TEDxYouth@Manchester
Ben Ambridge: 9 myths about psychology, debunked
Ben Ambridge: 10 mitova o psihologiji: Opovrgnuti
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Koliko od onoga što znate o mozgu je zapravo pogrešno? Na ovoj turneji opovrgnute znanosti, Ben Ambridge prolazi 10 popularnih ideja o psihologiji koje su dokazano pogrešne - i otkriva nekoliko iznenađujućih istina o tome kako naši mozgovi uistinu funkcioniraju.
Ben Ambridge - Psychologist
Ben Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology. Full bio
Ben Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You've heard of your I.Q.,
your general intelligence,
your general intelligence,
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Čuli ste za IQ,
vašu opću inteligenciju,
vašu opću inteligenciju,
00:15
but what's your Psy-Q?
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ali što je Psy-Q?
00:17
How much do you know
about what makes you tick,
about what makes you tick,
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Koliko znate o tome što vas
može naživcirati i
može naživcirati i
00:19
and how good are you
at predicting other people's behavior
at predicting other people's behavior
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koliko ste dobri u predviđanju
tuđeg ponašanja ili
tuđeg ponašanja ili
00:22
or even your own?
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čak vlastitog?
00:23
And how much of what you think you know
about psychology is wrong?
about psychology is wrong?
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I koliko toga što mislite da znate o
psihologiji je zapravo pogrešno?
psihologiji je zapravo pogrešno?
00:27
Let's find out by counting down
the top 10 myths of psychology.
the top 10 myths of psychology.
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Saznajmo odbrojavajući top 10 mitova
o psihologiji.
o psihologiji.
00:30
You've probably heard it said
that when it comes to their psychology,
that when it comes to their psychology,
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Vjerojatno ste čuli da su muškarci i žene
psihološki gledano toliko
psihološki gledano toliko
00:34
it's almost as if men are from Mars
and women are from Venus.
and women are from Venus.
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različiti da se čini kao da su
jedni s Marsa, a drugi s Venere.
jedni s Marsa, a drugi s Venere.
00:37
But how different
are men and women really?
are men and women really?
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Ali koliko su oni
uistinu različiti?
uistinu različiti?
00:39
To find out, let's start
by looking at something
by looking at something
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Kako bismo to saznali, najprije
pogledajmo nešto
pogledajmo nešto
00:41
on which men and women really do differ
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što ih ustinu razlikuje
00:43
and plotting some psychological
gender differences on the same scale.
gender differences on the same scale.
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i istovremeno stvara prave
psihološke razlike.
psihološke razlike.
00:46
One thing men and women
do really differ on
do really differ on
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Ono u čemu se uistinu razlikuju je
00:49
is how far they can throw a ball.
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koliko daleko mogu baciti loptu.
00:50
So if we look at the data for men here,
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Ukoliko pogledamo podatke
za muškarce,
za muškarce,
00:52
we see what is called
a normal distribution curve.
a normal distribution curve.
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možemo vidjeti tzv. distribucijsku
krivulju.
krivulju.
00:55
A few men can throw a ball really far,
and a few men not far at all,
and a few men not far at all,
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Nekolicina je može baciti
ustinu daleko, a nekolicina nimalo,
ustinu daleko, a nekolicina nimalo,
00:58
but most a kind of average distance.
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ali većina do prosječne udaljenosti.
01:00
And women share
the same distribution as well,
the same distribution as well,
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I žene imaju sličnu distribuciju,
01:02
but actually there's
quite a big difference.
quite a big difference.
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ali postoje ogromne razlike.
01:04
In fact, the average man
can throw a ball further
can throw a ball further
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Zapravo, prosječan muškarac može
dobaciti dalje
dobaciti dalje
01:06
than about 98 percent of all women.
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nego 98 % svih žena.
01:08
So now let's look at what
some psychological gender differences
some psychological gender differences
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Sada pogledajmo kako neke psihološke
spolne razlike
spolne razlike
01:11
look like on the same standardized scale.
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izgledaju na istoj standardiziranoj skali.
01:14
Any psychologist will tell you
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Svaki će vam psiholog reći
01:16
that men are better
at spatial awareness than women --
at spatial awareness than women --
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da su muškarci bolji od žena
u prostornoj orijentaciji
u prostornoj orijentaciji
01:18
so things like map-reading,
for example -- and it's true,
for example -- and it's true,
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i čitanju karte, npr. - i to
je istina, no
je istina, no
01:21
but let's have a look
at the size of this difference.
at the size of this difference.
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pogledajmo koliko je značajna
ova razlika.
ova razlika.
01:23
It's tiny; the lines are so close
together they almost overlap.
together they almost overlap.
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Malena je, linije su toliko blizu
da se skoro preklapaju.
da se skoro preklapaju.
01:27
In fact, the average woman is better
than 33 percent of all men,
than 33 percent of all men,
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U biti, prosječna je žena bolja od
33 % muškaraca i, naravno,
33 % muškaraca i, naravno,
01:31
and of course, if that was 50 percent,
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da se radi o 50 %,
01:33
then the two genders
would be exactly equal.
would be exactly equal.
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dva spola bila bi potpuno jednaka.
01:35
It's worth bearing in mind that this
difference and the next one I'll show you
difference and the next one I'll show you
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Treba biti svjestan da ova razlika, kao
i ona koju ću vam sljedeću pokazati
i ona koju ću vam sljedeću pokazati
01:38
are pretty much the biggest
psychological gender differences
psychological gender differences
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zapravo je najveća psihološka
spolna razlika
spolna razlika
01:41
ever discovered in psychology.
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ikad otkrivena u psihologiji.
01:43
So here's the next one.
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I evo sljedeće.
01:44
Any psychologist will tell you
that women are better
that women are better
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Svaki će vam psiholog reći da su žene
bolje
bolje
01:46
with language and grammar than men.
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u jezicima i gramatici.
