Ben Ambridge: 9 myths about psychology, debunked
بين أمبريدج: عشر خرافات مدحوضة عن علم النفس
Ben Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
your general intelligence,
about what makes you tick,
at predicting other people's behavior
about psychology is wrong?
أنكم تعرفونها عن علم النفس خاطئة؟
the top 10 myths of psychology.
ونعد أكبر 10خرافات في علم النفس.
that when it comes to their psychology,
عندما يأتي الحديث عن نفسياتهم،
الرجال من المريخ والنساء من الزهرة.
and women are from Venus.
بين الرجل والمرأة؟
are men and women really?
by looking at something
gender differences on the same scale.
حسب الجنس على نفس المقياس.
do really differ on
a normal distribution curve.
بينما لا يستطيع قلة آخرون فعل ذلك إطلاقًا،
and a few men not far at all,
the same distribution as well,
quite a big difference.
can throw a ball further
some psychological gender differences
الاختلافات النفسية بين الجنسين
at spatial awareness than women --
for example -- and it's true,
at the size of this difference.
together they almost overlap.
وكأنها متداخلة.
than 33 percent of all men,
أفضل بـ 33٪ من كل الرجال،
would be exactly equal.
difference and the next one I'll show you
والاختلاف التالي الذي سأطلعكم عليه
psychological gender differences
that women are better
on the standardized grammar test.
but the lines are so close
ولكن الخطوط قريبة جدًا
are better than the average woman,
complete gender equality.
مساواة كاملة بين الجنسين.
a case of Mars and Venus.
Mars and Snickers:
slightly nuttier than the other.
ربما يكون أغرب من الآخر قليلًا.
باستخدام اختبار رورسكاش إنكبلوت الشهير.
the famous Rorschach inkblot test.
two bears or two people or something.
أو شخصين أو شيئًا ما.
they're saying hello.
they are high-fiving.
يضربان كفيهما ببعض فرحًا.
saying hello or high-fiving,
أو يضربان بكفيهما فرحًا،
nasty, aggressive person.
ليقل كل منكم ما يرى بصوت مرتفع.
three everyone shout out what you see.
(يرفع الجمهور صوته)
(Audience shouting)
some kind of two-legged animal here,
من الحيوانات ذوات الأرجل هنا،
that you have difficulty
فهذا يعني أنك تعاني من صعوبة
where there's a lot going on.
التي تحدث فيها أمور كثيرة.
it doesn't mean that at all.
have basically no validity
ليس لها أساس من الصحة
people's personality
by modern-day psychologists.
مؤخرًا أنك عندما تحاول
that when you do try
using Rorschach inkblot tests,
perfectly normal participants.
a very visual type of person.
quick quiz to find out.
--ارفع يدك لكل تصويت كذلك --
so hands up for each one again --
a recipe book with pictures?
as you go along?
are a visual learner
is presented in a visual style.
تقدم لك المعلومة بشكل مرئي.
فهذا يعني أنك متعلم سمعي،
you're an auditory learner,
is presented to you in an auditory format.
تقدم لك المعلومة بشكل صوتي.
that you're a kinesthetic learner,
فيعني أنك متعلم حركي،
and do things with your hands.
as you've probably guessed,
the whole thing is a complete myth.
ولا تدعمها أدلة علمية.
not supported by scientific evidence.
في الدراسات التجريبية المحدودة،
tightly controlled experimental studies,
or an opposite style,
amount of information that they retain.
كمية المعلومات التي يحفظها.
for just a second,
that this has to be true.
the best presentation format
على المادة التي تحاول تعلمها.
but on what you're trying to learn.
for example,
telling you what to do
and without writing them down?
دون اللجوء لكتابتها؟
for your architecture exams
لو كنت متعلمًا حسيًا؟
if you're a kinesthetic learner?
الربط بين المادة التي تتعلمها
is match the material to be learned
your GCSE results.
في اختبار الثانوية.
what you were hoping for,
على طريقة التعليم،
your learning style,
to think about blaming is your genes.
أجرتها جامعة كولج لندن
recent study at University College London
and their GCSE results
في امتحان الثانوية العامة
so how can we tell?
إذًا كيف يمكننا الاستدلال عليه؟
the relative contributions
100 percent of their environment
share 100 percent of their environment,
يتشاركون 100٪ نفس البيئة
share only 50 percent of their genes.
يتقاسمون 50 ٪ من الجينات فقط.
GCSE results are in identical twins
نتائج اختبار الثانوية في التوائم الحقيقية
and performance is due to the environment
مدى تأثر الاختلاف والأداء تبعًا للبيئة
about 58 percent due to genes.
that you and your teachers here put in.
that you were hoping for,
أو على الأقل جيناتهم.
your parents, or at least their genes.
أو الأيسر من الدماغ أثناء التعلم،
or right-brained learner,
the left brain is logical,
so the right brain is better at music.
ويفيد أكثر في الموسيقى.
لأن كل ما تفعله تقريبًا
because nearly everything that you do
of your brain talking together,
like having a normal conversation.
why this myth has survived
وراء صمود هذه الخرافة
a slight grain of truth to it.
more creative than right-handed people,
هم أكثر إبداعًا من الأيامن،
your brain controls the opposite hands,
لأن دماغك يتحكم بعكس اليد المستخدمة،
is slightly more active
is more creative.
than right-handed people.
هم أكثر إبداعًا من الأيامن.
for different tasks,
لأداء مهام مختلفة،
than one-handed people,
من الذين يستخدمون يدًا واحدة،
talk to each other a lot,
in creating flexible thinking.
that being ambidextrous
left-handers than right-handers,
منهم عند الأيامن،
في فكرة إبداع العسراويين،
of the creative left-hander,
probably heard of
10 percent of our brains.
even the most mundane thing,
quite as well as we could.
