something different.
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在另一個脈衝中，
他看到不同的東西，
他看到不同的東西，
18:40
And he was able to verbally indicate
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而且他能夠口頭說明
18:42
what was the message
the first subject was sending
the first subject was sending
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第一個受試者透過網際網路
18:45
through the Internet across continents.
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所傳遞的訊息是什麼。
18:48
Moderator: Wow.
Okay, that's where we are going.
Okay, that's where we are going.
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主持人：哇。好，
那就是我們未來的方向。
那就是我們未來的方向。
18:51
That's the next TED Talk
at the next conference.
at the next conference.
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這會是下個會議的 TED 演講。
18:53
Miguel Nicolelis, thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
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米奎爾‧尼可雷立斯，謝謝你。
謝謝你，布魯諾。謝謝大家。
謝謝你，布魯諾。謝謝大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com