01:48
So here's performance
on the standardized grammar test.
on the standardized grammar test.
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Evo rezultata na
standardiziranom gramatičkom testu.
standardiziranom gramatičkom testu.
01:50
There go the women. There go the men.
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Evo žena. A evo i muškaraca.
01:52
Again, yes, women are better on average,
but the lines are so close
but the lines are so close
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Da, žene su u prosjeku bolje, ali
linije su toliko blizu
linije su toliko blizu
01:56
that 33 percent of men
are better than the average woman,
are better than the average woman,
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da je 33 % muškaraca bolje od
prosječne žene
prosječne žene
02:00
and again, if it was 50 percent,
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i, opet, da se radi o 50 %,
02:01
that would represent
complete gender equality.
complete gender equality.
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to bi predstavljalo potpunu spolnu
jednakost.
jednakost.
02:04
So it's not really
a case of Mars and Venus.
a case of Mars and Venus.
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Pa se ne radi o Marsu i Veneri.
02:06
It's more a case of, if anything,
Mars and Snickers:
Mars and Snickers:
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Ako išta, više se radi o Marsu i
Snickersu:
Snickersu:
02:09
basically the same, but one's maybe
slightly nuttier than the other.
slightly nuttier than the other.
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više-manje isti, ali jedan ima malo više
lješnjaka, luckastiji je, od onog drugog.
lješnjaka, luckastiji je, od onog drugog.
02:13
I won't say which.
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Neću reći koji je koji.
02:15
Now we've got you warmed up.
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Sad ste se zagrijali.
02:17
Let's psychoanalyze you using
the famous Rorschach inkblot test.
the famous Rorschach inkblot test.
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Hajdemo vas psihoanalizirati koristeći
se Rorschachovim testom mrlja.
se Rorschachovim testom mrlja.
02:20
So you can probably see two, I dunno,
two bears or two people or something.
two bears or two people or something.
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Vjerojatno možete vidjeti dva, ne znam,
medvjeda ili čovjeka ili nešto.
medvjeda ili čovjeka ili nešto.
02:24
But what do you think they're doing?
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Ali što mislite da rade?
02:25
Put your hand up if you think
they're saying hello.
they're saying hello.
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Podignite ruku ukoliko mislite da
se pozdravljaju.
se pozdravljaju.
02:29
Not many people. Okay.
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Nema baš previše ljudi.
Dobro.
Dobro.
02:30
Put your hands up if you think
they are high-fiving.
they are high-fiving.
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Tko misli da si daju pet?
02:33
Okay. What if you think they're fighting?
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Dobro. Tko misli da se tuku?
02:35
Only a few people there.
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Samo nekolicina.
02:36
Okay, so if you think they're
saying hello or high-fiving,
saying hello or high-fiving,
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Dobro, ukoliko mislite da se pozdravljaju
ili si daju pet,
ili si daju pet,
02:39
then that means you're a friendly person.
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to znači da ste druželjubiva osoba.
02:41
If you think they're fighting,
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Ako mislite da se tuku,
02:43
you're a bit more of a
nasty, aggressive person.
nasty, aggressive person.
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malo ste agresivnija osoba.
02:45
Are you a lover or a fighter, basically.
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Uglavnom, jeste li ljubavnik ili
borac.
borac.
02:47
What about this one?
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A što je s ovom?
02:48
This isn't really a voting one, so on
three everyone shout out what you see.
three everyone shout out what you see.
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Na ovu se nema što glasovati,
pa svi recite što vidite.
pa svi recite što vidite.
02:52
One, two, three.
(Audience shouting)
(Audience shouting)
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Jedan, dva, tri.
(Publika viče)
(Publika viče)
02:55
I heard hamster. Who said hamster?
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Čuo sam hrčak. Tko je to rekao?
02:57
That was very worrying.
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Prilično zabrinjavajuće.
02:58
A guy there said hamster.
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Tip je rekao hrčak.
03:00
Well, you should see
some kind of two-legged animal here,
some kind of two-legged animal here,
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Trebali biste ovdje vidjeti neku
dvonožnu životinju i
dvonožnu životinju i
03:03
and then the mirror image of them there.
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njen odraz na
drugoj strani.
drugoj strani.
03:05
If you didn't, then this means
that you have difficulty
that you have difficulty
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Ukoliko niste, to znači da imate problema
03:09
processing complex situations
where there's a lot going on.
where there's a lot going on.
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u obrađivanju kompleksnih situacija
u kojima se štošta događa.
u kojima se štošta događa.
03:13
Except, of course,
it doesn't mean that at all.
it doesn't mean that at all.
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Osim što, naravno, to uopće
ne znači to.
ne znači to.
03:15
Rorschach inkblot tests
have basically no validity
have basically no validity
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Rorschachov test mrlja u biti
nema baš nikakvu vrijednost
nema baš nikakvu vrijednost
03:18
when it comes to diagnosing
people's personality
people's personality
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kad se oradi o dijagnosticiranju
osobnosti
osobnosti
03:20
and are not used
by modern-day psychologists.
by modern-day psychologists.
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i moderni ih psiholozi ne koriste.
03:23
In fact, one recent study found
that when you do try
that when you do try
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U biti, jedno nedavno istraživanje otkrilo
je da kada pokušavate
je da kada pokušavate
03:26
to diagnose people's personalities
using Rorschach inkblot tests,
using Rorschach inkblot tests,
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dijagnosticirati osobnosti pomoću
Rorschachovog testa,
Rorschachovog testa,
03:29
schizophrenia was diagnosed
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šizofrenija se dijagnozira
03:31
in about one sixth of apparently
perfectly normal participants.
perfectly normal participants.
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kod šestine inače sasvim normalnih
sudionika.
sudionika.
03:35
So if you didn't do that well on this,
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Stoga, ukoliko niste ostvarili
najbolje rezultate na ovome,
najbolje rezultate na ovome,
03:38
maybe you are not
a very visual type of person.
a very visual type of person.