مع أنهم يقدرون على ذلك.
to boost our brainpower?
لتعزيز قدراتنا العقلية؟
to a nice bit of Mozart.
of the Mozart effect?
to Mozart makes you smarter
performance on I.Q. tests.
about this myth
there is a grain of truth to it.
إلا أنها تحتوي شيئًا من الحقيقة.
Mozart music for a few minutes
sat in silence.
some people who liked Mozart music
تطوع عدد من الأشخاص من محبي موزارت
the horror stories of Stephen King.
the music or the stories.
Mozart music to the stories
من سماعهم الموسيقى أكثر من القصص،
from the Mozart than the stories,
the stories to the Mozart music
فضلوا القصص على الموسيقى
في سماعهم للقصص
from listening to the Stephen King stories
to something that you enjoy
في اختبار الذكاء
and gives you a temporary I.Q. boost
listening to Mozart,
in the long run.
يجعلك أذكى وإنما أكثر صحة كذلك.
not only cleverer but healthier, too.
seem to be true
to the music of Mozart almost every day,
والجدري والتهاب المفاصل،
smallpox, arthritis,
killed him in the end, syphilis.
بحسب ما يعتقد الناس، وهو الزهري.
should have bit more careful, perhaps,
على موزارت أن يكون حذراً أكثر
بين أوساط علماء الاجتماع
is sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
partner are a product of our culture,
من 37 ثقافة مختلفة من كافة أنحاء العالم،
[37] different cultures across the globe,
across the globe,
on physical attractiveness in a partner
للطموح وقدرات للكسب.
on ambition and high earning power.
who were younger than themselves,
who were older than them,
"كل شخص يريد أبًا معطاءًا."
"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
to score with a partner
or football or whatever your sport is.
لكرة السلة أو القدم أو أيًا تكن رياضتك.
hot-hand streaks, Americans call them,
بالأوراق الرابحة، كما يسميها الأمريكان،
we sometimes say in England,
كما نسميها أحيانًا في إنجلترا،
like this guy here.
كما هو حال هذا الشاب هنا.
if you analyze the pattern
هو أنك إن قمت بتحليل قالب
nearly always at random.
from the randomness.
to come out somewhere in the randomness,
سيظهر ضمن الضربات العشوائية،
patterns where there are none,
في أماكن لا توجد بها،
and attribute meanings to them
ونربطها بمعانٍ
get the same pattern
hits and misses at random.
بشكل عشوائي.
is penalty shootouts.
هو ضربات الجزاء.
at penalty shootouts in football
في لعبة كرة القدم
in penalty shootouts,
than countries with a better record,
من غيرها من الدول ذات السجل الأفضل،
they're more likely to miss.
فهم من المرجح أكثر ألا يصيبوا الهدف.
could improve people's performance.
تحسين أداء الناس.
and seeing if that improves them.
ومشاهدة فيما إن كان ذلك يحسن من مستواهم.
can improve performance,
يمكن أن يحسن الأداء،
thought they were testing
and punishment experiment
if you're a psychology student.
إن كنتم تلامذة علم نفس.
were prepared to give
كان المشاركون جاهزين لإعطاء
electric shocks to a fellow participant
إلى زملاء مشاركين
in a white coat told them to.
أخبرهم بأن يفعلوا ذلك.
for three reasons.
wasn't white, it was in fact grey.
بيضاء، ولكنها في الحقيقة كانت رمادية.
were told before the study
they raised a concern,
they were not fatal
فإنها لم تكن مميتة
no permanent damage whatsoever.
didn't give the shocks
in the coat told them to.
after the study,
that they firmly believed
served a worthy scientific purpose
خدمت هدفًا ذا قيمة علمية
enduring gains for science
discomfort caused to the participants.
الذي أصيب به المشاركون.
for about 12 minutes now,
sitting there listening to me,
and body language
take any notice of what I'm saying,
كان عليكم أخذ أي ملاحظة عما أقوله،
or whether I'm lying,
فربما تكونون فشلتم بالكامل،
probably completely failed,
we can catch a liar
بأننا نستطيع الإمساك بكاذب
and speech patterns,
over the years have shown
قد أظهرت على مر السنين
police officers and detectives,
to detecting lies from body language
كشف الكذب من خلال لغة الجسم
when the relatives are missing
murdered the relatives themselves.
to shake their heads, to look away,
يهزون رؤوسهم، للنظر بعيدًا،
will return safely
بأن الشخص سيعود سالمًا
"taken from us" rather than "killed."
"المخطوفين منا" بدل "المقتولين."
it's about time I killed this talk,
لإنهائي هذه المحادثة،
to give you in 30 seconds
a collection of interesting theories,
هو مجموعة من النظريات الممتعة فحسب،
and all of which have something to offer.
خلال الدقائق القليلة الماضية
in the past few minutes
psychological theories
makes you smarter,
presented in your preferred learning style
المعلومات بطريقة التعليم المفضلة لديكم
are testable empirical predictions,
التنبؤات التجريبية الاختبارية،
يمكننا أن نحرز من خلالها تقدمًا
against the data
experimental studies.
that we can hope to discover
are well supported,
I've told you about today, are myths.
أخبرتكم عنها اليوم، محض خرافات.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ben Ambridge - PsychologistBen Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology.
Why you should listen
Ben Ambridge is a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Liverpool, where he researches children’s language development. He is the author of Psy-Q, which introduces readers to some of the major findings in psychology via interactive puzzles, games, quizzes and tests.
He also writes great newsy stories connecting psychology to current events. His article "Why Can't We Talk to the Animals?" was shortlisted for the 2012 Guardian-Wellcome Science Writing Prize. Psy-Q is his first book for a general audience.
Ben Ambridge | Speaker | TED.com