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možda jednostavno niste
vizualni tip.
vizualni tip.
03:40
So let's do another
quick quiz to find out.
quick quiz to find out.
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Hajdemo napraviti još jedan brzi test
da saznamo.
da saznamo.
03:43
When making a cake, do you prefer to --
so hands up for each one again --
so hands up for each one again --
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Kad pravite kolač, -- ponovno podignite
ruke --
ruke --
03:46
do you prefer to use
a recipe book with pictures?
a recipe book with pictures?
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koristite li radije knjigu za recepte
sa slikama?
sa slikama?
03:49
Yeah, a few people.
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Da, nekolicina.
03:51
Have a friend talk you through?
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Prijatelj vam govori kako da to napravite?
03:54
Or have a go, making it up
as you go along?
as you go along?
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Ili krenete, pa kud vas put odvede?
03:57
Quite a few people there.
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Ovdje ima dosta ljudi.
03:58
Okay, so if you said A,
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Dakle,ukoliko ste rekli A,
04:00
then this means that you
are a visual learner
are a visual learner
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to znači da ste vizualni tip
04:02
and you learn best when information
is presented in a visual style.
is presented in a visual style.
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i najbolje učite kad vam se informacije
prezentiraju u vizualnom obliku.
prezentiraju u vizualnom obliku.
04:05
If you said B, it means
you're an auditory learner,
you're an auditory learner,
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Ako ste rekli B, to znači
da ste auditivni tip i
da ste auditivni tip i
04:08
that you learn best when information
is presented to you in an auditory format.
is presented to you in an auditory format.
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najbolje učite kad su vam informacije
prezentirane u auditivnom obliku.
prezentirane u auditivnom obliku.
04:12
And if you said C, it means
that you're a kinesthetic learner,
that you're a kinesthetic learner,
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A ukoliko ste rekli C, to znači da ste
kinestetički tip i
kinestetički tip i
04:15
that you learn best when you get stuck in
and do things with your hands.
and do things with your hands.
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najbolje učite kad negdje zaglavite i
koristite vlastite ruke.
koristite vlastite ruke.
04:18
Except, of course,
as you've probably guessed,
as you've probably guessed,
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Osim što, kao što ste
04:20
that it doesn't, because
the whole thing is a complete myth.
the whole thing is a complete myth.
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vjerojatno pretpostavili,
cijela je stvar potpuni mit.
cijela je stvar potpuni mit.
04:23
Learning styles are made up and are
not supported by scientific evidence.
not supported by scientific evidence.
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Tipovi učenja su izmišljeni i nisu
dokazani od strane znanosti.
dokazani od strane znanosti.
04:27
So we know this because in
tightly controlled experimental studies,
tightly controlled experimental studies,
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To znamo jer su u strogo kontroliranim
ekperimentima,
ekperimentima,
04:31
when learners are given material to learn
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kad učenicima damo materijal
za učenje ili
za učenje ili
04:33
either in their preferred style
or an opposite style,
or an opposite style,
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u njihovom preferencijskom ili u onom
drugom stilu,
drugom stilu,
04:35
it makes no difference at all to the
amount of information that they retain.
amount of information that they retain.
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nema baš nikakve razlike u količini
informacija koju zadrže.
informacija koju zadrže.
04:39
And if you think about it
for just a second,
for just a second,
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I ako o tome razmislite na trenutak,
04:41
it's just obvious
that this has to be true.
that this has to be true.
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očito je da to tako mora biti.
04:43
It's obvious that
the best presentation format
the best presentation format
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Očito je da najbolji oblik
prezentacije ne ovisi o
prezentacije ne ovisi o
04:46
depends not on you,
but on what you're trying to learn.
but on what you're trying to learn.
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vama, već o onome što pokušavate
naučiti.
naučiti.
04:49
Could you learn to drive a car,
for example,
for example,
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Npr. biste li mogli naučiti voziti
auto
auto
04:51
just by listening to someone
telling you what to do
telling you what to do
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samo slušajući nekoga kako vam
govori što da radite
govori što da radite
04:53
with no kinesthetic experience?
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bez kinestetičkog iskustva?
04:55
Could you solve simultaneous equations
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Biste li mogli riješiti simultane
jednadžbe
jednadžbe
04:57
by talking them through in your head
and without writing them down?
and without writing them down?
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u glavi bez da ih zapišete?
05:00
Could you revise
for your architecture exams
for your architecture exams
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Možete li ponavljati za
ispite iz arhitekture
ispite iz arhitekture
05:02
using interpretive dance
if you're a kinesthetic learner?
if you're a kinesthetic learner?
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pomoću interpretativnog
plesa kao kinestetički tip?
plesa kao kinestetički tip?
05:05
No. What you need to do
is match the material to be learned
is match the material to be learned
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Ne. Trebati povezati materijal za
učenje s
učenje s
05:08
to the presentation format, not you.
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oblikom prezentacije, a ne s
vama.
vama.
05:11
I know many of you are A-level students
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Znam da su mnogi od vas izvrsni
studenti
studenti
05:14
that will have recently gotten
your GCSE results.
your GCSE results.
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koji su nedavno dobili rezultate GCSE-a.
05:16
And if you didn't quite get
what you were hoping for,
what you were hoping for,
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Ukoliko niste dobili rezultate
kojima ste se nadali,
kojima ste se nadali,
05:18
then you can't really blame
your learning style,
your learning style,
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ne možete kriviti svoj način učenja,
05:21
but one thing that you might want
to think about blaming is your genes.
to think about blaming is your genes.
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ali mogli biste kriviti svoje gene.
05:24
So what this is all about is a
recent study at University College London
recent study at University College London
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Ovdje se radi o nedavnom istraživanju na
Sveučilišu u Londonu koje je
Sveučilišu u Londonu koje je
05:28
found that 58 percent of the variation
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otkrilo da je 58 % varijacija
05:31
between different students
and their GCSE results
and their GCSE results
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među studentima i njihovim
GCSE-rezultatima
GCSE-rezultatima
05:34
was down to genetic factors.
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povezano s genetskim faktorima.
05:36
That sounds like a very precise figure,
so how can we tell?
so how can we tell?
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To zvuči kao precizna brojka,
pa otkud mi to znamo?
pa otkud mi to znamo?
05:39
Well, when we want to unpack
the relative contributions
the relative contributions
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Kada želimo odvojiti relativne činitelje
05:42
of genes and the environment,
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gena i okoline, najčešće se okrenemo
05:44
what we can do is do a twin study.
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istraživanju na blizancima.
05:47
So identical twins share
100 percent of their environment
100 percent of their environment
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Jednojajčani blizanci dijele
100 % okoline
100 % okoline
05:50
and 100 percent of their genes,
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i 100 % gena,
05:52
whereas non-identical twins
share 100 percent of their environment,
share 100 percent of their environment,
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dok dvojajčani dijele 100 % okoline,
05:55
but just like any brother and sister,
share only 50 percent of their genes.
share only 50 percent of their genes.
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ali poput uobičajenih braće i sestara,
dijele samo 50 % gena.
dijele samo 50 % gena.
05:59
So by comparing how similar
GCSE results are in identical twins
GCSE results are in identical twins
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Stoga uspoređujući sličnosti u
GCSE-rezultatima jednojajčanih blizanaca
GCSE-rezultatima jednojajčanih blizanaca
06:03
versus non-identical twins,
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nasuprot dvojajčanim i pomoću
06:06
and doing some clever math,
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napredne matematike,
06:07
we can an idea of how much variation
and performance is due to the environment
and performance is due to the environment
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možemo vidjeti koliko je razlika u
uspješnosti rezultat okoline,
uspješnosti rezultat okoline,
06:11
and how much is due to genes.
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a koliko je rezultat gena.
06:13
And it turns out that it's
about 58 percent due to genes.
about 58 percent due to genes.
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Ispostavilo se da je 58 % zasluga
gena.
gena.
06:17
So this isn't to undermine the hard work
that you and your teachers here put in.
that you and your teachers here put in.
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Stoga nije namjera obezvrijediti sav trud
koji ste uložili vi i vaši profesori.
koji ste uložili vi i vaši profesori.
06:20
If you didn't quite get the GCSE results
that you were hoping for,
that you were hoping for,
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Ukoliko niste dobili GCSE-rezultate kakvim
ste se nadali,
ste se nadali,
06:24
then you can always try blaming
your parents, or at least their genes.
your parents, or at least their genes.
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uvijek možete kriviti svoje roditelje,
ili barem njihove gene.
ili barem njihove gene.
06:28
One thing that you shouldn't blame
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No ono na što ne možete svaliti
krivnju je
krivnju je
06:30
is being a left-brained
or right-brained learner,
or right-brained learner,
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dominantnost lijeve ili desne
strane mozga
strane mozga
06:33
because again, this is a myth.
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jer to je mit.
06:34
So the myth here is that
the left brain is logical,
the left brain is logical,
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Mit je da je lijevi dio mozga logičan,
06:37
it's good with equations like this,
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idu mu jednadžbe poput ove, a
06:39
and the right brain is more creative,
so the right brain is better at music.
so the right brain is better at music.
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desni dio mozga je kreativniji, pa
je bolji u glazbi.
je bolji u glazbi.
06:43
But again, this is a myth
because nearly everything that you do
because nearly everything that you do
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To je mit jer gotovo sve što radimo
06:46
involves nearly all parts
of your brain talking together,
of your brain talking together,
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podrazumijeva da gotovo svi dijelovi
mozga surađuju, čak i
mozga surađuju, čak i
06:49
even just the most mundane thing
like having a normal conversation.
like having a normal conversation.
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u naobičnijim stvarima poput
vođenja razgovora.
vođenja razgovora.
06:52
However, perhaps one reason
why this myth has survived
why this myth has survived
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Jedan od razloga zašto je ovaj mit
preživio jest
preživio jest
06:55
is that there is
a slight grain of truth to it.
a slight grain of truth to it.
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to što u njemu ima zrnce istine.
06:58
So a related version of the myth
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Uz ovaj mit povezana je ideja da
06:59
is that left-handed people are
more creative than right-handed people,
more creative than right-handed people,
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su ljevaci kreativniji od dešnjaka, što
07:03
which kind of makes sense because
your brain controls the opposite hands,
your brain controls the opposite hands,
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ima smisla jer mozak kontrolira suprotne
ruke,
ruke,
07:06
so left-handed people,
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pa je kod ljevaka
07:07
the right side of the brain
is slightly more active
is slightly more active
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desna strana mozga neznatno
aktivnija
aktivnija
07:10
than the left-hand side of the brain,
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od lijeve strane, a
07:12
and the idea is the right-hand side
is more creative.
is more creative.
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drži se da je desna strana mozga
kreativnija.
kreativnija.
07:14
Now, it isn't true per se
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Nije samo po sebi istina da
07:16
that left-handed people are more creative
than right-handed people.
than right-handed people.
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su ljevaci kreativniji od dešnjaka.
07:19
What is true that ambidextrous people,
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Istina je da su ambidekstrualni ljudi
07:21
or people who use both hands
for different tasks,
for different tasks,
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ili oni koji koriste obje ruke za
različite zadatke
različite zadatke
07:24
are more creative thinkers
than one-handed people,
than one-handed people,
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kreativniji od onih koji koriste
samo jednu za sve
samo jednu za sve
07:28
because being ambidextrous involves
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jer kod ambidekstrualnih ljudi
07:29
having both sides of the brain
talk to each other a lot,
talk to each other a lot,
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obje strane mozga često
međusobno komuniciraju,
međusobno komuniciraju,
07:32
which seems to be involved
in creating flexible thinking.
in creating flexible thinking.
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što je zaslužno za stvaranje fleksibilnog
načina razmišljanja.
načina razmišljanja.
07:36
The myth of the creative left-hander
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Mit o kreativnom ljevaku
07:38
arises from the fact
that being ambidextrous
that being ambidextrous
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polazi od činjenice da je
ambidekstrualni pojedinac
ambidekstrualni pojedinac
07:40
is more common amongst
left-handers than right-handers,
left-handers than right-handers,
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uobičajeniji među ljevacima
nego među dešnjacima, pa
nego među dešnjacima, pa
07:43
so a grain of truth in the idea
of the creative left-hander,
of the creative left-hander,
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ima zrnce istine u ideji kreativnog
ljevaka,
ljevaka,
07:46
but not much.
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ali ne previše.
07:47
A related myth that you've
probably heard of
probably heard of
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Ima još jedan povezan mit.
Vjerojatno ste čuli da
Vjerojatno ste čuli da
07:50
is that we only use
10 percent of our brains.
10 percent of our brains.
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koristimo tek 10 %
našeg mozga.
našeg mozga.
07:52
This is, again, a complete myth.
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I ovo je potpun mit.
07:54
Nearly everything that we do,
even the most mundane thing,
even the most mundane thing,
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Gotovo sve što radimo, čak i
najobičnije stvari,
najobičnije stvari,
07:56
uses nearly all of our brains.
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aktiviraju gotovo cijeli
naš mozak.
naš mozak.
07:58
That said, it is of course true
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Unatoč tome, naravno da je istina
08:02
that most of us don't use our brainpower
quite as well as we could.
quite as well as we could.
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da mnogi od nas ne koriste mozak
onoliko koliko bi mogli.
onoliko koliko bi mogli.
08:07
So what could we do
to boost our brainpower?
to boost our brainpower?
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Što možemo napraviti kako
bismo više koristili mozak?
bismo više koristili mozak?
08:10
Maybe we could listen
to a nice bit of Mozart.
to a nice bit of Mozart.
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Možda bismo mogli slušati Mozarta.
08:12
Have you heard of the idea
of the Mozart effect?
of the Mozart effect?
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Jeste li čuli za Mozartov efekt?
08:15
So the idea is that listening
to Mozart makes you smarter
to Mozart makes you smarter
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Ideja je da vas slušanje Mozarta
čini pametnijima i
čini pametnijima i
08:18
and improves your
performance on I.Q. tests.
performance on I.Q. tests.
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poboljšava vaš uspjeh na
IQ-testovima.
IQ-testovima.
08:20
Now again, what's interesting
about this myth
about this myth
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Ono što je zanimljivo kod ovog
mita jest da
mita jest da
08:22
is that although it's basically a myth,
there is a grain of truth to it.
there is a grain of truth to it.
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unatoč tome što je to mit,
imamo i tu zrnce istine.
imamo i tu zrnce istine.
08:25
So the original study found that
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1774
Originalno istraživanje otkrilo je
08:27
participants who were played
Mozart music for a few minutes
Mozart music for a few minutes
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3781
da su sudionici koji su slušali Mozarta
po nekoliko minuta
po nekoliko minuta
08:31
did better on a subsequent I.Q. test
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ostvarili bolji rezultat na sljedećem
IQ-testu
IQ-testu
08:33
than participants who simply
sat in silence.
sat in silence.
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3413
od onih koji su jednostavno sjedili
u tišini.
u tišini.
08:37
But a follow-up study recruited
some people who liked Mozart music
some people who liked Mozart music
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Za produžetak istraživanja unajmljeni
su neki od ljudi koji su voljeli Mozarta
su neki od ljudi koji su voljeli Mozarta
08:40
and then another group of people
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i grupa ljudi
08:42
who were fans of
the horror stories of Stephen King.
the horror stories of Stephen King.
194
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koji su bili fanovi horor-priča Stephena
Kinga.
Kinga.
08:45
And they played the people
the music or the stories.
the music or the stories.
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Ljudima su puštali glazbu ili priče.
08:48
The people who preferred
Mozart music to the stories
Mozart music to the stories
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Oni kojima se Mozart sviđao više
od priča
od priča
08:51
got a bigger I.Q. boost
from the Mozart than the stories,
from the Mozart than the stories,
197
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2731
IQ im je porastao više od Mozarta
nego od priča,
nego od priča,
08:54
but the people who preferred
the stories to the Mozart music
the stories to the Mozart music
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522010
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ali ljudima kojima su se više sviđale
priče od Mozarta
priče od Mozarta
08:56
got a bigger I.Q. boost
from listening to the Stephen King stories
from listening to the Stephen King stories
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IQ je više porastao slušajući priče
Stephenea Kinga
Stephenea Kinga
08:59
than the Mozart music.
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nego slušajući Mozarta.
09:01
So the truth is that listening
to something that you enjoy
to something that you enjoy
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Istina je da slušajući nešto u čemu
uživamo
uživamo
09:03
perks you up a bit
and gives you a temporary I.Q. boost
and gives you a temporary I.Q. boost
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daje nam injekciju zadovoljstva, pa
nam IQ kratkotrajno poraste kad
nam IQ kratkotrajno poraste kad
09:07
on a narrow range of tasks.
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se radi o uskom spektru zadataka.
09:09
There's no suggestion that
listening to Mozart,
listening to Mozart,
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2368
Ništa ne sugerira da će vas slušanje
Mozarta
Mozarta
09:11
or indeed Stephen King stories,
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1625
ili priča Stephena Kinga
09:13
is going to make you any smarter
in the long run.
in the long run.
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3422
dugotrajno opametiti.
09:16
Another version of the Mozart myth
207
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2940
Druga verzija Mozartovog mita kaže
09:19
is that listening to Mozart can make you
not only cleverer but healthier, too.
not only cleverer but healthier, too.
208
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4858
da vam slušanje Mozarta može i
popraviti zdravlje.
popraviti zdravlje.
09:24
Unfortunately, this doesn't
seem to be true
seem to be true
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2068
Nažalost, to se nije
pokazalo istinitim
pokazalo istinitim
09:26
of someone who listened
to the music of Mozart almost every day,
to the music of Mozart almost every day,
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3059
ni za nekoga tko je slušao Mozarta
gotovo svaki dan,
gotovo svaki dan,
09:29
Mozart himself,
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1718
sam Mozart.
09:31
who suffered from gonorrhea,
smallpox, arthritis,
smallpox, arthritis,
212
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2980
on je obolio od gonoreje, kozica,
artritisa i sifilisa,
artritisa i sifilisa,
09:34
and, what most people think eventually
killed him in the end, syphilis.
killed him in the end, syphilis.
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za koji se vjeruje da ga
je na kraju i ubio.
je na kraju i ubio.
09:38
This suggests that Mozart
should have bit more careful, perhaps,
should have bit more careful, perhaps,
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3362
Ovo da sugerirati da je Mozart trebao
biti malo pažljiviji pri izboru
biti malo pažljiviji pri izboru
09:42
when choosing his sexual partners.
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570035
2578
seksualnih partnera.
09:44
But how do we choose a partner?
216
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2159
Ali kako biramo partnere?
09:46
So a myth that I have to say
is sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
is sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
217
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5026
Mit koji šire sociolozi je taj da su naše
09:51
is that our preferences in a romantic
partner are a product of our culture,
partner are a product of our culture,
218
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3623
preferencije za romantičnog partnera
proizvod naše kulture,
proizvod naše kulture,
09:55
that they're very culturally specific.
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1931
da su kulturalno specifične.
09:57
But in fact, the data don't back this up.
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Ali istraživanja to ne potvrđuju.
09:59
A famous study surveyed people from
[37] different cultures across the globe,
[37] different cultures across the globe,
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Poznato istraživanje ispitivalo je ljude
iz 32 različite kulture iz cijelog svijeta
iz 32 različite kulture iz cijelog svijeta
10:03
from Americans to Zulus,
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1576
od Amerikanaca do plemena Zulu,
10:05
on what they look for in a partner.
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2366
a ispitivali su što mi to tražimo
u partneru.
u partneru.
10:07
And in every single culture
across the globe,
across the globe,
224
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2369
U svakoj kulturi na svijetu
10:09
men placed more value
on physical attractiveness in a partner
on physical attractiveness in a partner
225
597852
3715
muškarci su više cijenili fizičku
privlačnost partnera nego
privlačnost partnera nego
10:13
than did women,
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1300
što su to činile žene.
10:14
and in every single culture, too,
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1741
U svakoj kulturi, žene su
10:16
women placed more importance than did men
on ambition and high earning power.
on ambition and high earning power.
228
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više važnosti pridavale ambiciji
i prihodima.
i prihodima.
10:21
In every culture, too,
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1383
U svakoj su kulturi
10:22
men preferred women
who were younger than themselves,
who were younger than themselves,
230
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2525
muškarci preferirali žene
mlađe od njih u prosjeku
mlađe od njih u prosjeku
10:25
an average of, I think it was 2.66 years,
231
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od 2.66 godina, ako se ne varam,
10:27
and in every culture, too,
232
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1649
a u svakoj su kulturi žene
10:29
women preferred men
who were older than them,
who were older than them,
233
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2600
preferirale muškarce starije od njih
10:32
so an average of 3.42 years,
234
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2810
u prosjeku od 3.42 godine, a zato
10:34
which is why we've got here
"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
235
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3715
u našoj kulturi imamo mentalitet
"sponzoruša i sponzora".
"sponzoruša i sponzora".
10:38
So moving on from trying
to score with a partner
to score with a partner
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2577
Sada se mičemo od
partnerskih pogodaka i promašaja
partnerskih pogodaka i promašaja
10:41
to trying to score in basketball
or football or whatever your sport is.
or football or whatever your sport is.
237
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3922
do onih u košarci ili nogometu
ili što već volite.
ili što već volite.
10:45
The myth here is that sportsmen go through
hot-hand streaks, Americans call them,
hot-hand streaks, Americans call them,
238
633212
4141
Mit je da sportaši imaju
10:49
or purple patches,
we sometimes say in England,
we sometimes say in England,
239
637353
2200
igre života tijekom kojih jednostavno
10:51
where they just can't miss,
like this guy here.
like this guy here.
240
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ne mogu profulati,
poput ovog tipa.
poput ovog tipa.
10:54
But in fact, what happens is that
if you analyze the pattern
if you analyze the pattern
241
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3684
Ali u biti, ono što se događa kad
statistički analiziramo obrazac
statistički analiziramo obrazac
10:58
of hits and misses statistically,
242
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1788
pogodaka i promašaja,
10:59
it turns out that it's
nearly always at random.
nearly always at random.
243
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2299
ispada da je gotovo uvijek nasumično.
Naš mozak
Naš mozak
11:02
Your brain creates patterns
from the randomness.
from the randomness.
244
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2415
stvara obrasce
utemeljene na slučajnostima.
utemeljene na slučajnostima.
11:04
If you toss a coin,
245
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1357
Ukoliko bacite novčić,
11:05
a streak of heads or tails is going
to come out somewhere in the randomness,
to come out somewhere in the randomness,
246
653936
3636
niz glave ili pisma pojavit će se negdje
u gomili slučajnosti i
u gomili slučajnosti i
11:09
and because the brain likes to see
patterns where there are none,
patterns where there are none,
247
657572
3111
zbog toga naš mozak voli stvarati
obrasce tamo gdje ih nema,
obrasce tamo gdje ih nema,
11:12
we look at these streaks
and attribute meanings to them
and attribute meanings to them
248
660683
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mi gledamo na te nizove i dajemo im
značenja i kažemo:
značenja i kažemo:
11:15
and say, "Yeah he's really on form today,"
249
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2307
"Danas mu baš ide",
11:17
whereas actually you would
get the same pattern
get the same pattern
250
665591
2310
dok bi isti taj obrazac dobili
11:19
if you were just getting
hits and misses at random.
hits and misses at random.
251
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kad bi samo nasumično postizali
pogotke i promašaje.
pogotke i promašaje.
11:23
So an exception to this, however,
is penalty shootouts.
is penalty shootouts.
252
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3466
Kao izuzetak ovdje imamo penale.
11:26
A recent study looking
at penalty shootouts in football
at penalty shootouts in football
253
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3085
Nedavno istraživanje proučavalo je
penale u nogometu koje je
penale u nogometu koje je
11:29
shows that players who represent countries
254
677957
2020
pokazalo da su igrači koji
predstavljaju
predstavljaju
11:31
with a very bad record
in penalty shootouts,
in penalty shootouts,
255
679977
2624
zemlje s lošim
uspjesima u penalima
uspjesima u penalima
11:34
like, for example, England,
256
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2183
kao, npr. Engleska,
11:36
tend to be quicker to take their shots
than countries with a better record,
than countries with a better record,
257
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brže odrađuju penale od onih zemalja
koje imaju bolji rezultat i vjerojatno
koje imaju bolji rezultat i vjerojatno
11:40
and presumably as a result,
they're more likely to miss.
they're more likely to miss.
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kao rezultat toga, skloniji su
promašajima.
promašajima.
11:43
Which raises the question
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Postavlja se pitanje
11:45
of if there's any way that we
could improve people's performance.
could improve people's performance.
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postoji li način na koji možemo poboljšati
naš učinak?
naš učinak?
11:48
And one thing you might think about doing
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Možete ih kažnjavati
11:50
is punishing people for their misses
and seeing if that improves them.
and seeing if that improves them.
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za propuste i pratiti popravljaju li se
zahvaljujući tome.
zahvaljujući tome.
11:54
This idea, the effect that punishment
can improve performance,
can improve performance,
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Sudionici Milgramova eksperimenta
mislili su da se ispituje
mislili su da se ispituje
11:57
is what participants
thought they were testing
thought they were testing
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učinkovitost kazne
12:00
in Milgram's famous learning
and punishment experiment
and punishment experiment
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na poboljšanje učinka.
Vjerojatno ste čuli
Vjerojatno ste čuli
12:02
that you've probably heard about
if you're a psychology student.
if you're a psychology student.
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za taj eksperiment
ako ste student psihologije.
ako ste student psihologije.
12:05
The story goes that participants
were prepared to give
were prepared to give
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Sudionici su bili spremni dati
ono za što
ono za što
12:08
what they believed to be fatal
electric shocks to a fellow participant
electric shocks to a fellow participant
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su mislili da je smrtonosni električni
udar kolegi sudioniku
udar kolegi sudioniku
12:11
when they got a question wrong,
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kad bi dao pogrešan odgovor,
samo zato
samo zato
12:13
just because someone
in a white coat told them to.
in a white coat told them to.
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što im je netko u bijeloj
kuti rekao da to učine.
kuti rekao da to učine.
12:16
But this story is a myth
for three reasons.
for three reasons.
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Ali ova je priča mit iz tri razloga..
12:19
Firstly and most crucially, the lab coat
wasn't white, it was in fact grey.
wasn't white, it was in fact grey.
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Kao prvo i najvažnije, kuta nije bila
bijela, već siva.
bijela, već siva.
12:24
Secondly, the participants
were told before the study
were told before the study
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Kao drugo, sudionicima je bilo rečeno
prije istraživanja i
prije istraživanja i
12:28
and reminded any time
they raised a concern,
they raised a concern,
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podsjetilo ih se svaki put kad bi
se netko zabrinuo
se netko zabrinuo
12:30
that although the shocks were painful,
they were not fatal
they were not fatal
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da su udari bolni, ali nisu smrtonosni
12:33
and indeed caused
no permanent damage whatsoever.
no permanent damage whatsoever.
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i nisu izazivali nikakvu trajnu štetu.
12:36
And thirdly, participants
didn't give the shocks
didn't give the shocks
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Kao treće, sudionici nisu zadavali
udare
udare
12:38
just because someone
in the coat told them to.
in the coat told them to.
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samo zato što im je netko u kuti
to rekao.
to rekao.
12:41
When they were interviewed
after the study,
after the study,
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Kad su poslije istraživanja
intervjuirali,
intervjuirali,
12:43
all the participants said
that they firmly believed
that they firmly believed
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svi su sudionici rekli da su čvrsto
vjerovali
vjerovali
12:46
that the learning and punishment study
served a worthy scientific purpose
served a worthy scientific purpose
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da je istraživanje o učenju i kažnjavanju
imalo značajnu znanstvenu svrhu
imalo značajnu znanstvenu svrhu
12:49
which would have
enduring gains for science
enduring gains for science
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koja bi dala značajne dobiti
znanosti za razliku
znanosti za razliku
12:52
as opposed to the momentary nonfatal
discomfort caused to the participants.
discomfort caused to the participants.
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od kratkotrajnih nesmrtonosnih
neugodnosti koje su
neugodnosti koje su
12:59
Okay, so I've been talking
for about 12 minutes now,
for about 12 minutes now,
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izazivali sudionicima.
Dobro, pričam već 12 minuta. i
Dobro, pričam već 12 minuta. i
13:01
and you've probably been
sitting there listening to me,
sitting there listening to me,
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vjerojatno tu sjedite i slušate me,
analizirate
analizirate
13:04
analyzing my speech patterns
and body language
and body language
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moje govorne
obrasce i govor tijela i
obrasce i govor tijela i
13:06
and trying to work out if you should
take any notice of what I'm saying,
take any notice of what I'm saying,
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pokušavate odlučiti imate li razloga
ozbiljno shvatiti moje riječi.
ozbiljno shvatiti moje riječi.
13:10
whether I'm telling the truth
or whether I'm lying,
or whether I'm lying,
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Govorim li istinu ili lažem?
13:12
but if so you've
probably completely failed,
probably completely failed,
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Ako je tako, svi ste vjerojatno
podbacili.
podbacili.
13:14
because although we all think
we can catch a liar
we can catch a liar
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Iako svi mi mislimo da znamo
prepoznati lažljivca
prepoznati lažljivca
13:17
from their body language
and speech patterns,
and speech patterns,
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po govoru tijela i govornim
obrascima,
obrascima,
13:19
hundreds of psychological tests
over the years have shown
over the years have shown
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stotine psiholoških testova tijekom
godina dokazali su
godina dokazali su
13:21
that all of us, including
police officers and detectives,
police officers and detectives,
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da se svi mi, uključujući policajce i
detektive,
detektive,
13:24
are basically at chance when it comes
to detecting lies from body language
to detecting lies from body language
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oslanjamo na sreću kad pokušavamo otkriti
laži preko govora tijela
laži preko govora tijela
13:28
and verbal patterns.
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i verbalnih obrazaca.
13:29
Interestingly, there is one exception:
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Zanimljivo je da postoji jedna
iznimka:
iznimka:
13:31
TV appeals for missing relatives.
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TV-obraćanja za nestale
članove obitelji.
članove obitelji.
13:33
It's quite easy to predict
when the relatives are missing
when the relatives are missing
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Lako je predvidjeti kad su članovi
obitelji uistinu nestali
obitelji uistinu nestali
13:36
and when the appealers have in fact
murdered the relatives themselves.
murdered the relatives themselves.
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i kad su ih ubili oni koji se obraćaju.
13:40
So hoax appealers are more likely
to shake their heads, to look away,
to shake their heads, to look away,
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Lažni davatelji molbi češće tresu glavama,
odvraćaju pogled i
odvraćaju pogled i
13:43
and to make errors in their speech,
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griješe u govoru, dok
13:45
whereas genuine appealers are more likely
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oni iskreni češće
13:47
to express hope that the person
will return safely
will return safely
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izražavaju nadu da će se osoba
sigurno vratiti i
sigurno vratiti i
13:49
and to avoid brutal language.
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izbjegavaju brutalan jezik.
13:51
So, for example, they might say
"taken from us" rather than "killed."
"taken from us" rather than "killed."
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Npr. mogli bi reći "oduzet nam je"
umjesto "ubijen".
umjesto "ubijen".
13:56
Speaking of which,
it's about time I killed this talk,
it's about time I killed this talk,
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Kad smo već kod toga, vrijeme je
da završim s ovim govorom,
da završim s ovim govorom,
13:58
but before I do, I just want
to give you in 30 seconds
to give you in 30 seconds
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ali najprije vam u trideset sekundi
želim prikazati
želim prikazati
14:02
the overarching myth of psychology.
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sveobuhvatni psihološki mit.
14:05
So the myth is that psychology is just
a collection of interesting theories,
a collection of interesting theories,
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Mit je da je psihologija samo kolekcija
zanimljivih teorija,
zanimljivih teorija,
14:09
all of which say something useful
and all of which have something to offer.
and all of which have something to offer.
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a sve one govore nešto korisno i
sve imaju nešto za ponuditi.
sve imaju nešto za ponuditi.
14:13
What I hope to have shown you
in the past few minutes
in the past few minutes
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Nadam se da sam vam u zadnjih
nekoliko minuta
nekoliko minuta
14:15
is that this isn't true.
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pokazao da to nije istina.
14:17
What we need to do is assess
psychological theories
psychological theories
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Moramo procijeniti psihološke
teorije
teorije
14:20
by seeing what predictions they make,
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gledajući kakva predviđanja
prave,
prave,
14:22
whether that is that listening to Mozart
makes you smarter,
makes you smarter,
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bilo da vas slušanje Mozarta čini
pametnijima,
pametnijima,
14:25
that you learn better when information is
presented in your preferred learning style
presented in your preferred learning style
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da učite bolje kad su vam informacije
prezentirane u vašem stilu učenja
prezentirane u vašem stilu učenja
14:30
or whatever it is, all of these
are testable empirical predictions,
are testable empirical predictions,
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ili što god to bilo, sve su to
predviđanja koja se daju empirijski
predviđanja koja se daju empirijski
14:33
and the only way we can make progress
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ispitati i možemo napredovati
jedino
jedino
14:35
is to test these predictions
against the data
against the data
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tako da usporedimo ova predviđanja s
podacima
podacima
14:37
in tightly controlled
experimental studies.
experimental studies.
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u strogo kontroliranim ekperimentima.
14:39
And it's only by doing so
that we can hope to discover
that we can hope to discover
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To je jedini način na koji možemo
otkriti koja od
otkriti koja od
14:42
which of these theories
are well supported,
are well supported,
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ovih teorija ima dobre temelje,
a koja je,
a koja je,
14:45
and which, like all the ones
I've told you about today, are myths.
I've told you about today, are myths.
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poput onih o kojima sam vam danas govorio,
tek mit.
tek mit.
14:48
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:50
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ben Ambridge - PsychologistBen Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology.
Why you should listen
Ben Ambridge is a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Liverpool, where he researches children’s language development. He is the author of Psy-Q, which introduces readers to some of the major findings in psychology via interactive puzzles, games, quizzes and tests.
He also writes great newsy stories connecting psychology to current events. His article "Why Can't We Talk to the Animals?" was shortlisted for the 2012 Guardian-Wellcome Science Writing Prize. Psy-Q is his first book for a general audience.
Ben Ambridge | Speaker | TED.com